Umm Salamah
Umm Salamah is one of the wives of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his family) who married the Prophet after the martyrdom of her first husband while she was twenty-five years old. Murrah ibn Ka'ab is the common ancestor of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) and Umm Salamah.
During her time with the Prophet, she was always his supporter and was with him in various events and events. Due to her maturity, intelligence and wisdom, Umm Salamah's house was the place where some matters were decided, and because of this, some of the wives of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his family) were jealous of her.
She played a role in the revelation of some verses and was the narrator of many narrations, especially about historical events and the virtues of the Ahlul Bayt (peace be upon them). She is one of those who participated in the funeral procession of Hazrat Zahra (peace be upon her).
Name and lineage of Umm Salamah
Umm Salamah is the nickname for one of the Mothers of the Believers(Ummahatolmomenin). She was the honorable wives of the Prophet of Islam (peace be upon him and his family). Before Islam, her name was Hend or Ramallah .[1] Her father was Suheil. [2] or Hudhayfah with the nickname Abu Mughayrah, nicknamed Zad al-Rakb [3], from the Banu Makhzoom clan of the Qoraysh tribe, and her mother was also called Atekah .[4]
Umm Salama's first marriage
Umm Salama's first husband was Abi Salamah ibn Abdul Asad, the foster brother of the Prophet. [5] He was wounded in the Battle of Uhud and later died of the same wound.[6]
Umm Salama was one of the great women of early Islam who along with her husband, were among the emigrants to Abyssinia.[7] When the news of the polytheists' refusal to harass the Muslims spread, she returned to Mecca; but after knowing that this news was false, they migrated to Abyssinia again. Eventually, they returned to Mecca and after a while migrated to Medina.[8] According to some reports, Umm Salama was the first woman to migrate to Medina.[9]Umm Salama had four children from her first husband, named Omar, Salama, Zeynab, and Darrah.[10]
Umm Salama's marriage to the Prophet
Umm Salama intended not to marry anyone after Abu Salamah; But Abu Salamah himself stopped her from doing this and advised her to choose a wife after him.[11] Umm Salamah, who had rejected suitors such as Abu Bakr and Umar, responded to the Prophet's (peace be upon him and his family) proposal by saying that she was a woman with honor and pride (I cannot tolerate my husband's other wives, I cannot choose anyone other than my first husband as a husband, or...) and I have young children and none of my relatives are present here!
The Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) sent her a message in response that God is sufficient for your children and I ask God to remove your zealousy and your relatives will also be pleased with this.[12]
Finally, Umm Salamah married the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) after the martyrdom of her husband in month of Shawwal, the fourth year of the Hijri.[13]
Of course, there are reports that the date of this marriage was in the second year of the Hijrah, before the Battle of Badr[14] , or after it.[15]
It is worth noting that the latter reports are not consistent with the martyrdom of Abu Salamah in the Battle of Uhud.
Umm Salamah lived with the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his family) for at least seven years.[16] but she did not have any children from him.[17]
Umm Salamah's position in the Prophet’s view
The Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) had a special interest in this lady. In addition to being a beautiful woman who caused Aisha's jealousy, this wife of the Prophet was a wise and intelligent woman whom the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) would sometimes consult with her.[18]
Imam Sadeq (peace be upon him) said about her personality: Umm Salamah was the best wife of the Messenger of God after Khadijah.[19] During the Hadith of Al-Kisa, the verse of purification was revealed in Umm Salamah's house and it was there that she asked the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family), Am I not among the Ahlul Bayt? The Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) said: You are on the path of goodness (but you are not among the Ahlul Bayt.[20]
Umm Salamah accompanied the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his family) in battles such as "Muraysey'", "Kheybar", "Hudaybiyyah", "Khandaq", "Fath Mecca" and "Hunayn".[21]
It is also reported that the Prophet of Islam (peace be upon him and his family) performed a bond of brotherhood between Umm Salamah and Safiyyah during the implementation of the bond of brotherhood among Muslims.[22]
Umm Salamah in the Quran
The names and memories of many people are mentioned in the Quran, some of whom have immortalized their honor, while others have been immortalized in the ranks of evildoers and oppressors. Meanwhile, Umm Salamah is a woman about whom several verses were revealed, and commentators have referred to her in connection with the revelation of some verses:
Some commentators of the Quran believe that the noble verse: هَلْ جَزَءُ الْاحسان الا الاحسان [Ar-Rahman–60] "Is the requital of goodness anything but goodness?." as revealed about Umm Salamah.
One day, Umm Salamah asked the Holy Prophet of Islam (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him and his family): O Prophet of God! Why are the names of men mentioned during the migration, but women are not mentioned? In response, God revealed this verse to His Prophet: And their Lord answered them "I do not waste the work of any worker among you,whether male or female" [Aal-e-Imran: 195] Umm Salamah mostly wore a white dress with two straps hanging down the back. Aisha used to mock Hafsa, the other wife of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him and his family), saying: “Look, what is hanging down the back of Umm Salamah is like the tongue of a dog.” It is said that those two women used to mock Umm Salamah because because she was a short woman (not tall). Hence this verse was revealed:
O you who have faith!Let not any people ridicule another people:it may be that they are better than they are;nor let women [ridicule] women:it may be that they are better than they are. [Al-Hujurat-11]
Umm Salamah's Loyalty to the Ahlul Bayt
Among the wives of the Prophet, she had a special devotion to Hazrat Fatima (peace be upon her) and her children, such that she was present during the time of delivery of Hazrat Fatima (birth of Hazrat Fatima) (peace be upon her) and, at the command of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family), recited the Adhan and Iqamah in the ear of her son Imam Hassan (peace be upon him).[23]
After the death of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his family), this noble lady was always with the Ahlul Bayt (peace be upon them) and tried to support them, to the point that she defended Hazrat Zahra (peace be upon her) during the confiscation of Fadak and was deprived of Pension and salary that year.[24]
She also reminded Muslims of the guardianship of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) and his position near the Prophet by quoting the words of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his family).[25]
When Imam Ali (a.s.) was forced to take the oath of allegiance, he, along with Umm Ayman Nubiyeh, another wife of the Prophet (s.a.w.a.), accused the coercers of jealousy.[26]
There are other reports in this regard that are difficult to reconcile with other events. For example, it has been reported:
After marrying Umm Salamah, the Prophet of Islam (s.a.w.a.) entrusted her with the responsibility of taking care of Hazrat Zahra (a.s.).[27]
During the wedding of Hazrat Zahra (a.s.), there was a discussion among the wives of the Prophet (s.a.w.a.) as to which of their houses the ceremony should take place, and in the end, Umm Salamah’s house was chosen.[28]
Trustworthy and Trusted by the Ahlul Bayt
The Ahlul Bayt (a.s.) trusted this lady to such an extent that Hazrat Fatima (s.a.w.a.) willed that Umm Salamah be present at her funeral. Therefore, she was aware of the burial place of the Hazrat Zahra (a.s).[29] And decades later, when Imam Hussain (a.s.) left Medina, he entrusted his will and other trusts to him and asked him to hand them over to his son whenever he came to him. After the martyrdom of Imam Hussain (a.s.), when Imam Sajjad came to see Umm Salama, she returned those trusts to Imam Sajjad.[30]
Umm Salamah, the narrator of Ahadith and narrations
Umm Salamah narrated many Ahadith and narrations from Shia and Sunnis in various historical, moral, and virtue of Ahlul Bayt (a.s.) fields, etc.[31]
She narrated important Ahadith, such as the hadith of Kisa[32], the hadith of “Ali is with the Quran and the Quran is with him.[33]”, the hadith of "Whoever I am her master, then Ali is her master. “ [34], the news of the martyrdom of Imam Hussain (a.s.) in Karbala,[35]etc.
Death of Umm Salamah
The date of Umm Salamah's birth is not known, but some books report her death in Ramadan or Shawwal of 59[36], 60 or early in the caliphate of Yazid.[37]
However, the more accurate report is that she died in 61 AH, some time after the martyrdom of Imam Hussain (AS). The latter report is quoted in one of the authoritative Sunni books that deals with the lives of the companions, and her age at the time is stated to be 84 years old.[38] She was the last wife of the Prophet (PBUH)when she died.[39]
Abu Hurayrah[40] , or his nephew Abdullah ibn Abdullah ibn Abi Umayya [41], or Saeed ibn Zeyd prayed for her, and she was buried in the Baqi' cemetery.[42]
References
- ↑ Ibn Abd al-Barr, Yusuf ibn Abdullah.(1991).Al-Istiyab fi Ma’rifat al-Ashab, research:Al-Bajawi, Ali Muhammad, vol. 4, first edition, Beirut:Dar al-Jil.
- ↑ Ibn Sa’d, Kateb Vaqedi, Muhammad ibn Sa’d.(1989). Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, research: Atta, Muhammad Abdul Qadir, vol. 8, first edition, Beirut: Dar al-Kutab al-Ilmiyah.
- ↑ Al-Istiyab, vol. 4 This title was given to her because of her fame for generosity.
- ↑ Jazari, ibn Athir, Ali ibn Muhammad.(1988).osod al-Ghabah fi Ma’rifat al-Sahaba, vol. 6, Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.
- ↑ Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, vol. 1.
- ↑ Al-Istiyab, vol. 4.
- ↑ Al-Istiyab, vol. 4.
- ↑ Asqalani, Ibn Hajar. (1995) Al-Esabah fi Tamiz al-Sahaba, research: Adel Ahmad, Abdul Mujoud, Ali Muhammad, Mu’awwz, vol. 8, first edition, Beirut: Dar al-Kutb al-Ilmiyah.
- ↑ Al-Istiyab, vol. 4.
- ↑ Balazuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya.(1996). Ansab al-Ashraaf, research: Zakkar, Suheil, first edition, Beirut:Dar al-Fikr.
- ↑ Al-Esabah fi Tamiz al-Sahaba, vol. 8.
- ↑ Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, vol. 8.
- ↑ Al-Istiyab, vol. 1.
- ↑ Tabari, Abu Ja’far Muhammad ibn Jarir.(1967).Tarikh al-Tabari (Tatikh al-Ummam wa al-Muluk), research: Ibrahim, Muhammad Abu al-Fadl, vol.11, second edition, Beirut: Dar al-Turas.
- ↑ Al-Istiyab, vol. 4.
- ↑ Mustofi Qazvini, Hamdullah ibn Abi Bakr ibn Ahmad.(1985).Selected History, research: Nawa’i, Abdul Hussein, third edition, Tehran: Amir Kabir.
- ↑ Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Yasar.(1989). Sirah Ibn Ishaq (Kitab al-Siyar wa al-Maghazi), first edition, Qom: Islamic History and Education Studies Office.
- ↑ Salehi al-Dameshqi, Muhammad ibn Yusuf.(1993).Sobolol- Hoda Varrashad fi Syratelebad, vol. 5, first edition ,Beirut: Dar al-Kutb al-Ilmiyyah.
- ↑ Sheikh Saduq.(1983). Khassal, researcher, corrector: Ghaffari, Ali Akbar, vol.2,first edition,Qom: Islamic Publications Office.
- ↑ Askari, Imam Abu Muhammad Hassan bin Ali.(1982).Al-Tafsir al-Mansoob il-Imam al-Askari (AS),first edition, Qom: Imam Mahdi School, first edition.
- ↑ Waqedi, Muhammad bin Omar.(1988).A-Maghazi, research: Marseden Jones, vol. 2, , third edition, Beirut: Al-Alami Foundation.
- ↑ Ibn Shahr Ashub Mazandarani.(2000).Manaqeb Aal- Abi Talib (AS), vol. 2, first edition ,Qom: Allama.
- ↑ Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir.(1982). Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 43,second edition,Beirut:Dar Ihya al-Turas al-Araby.
- ↑ Tabari Amoli, Muhammad Bin Jarir.(1992). Dalel al-Emamah, Qom: Be'asat, first edition,
- ↑ Bihar Anwar, vol. 22.
- ↑ Helali, Salim ibn Qeys.(1984). Kitab Salim ibn Qeys al-Helali, researcher, editor: Ansari Zanjani Khoeini, Muhammad, vol. 2, first edition, Qom: Al-Hadi Publishing House.
- ↑ Dalel al-Emamah
- ↑ Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 43
- ↑ Dalel al-Emamah
- ↑ Koleyni, Muhammad ibn Yaqub.(1986).Kafi, researcher, corrector:Ghaffari, Ali Akbar, Akhundi, Muhammad, vol. 1, 4th edition, Tehran: Dar al-Kotob al-Islamiyya.
- ↑ Al-Esabah fi Tamiz al-Sahaba, vol. 8.
- ↑ Kafi, vol. 1.
- ↑ Ibn Babawayh al-Razi.(1987).Muntajab al-Deen Ali ibn Ubaydullah, Forty Hadiths from Forty Sheikhs from Forty Companions about the Virtues of Imam Amir al-Mu'minin (a.s.), first edition, Qom: Madrasa al-Imam al-Mahdi (a.s.).
- ↑ Sheikh Mufid.(1992).Al-Ikhtesas, researcher.editor: Ghaffari, Ali Akbar, Muharrami Zarandi, Mahmud, first edition, Qom: Al-Mufid International Conference.
- ↑ Sheikh Mufid.(1992). Al-Irshad fi Ma'rifat Hujjajollah ala al-Ibad, vol. 2, first edition, Qom:Sheikh Mufid Congress.
- ↑ Al-Istiyab, vol. 4.
- ↑ Al-Istiyab, vol. 4.
- ↑ Al-Esabah fi Tamiz al-Sahaba vol. 8.
- ↑ Tarikh al-Tabari, vol. 11.
- ↑ Al-Istiyab, vol. 8.
- ↑ Tarikh Al-Tabari, vol. 11.
- ↑ Al-Istiyab, vol. 4.