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15:22, 15 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs moved page Muhammad to Muhammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh
11:54, 15 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Islamic studies (Created page with " '''Islamic studies''' is an academic field dedicated to the study of Islam, including its theology, law, history, culture, and contemporary developments. The discipline encompasses the examination of religious texts, social structures, political movements, and cultural practices among Muslim communities worldwide (Esposito, 2002).<ref>Esposito, J. L. (2002). ''What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam''. Oxford University Press. https://global.oup.com/academic/product...")
11:24, 15 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page John L. Esposito and Critiques of His Thought (Created page with "'''John L. Esposito''' (born 1940) is an American scholar of Islamic studies and contemporary Islamic thought. He is widely recognized for his work on political Islam, Islamic history, and interfaith dialogue. Esposito's scholarship emphasizes the diversity of Islam and Muslims worldwide and seeks to promote accurate understanding in both academic and public spheres (Esposito, 2023).<ref>Esposito, J. L. (2023). John L. Esposito. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica...")
10:58, 15 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page John L. Esposito (Created page with "'''John L. Esposito''' (born 1940) is an American scholar of Islamic studies and contemporary Islamic thought. He is widely recognized for his work on political Islam, Islamic history, and interfaith dialogue. Esposito's scholarship emphasizes the diversity of Islam and Muslims worldwide and seeks to promote accurate understanding in both academic and public spheres (Esposito, 2023).<ref>Esposito, J. L. (2023). John L. Esposito. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica...")
09:34, 15 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Khadija bint Khuwaylid (Created page with "'''Khadījah bint Khuwaylid''' (c. 555 – 619 CE) '''Khadījah bint Khuwaylid ibn Asad''' (Arabic: خديجة بنت خويلد) was the '''first wife of Muhammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh''' and the '''first person to convert to Islam''' (Esposito, 2023).<ref>Esposito, J. L. (2023). Khadījah. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Khadijah</ref> She is widely revered across all Islamic traditions as a model of faith, moral integr...")
09:21, 15 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Muhammad (Created page with "'''Muhammad''' ''Prophet of Islam'' (c. 570 – 632 CE) '''Muhammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh''' (Arabic: محمد بن عبد الله) is regarded by Muslims as the '''final prophet and messenger of God (Allah)'''. Muslims believe that he received and conveyed the '''Qur’an''', Islam’s sacred scripture, through divine revelation delivered by the angel Gabriel (Jibrīl) (Esposito, 2023).<ref>Esposito, J. L. (2023). Muhammad. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. https://www.bri...")
15:28, 10 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs moved page Fatima to Fatima bint Muhammad (AS)
14:55, 10 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Fatima (Created page with "''Fatima bint Muhammad''' (Arabic: فَاطِمَة بِنْت مُحَمَّد, c. 605/615 – 632 CE), commonly known as '''Fatima al-Zahra''', was the youngest daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his first wife, Khadija bint Khuwaylid. She is venerated by all Muslims, with a status of particular spiritual and historical significance in Shia Islam, where she is considered an infallible figure and the mother of the Imams. Her marriage to Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muh...")
09:04, 10 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Muhibb al-Din al-Khatib (Created page with "'''Muhibb al-Din al-Khatib''' (1886-1969) was a prominent Syrian Arab nationalist, journalist, and a leading Sunni polemicist against '''Shia Islam''' and the '''taqrib''' movement. A staunch defender of a '''Salafi'''-oriented orthodoxy, he used his editorial control over publications like the journal ''al-Fath'' and the ''al-Matba’a al-Salafiyya'' in Cairo to disseminate anti-Shia literature <ref>Commins, D. (1990). ''Islamic Reform: Politics and Social Change in Lat...")
09:00, 10 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Nikah mut'ah (Created page with "'''Mut'a''', or temporary marriage, is a form of time-bound matrimonial contract in Islamic law. Its permissibility is derived from a '''Qur’anic verse (4:24)''' which mentions a "reward" given to women, interpreted by Shia scholars as sanctioning fixed-term marriage <ref>Haeri, S. (1989). ''Law of Desire: Temporary Marriage in Shi’i Iran''. Syracuse University Press.</ref>. In this contract, the duration and dowry are specified in advance, dissolving automatically u...")
08:57, 10 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Succession to Muhammad (Created page with "The '''Succession to Muhammad''', known as the ''Saqifa'' event, is the foundational historical and theological rift between Sunni and Shia Islam. Following the Prophet Muhammad’s death in 632 CE, an immediate crisis emerged over the leadership of the nascent '''Muslim community (Ummah)'''. A gathering resulted in the selection of '''Abu Bakr''' as the first '''caliph (khalifa)''', a decision based on communal consensus <ref>Hazleton, L. (2009). ''After the Prophet: Th...")
08:53, 10 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Jamāʿat al-Taqrīb Bayn al-Madhāhib al-Islāmiyya (Created page with "The '''Jamāʿat al-Taqrīb Bayn al-Madhāhib al-Islāmiyya''' (Society for the Rapprochement of Islamic Schools of Thought) was founded in Cairo in 1947 as the central institution of the 20th-century Islamic ecumenical movement. Its establishment signaled a shift from informal calls for '''Muslim unity''' to a structured, scholarly effort aimed at bridging the historical divide between '''Sunni and Shia''' Islam <ref>Rizk, Y. (2013). Modern Islamic Ecumenism: A Historic...")
15:08, 9 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs moved page Islamic History to Islamic history
14:48, 9 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Imamate in Shia doctrine (Created page with "The '''Imamate in Shia doctrine''' is a fundamental theological tenet that distinguishes Shia Islam. It refers to the belief in a divinely appointed, sinless (''ma‘sum''), and infallible leader (Imam) who succeeds the Prophet Muhammad in all functions except receiving revelation <ref>Momen, M. (1985). ''An Introduction to Shi‘i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi‘ism''. Yale University Press.</ref>. For '''Twelver Shiism''', this line began with Imam ''...")
14:07, 9 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Islamic Ecumenism (Taqrīb): Historical Definitions and Evolution (Created page with "'''Islamic Ecumenism (Taqrīb): Historical Definitions and Evolution''' '''Introduction: The Pursuit of Unity in a Diverse Tradition''' The narrative of Islam is deeply marked by its theological, juridical, and political diversity. Yet, running parallel to the history of sectarian division is a significant, though often overlooked, tradition of '''intra-faith dialogue''' and the pursuit of reconciliation. This modern conceptual strand is broadly termed '''Islamic ecume...")
14:23, 8 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Takfir (Created page with "'''Takfīr''' refers to pronouncing another Muslim an unbeliever, often deepening sectarian conflict. Modern Taqrīb movements consistently reject takfīr as an obstacle to unity and a driver of extremism (Brunner, 2004). <ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ==References==")
14:21, 8 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Najaf (Created page with "'''Najaf''' is a central center of Shia learning, home to the Hawza and the shrine of Imam Ali. Scholars from Najaf contributed significantly to the jurisprudential depth of Taqrīb discussions with Sunni institutions during the 20th century (Brunner, 2004). <ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ==References==")
14:20, 8 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i (Created page with "'''Muhammad Husayn Tabataba’i''' was an influential Iranian philosopher and Quranic exegete whose theological dialogues in Cairo enriched the philosophical dimensions of Taqrīb. His engagement with Sunni scholars highlighted shared doctrinal foundations (Brunner, 2004). <ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ==References==")
14:06, 8 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Muhammad Jawad Mughniyya (Created page with "'''Muhammad Jawad Mughniyya''' was a Lebanese Shia scholar whose writings emphasized legal compatibility and mutual respect between Sunni and Shia traditions. His role in dialogue with Sunni institutions was central to mid-century Taqrīb (Brunner, 2004). <ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ==References==")
13:50, 8 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Mahmud Shaltut (Created page with "'''Mahmud Shaltut''' served as Grand Shaykh of al-Azhar and became one of the most important Sunni voices in Taqrīb. His 1959 fatwa validating Jaʿfarī jurisprudence remains a milestone in Sunni–Shia relations (Brunner, 2004).<ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ==References==")
09:47, 8 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Al-Azhar University (Created page with "'''Al-Azhar University''' is a globally influential Sunni institution whose scholars played key roles in Sunni–Shia ecumenical engagement. Although institutional positions varied, prominent Azhari scholars actively facilitated Taqrīb dialogues throughout the 20th century (Brunner, 2004).<ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ==References==")
09:46, 8 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Al-Urwa al-Wuthqa (Created page with "'''al-Urwa al-Wuthqā''' was a groundbreaking 1884 reformist journal promoting Muslim unity and awakening. It directly inspired the mid-20th-century journal ''Risālat al-Islām'' and the broader Taqrīb movement (Brunner, 2004).<ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ==References==")
09:44, 8 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Islamic modernism (Created page with "'''Islamic modernism''' sought to harmonize Islamic tradition with modern political, social, and scientific realities. Modernist scholars considered sectarian reconciliation a prerequisite for Muslim revival, influencing the spirit and purpose of Taqrīb (Brunner, 2004).<ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ==References==")
09:41, 8 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Nahda (Created page with "The '''Nahda''' (“Arab Renaissance”) encouraged scientific, cultural, and intellectual renewal across the Arab world. Its reformist environment created fertile ground for later ecumenical projects, including Sunni–Shia rapprochement (Brunner, 2004). <ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref>")
09:40, 8 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Muhammad Abduh (Created page with "'''Muhammad Abduh''' advanced theological reform, rational interpretation, and Muslim solidarity. His engagement with Sunni and Shia ideas laid the groundwork for future institutional dialogue such as the Cairo-based Taqrīb movement (Brunner, 2004). <ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ________________________________________")
09:33, 8 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs moved page Islamic Reform to Islamic reform
15:30, 7 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (Created page with "'''Jamal al-Din al-Afghani''' was a central figure in Islamic revival and Pan-Islamic thought, advocating unity among Muslims to resist colonial pressures. His ideas significantly influenced later Taqrīb scholars who argued for overcoming sectarian barriers (Brunner, 2004). <ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ==References==")
15:29, 7 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Pan-Islamism (Created page with "'''Pan-Islamism''' is a political and intellectual movement calling for unity among Muslims across geographic and sectarian boundaries. It provided the ideological foundation for Sunni–Shia rapprochement by framing internal division as a key factor in Muslim political decline (Brunner, 2004). <ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ==References==")
15:28, 7 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Islamic Reform (Created page with "'''Islamic reform''' movements of the 19th and 20th centuries sought renewal through reinterpretation of Islamic teachings in light of modern challenges. These reformists viewed sectarian division as a barrier to civilizational progress, directly influencing the formation of Taqrīb institutions (Brunner, 2004). <ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ==References==")
15:27, 7 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Islamic History (Created page with "'''Islamic history''' encompasses the evolution of Muslim societies from the 7th century onward, including periods of unity, contestation, and intellectual transformation. Modern Taqrīb draws upon historical precedents of cooperation while addressing divisions that emerged through centuries of theological and political development (Brunner, 2004). <ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ==References==")
15:25, 7 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Shia Islam (Created page with "'''Shia Islam''' centers on the belief in divinely guided Imams descended from the Prophet’s family, shaping distinct theological and jurisprudential traditions. Its clerical centers in Najaf and Qom significantly contributed to modern Taqrīb by engaging directly with Sunni scholars in institutional dialogue, especially within mid-20th-century Cairo (Brunner, 2004). <ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ==References==")
15:23, 7 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Sunni Islam (Created page with "'''Sunni Islam''' is the largest branch of the Muslim community, emphasizing the authority of the early caliphs and the continuity of prophetic tradition through classical jurisprudential schools. Its scholars and institutions, especially those connected to Al-Azhar University, played foundational roles in the emergence of modern Taqrīb initiatives, shaping cross-sectarian religious dialogue throughout the 20th century (Brunner, 2004). <ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islam...")
14:46, 7 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Taqrīb (Islamic Rapprochement): Concept, History, and Institutional Development (Created page with "'''Taqrīb''' (Arabic: التقريب; “rapprochement” or “bringing closer”) refers to modern intellectual and institutional efforts to reduce doctrinal and sectarian distance among Muslim communities, particularly between Sunni and Shia schools of thought. Although unity themes exist across Islamic heritage, scholars note that formalized, structured rapprochement is largely a '''modern''' development shaped by reform movements, pan-Islamic activism, and 20th-cen...")
11:00, 3 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs moved page Bruegel — EU economics / policy to Bruegel
10:57, 3 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Bruegel — EU economics / policy (Created page with "Bruegel, the Brussels-based think tank specializing in European and global economic policy, has established itself as a preeminent voice in shaping EU policy debates since its founding in 2005. Conceived as a European counterpart to influential Anglo-Saxon institutions like the Peterson Institute for International Economics, Bruegel’s mission is to produce “independent, fact-based research on economic policy” with the aim of “improving economic policy” in Europ...")
14:57, 1 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page European Council on Foreign Relations (Created page with "The European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR), founded in 2007, is a transnational European think tank focused on developing coherent and effective European foreign policy. It publishes research on global strategy, regional security, multilateralism, migration, and Muslim-majority regions. ECFR has become one of Europe’s most cited foreign-policy think tanks, known for its networked structure across EU capitals (Balfour, 2012).<ref>Balfour, R. (2012). The European T...")
08:55, 29 November 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Hudson Institute (Created page with "Founded in 1961, the Hudson Institute is one of the United States’ most enduring conservative policy think tanks, known for its influence in national security, geopolitics, and ideological debates concerning Islam, political Islam, and Muslim-majority countries. Its research is widely used in congressional testimony, policy briefings, and media analysis, making it an important—though sometimes controversial—node in U.S. policy networks. == 1. Identification & Meta...")
15:02, 26 November 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (Created page with "The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) is a globally recognized independent institute dedicated to research on international security, conflict, arms control, and peacebuilding. Founded in 1966 and headquartered in Solna, Sweden, SIPRI has become one of the world’s most authoritative sources of open-source data on military expenditure, arms transfers, and global conflict trends (SIPRI, n.d.-a).<ref>SIPRI. (n.d.-a). About SIPRI. https://www.sipri.o...")
11:17, 25 November 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page International Institute for Strategic Studies (Created page with "= International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) = The '''International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)''' is a leading global think tank specializing in defence, security, and strategic studies. Founded in 1958, it has become internationally recognized for its analyses of military capabilities, geopolitical trends, and regional security dynamics.<ref name="IISSAbout">{{cite web |title=About IISS |url=https://www.iiss.org |publisher=International Institute...")
11:04, 25 November 2025 Peysepar talk contribs moved page Draft:Atlantic Council to Atlantic Council over redirect
11:04, 25 November 2025 Peysepar talk contribs deleted redirect Atlantic Council by overwriting (Deleted to make way for move from "Draft:Atlantic Council")
15:45, 23 November 2025 Peysepar talk contribs moved page Atlantic Council to Draft:Atlantic Council
15:45, 23 November 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Atlantic Council (Created page with "The '''Atlantic Council''' is one of the most visible Washington think tanks specializing in foreign policy and transatlantic cooperation. Since its founding during the Cold War, the Council has expanded into a global policy institution engaging across security, geopolitics, energy, digital governance, and regional studies. Its work increasingly spans regions such as the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia, including research on Islam, Islamic law, and Muslim-majority so...")
11:25, 22 November 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Chatham House (Royal Institute of International Affairs) (Created page with "{{Infobox organization | name = Royal Institute of International Affairs | native_name = Chatham House | abbreviation = Chatham House | formation = 1920 | type = Think tank / charity | status = Registered charity (No. 208223) :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} | headquarters = 10 St James's Square, London, England :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1} | region_served = Global | membership = ~6,000 (approx.) :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2} | l...")
09:11, 18 November 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page International Crisis Group (Created page with "The International Crisis Group (ICG) is a globally recognized conflict prevention organization that combines rigorous, in field analysis with targeted policy advocacy. Since its founding in 1995, ICG has deployed political analysts to conflict and fragile regions around the world in order to generate nuanced reports, early-warning bulletins, and recommendations directed at governments, multilateral organizations, and civil society actors (International Crisis Group, 2000...")
15:40, 16 November 2025 Peysepar talk contribs moved page Draft:The Center for Middle Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Michigan to The Center for Middle Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Michigan over redirect
15:40, 16 November 2025 Peysepar talk contribs deleted redirect The Center for Middle Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Michigan by overwriting (Deleted to make way for move from "Draft:The Center for Middle Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Michigan")
14:16, 16 November 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Institute for Social Policy and Understanding (Created page with "The Institute for Social Policy and Understanding (ISPU) has emerged as one of the most influential U.S.-based research organizations dedicated to the empirical study of American Muslim communities. Founded in the early 2000s, ISPU occupies a distinctive niche at the intersection of social science, public policy, and community engagement. Its work is characterized by recurring national surveys—most notably the American Muslim Poll—as well as policy toolkits, issue an...")
14:52, 11 November 2025 Peysepar talk contribs moved page The Center for Middle Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Michigan to Draft:The Center for Middle Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Michigan
11:27, 11 November 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page The Center for Middle Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Michigan (Created page with "== Overview == The Center for Middle Eastern and North African Studies (CMENAS) at the University of Michigan is an interdisciplinary hub that supports teaching, research, and public outreach on the peoples, histories, languages, and cultures of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). CMENAS hosts lecture series and events, supports visiting scholars, and administers undergraduate and graduate programming to promote deeper understanding of the region across campus and w...")