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Umm Kulthum

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Umm Kulthum Kubra was the fourth child of Imam Ali (a.s.) and Fatima Zahra (a.s.) after Imam Hassan (a.s.), Imam Hussein (a.s.), and Zeinab Kubra (a.s.). Historical sources have spoken of her marriage to Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second calipha. Some consider her to be one of the women present at the Battle of Karbala, whose speeches and sermons are mentioned in some sources.

Birth and lineage

There is disagreement among historians about the date of Umm Kulthum's birth; however, Shia and Sunni agree that Ali (a.s.) and Fatima (a.s.) had a child named Umm Kulthum.[1] They have written her birth date as the 6th lunar year,[2] of course, some have also mentioned that she was born during the time of the Prophet (a.s.) without specifying the exact year.[3] There is a difference of opinion between Shia and Sunni sources regarding whether she was the youngest child of Imam Ali (a.s.), and Shia scholars have considered her to be younger and after Zeinab.[4]; however, Sunnis have mentioned Umm Kulthum as the third child of Ali ibn Abi Taleb (a.s.) and considered her to be older than Zeinab.[5]

Nicknames and titles

Sheikh Mufid mentions Zeinab al-Sughra among the children of Amir al-Mu’minin (a.s.), which her nickname is Umm Kulthum .[6]

This nickname was given to her by the Prophet (pbuh) due to her resemblance to her aunt, Umm Kulthum, the daughter of the Messenger of God (pbuh).[7] In many sources of both sects (Shia and Sunni), she is referred to as Umm Kulthum al-Kubra. Seyyed Muhsen Amin says in this regard: There are three or four daughters of the Amir al-Mu’minin (peace be upon him) whose name or nickname is Umm Kulthum: ·       Umm Kulthum al-Kubra, daughter of Fatima (peace be upon her).

·       Umm Kulthum al-Wosta, wife of Muslim ibn Aqil.

·       Umm Kulthum al-Sughra.

·       Zeinab al-Sughra, whose nickname is Umm Kulthum.


He clarifies: If the last two are the same, there are three, and otherwise there are four Umm Kulthums 8-Al- Amin, Al-Seyyed Mohsen.(2000).Ayan al-Shi'a, vol. 3,Beirut: Dar al-Ta'arif.[8] However, some sources have called the name of Umm Kulthum, daughter of Ali (peace be upon him) and Fatima (peace be upon her) “Ruqayyah al-Kubra” and the name of Umm Kulthum al-Sughra “Naïfsah”.[9]

Wife and Children

According to some historians, Umm Kulthum first married Umar ibn al-Khattab and after Umar's death, she married her cousin "Aun", son of Ja'far ibn Abi Taleb. After Aun's death, she married her brother-in-law "Muhammad", and after Muhammad's death, their other brother "Abdullah". Before her, Abdullah was married to his sister Zeinab al-Kubra, daughter of Ali (a.s.).[10] Mas'udi(The historian) considers Umm Kulthum childless.[11]

Some historians have considered her children to be "Zeyd" and "Ruqayyah", both of whom were from UmarIbn Asaker, Ali ibn Hassan.(1994). History of Damascus, 1st edition, researcher, Shiri, Ali, vol. 19, Beirut:Dar al-Fakir; Balathuri.(1999). Ansab al-Ashraf.[12] Ibn Anbah, in mentioning the children of Muslim ibn Aqil, mentions a girl named "Hamida" whose mother was Umm Kulthum, daughter of Ali ibn Abi Taleb Hosseini, Ahmad bin Ali- Ibn Anbah.(1960). Omdattottaleb  fi Ansab Al Abi Taleb, Najaf: Al-Haydariyya  publications.[13] Seyyed  Mohsen Amin says: This news indicates that Muslim ibn Aqil married his cousin Umm Kulthum, but this is not Umm Kulthum al-Kubra, because no one has narrated it and she may have been the wife of Umm Kulthum al-Wosta .[14]

Marriage with Umar ibn al-Khattab

According to some historical reports, Umm Kulthum, the daughter of Ali ibn Abi Taleb (peace be upon him), married Umar, the second calipha.[15] The date of this marriage is mentioned as the month of Dhul-Qa’dah in the year 17 AHNaweyri, Ahmad ibn Abd al-Wahhab.(2002).Nehaytolarab  fi Fonooneladab, - vol. 19, Cairo:Ministry of Culture and National Guidance. Al-Mesriyya  General Institution .[16]

On the other hand, some Shiite scholars, such as Sheikh Mufid, have denied this marriage, and Agha Bozorg Tehrani mentions several books written in refutation of this marriageEncyclopedia of the World of Islam.Entry(title) on the marriage of Umm Kulthum to Umar ibn al-Khattab, section on opponents of marriage.[17]

Umm Kulthum in Karbala

Some Maqatel(The word "Maqatel" is the plural of "Maqtal" and "Maqtal" refers to books that describe the events of Karbala and the tragedy of the murder of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him)have spoken of Umm Kulthum’s presence in Karbala, in such a way that she has been mentioned in many cases alongside Hazrat Zeynab (peace be upon her) and they have narrated calamities for her. Majlisi narrates: After the martyrdom of the Imam (a.s.) and when the tents were being set on fire, the earring was pulled from the ear of Umm Kulthum, the sister of Hussein (a.s.).[18] Umm Kulthum narrated the events of Ashura and delivered a sermon in Kufa and in the session of Ibn Ziyad. Ibn Tayfur in his book cites a sermon by Umm Kulthum that took place in Kufa and during the captivity of the Prophet’s household (a.s.).[19]Allamah Majlisi also mentioned Umm Kulthum’s speeches and poems in the session of Ibn Ziyad.[20]On the other hand, some sources have stated that Umm Kulthum, who was present in Karbala, was not a Fatimid.[21] Seyyed Mohsen Amin has rejected this issue and says: Amir al-Mu’minin (peace be upon him) had two daughters named Umm Kulthum, one of whom was Umm Kulthum Kubra, the daughter of Hazrat Zahra (peace be upon her), who died before the Karbala event, and the other, whose mother was a slave girl, was present in Karbala and delivered a sermon in Kufa. She was the wife of Muslim ibn Aqil.[22]

Umm Kulthum's Sermon in Kufa

Umm Kulthum is known to have delivered a sermon in Kufa after the martyrdom of Imam Hussein (a.s.).[23] According to Seyyed ibn Tawus in” Lohuf”, Umm Kulthum, while weeping loudly, rebuked and cursed the people of Kufa for killing Imam Hussein (a.s.) and his companions, capturing his family, and plundering his property. At the same time, she recited poems that caused the people to weep and lament, such that they had never wept more than that day.[24]

Narrator of Hadith

There are narrations from Umm Kulthum in Shiite sources. Mamaqani includes her among the women narrators and says: "She was a woman of great power, understanding, and eloquence, and I consider her trustworthy."[25]Most of these hadiths are about the calamities that befell the Ahlul Bayt.

The martyrdom of Imam Ali (a.s.)

Allamah Majlisi writes in a long narration: “Umm Kulthum said: When the night of the nineteenth of Ramadan arrived, I prepared two loaves of barley bread, milk, and salt for my father’s iftar. After finishing the prayer, he went to break his fast. He looked at his food and cried loudly and said:… My daughter, if you do not take one of these two foods, I will not eat anything by God… and he ate a loaf of bread with salt.[26] Sheikh Mufid narrates: On the night that Ali (a.s.) was martyred, he was awake until morning the next day. Umm Kulthum asked the reason. The Imam said: If I spend the night and the dawn breaks, I will be killed. Umm Kulthum stopped her father going to the mosque; but the Imam (a.s.) said: There is no escape from death and left the house for the mosque.[27] Similarly, after the martyrdom of Amir al-Mu’minin (peace be upon him), Umm Kulthum addressed Ibn Muljam while weeping: “Woe to you! God has humiliated you in this world and the Hereafter, and your abode will be the eternal fire of Hell".[28]

Abdul Karim ibn Ahmad ibn Tawoos Helli narrates a hadith from Sheikh Saduq in which Umm Kulthum speaks of the will of the Amir al-Mu’minin to his children, the funeral and burial ceremonies of that Imam (peace be upon him). Part of this narration states: … Umm Kulthum said: “During the burial, the grave was split open. I do not know whether my master (father) was buried in the earth or whether he ascended to heaven. Suddenly, I heard a voice offering condolences, saying: “May God grant you condolences in the mourning of the master and the proof of God(the representative of God) over His creation."[29]

The Event of Ashura and the Events After It

Ibn Tawus says: When Imam Hussein (a.s.) said goodbye, Umm Kulthum cried out and said: O Abu Abdullah! Woe to us after the calamity of losing you. The Imam (a.s.) also consoled Umm Kulthum, Zeinab (a.s.) and Robab .[30]During the captivity, when the people of Kufa brought food for the children, Umm Kulthum cried out and said: O people of Kufa, charity is forbidden to us (the Prophet's household).[31]There is a narration that when the caravan of captives entered Syria, Umm Kulthum asked Shemmr to move the heads of the martyrs from among the captives to a place where all eyes would be directed towards them and fewer people would be looking at them.[32]

Time of Death and How she passed away

There is also disagreement about the time of Umm Kulthum's death and how she passed away. Many sources have considered her and her son Zeyd's death to be at the same time, to the point that the funeral prayer was offered over both of them together.[33]Some believe that they died around 50 AH, during the reign of Muawiyyah. [34]Some have said that they died during the reign of Abdul Malek ibn Marwan (73-86 AH).[35]

Al-Maqrizi writes: She died when she was the wife of Awn ibn Ja'far .[36]Ibn Abdul-Barr mentions her death during the Imamate of Imam Hassan (a.s.).[37]Ibn Tayfur also believes that she died after 61 AH and the event of KarbalaIbn Habib al-Baghdadi, Muhammad ibn Habib.(1985). Al-Munmeq fi Akhbar Qoraysh,Beirut: Alam al-Kutub.[38] Regarding how they passed away, it has also been stated that Umm Kulthum and her son Zeyd died due to illness.[39]or because they were poisoned.[40]

Burial site

Emad al-Din al-Tabari says: It is narrated that Umm Kulthum, the sister of Imam Hussein (a.s.), died in Sham (Syria)abari.(2005).Kamel Baha'i,Qom: Al-Muktab Al-Heydariyyah, Vol. 2.[41]Ibn Battuta writes in his travelogue: Near the city of Sham and one farsakh(6 Kilometers) away from it, is the grave of Umm Kulthum, the daughter of Ali ibn Abi Taleb (a.s.) and FatimaIbn Battuta, Muhammad ibn Abdullah.(1997). Al-Rahlah (The Travels of Ibn Battuta),Vol. 1, Rabat :Academy of the Kingdom of Morocco.[42] Yaqut al-Hamwi also writes: Umm Kulthum’s grave is in the Damascus district.[43]Ibn Asaker says in this regard: This grave in the Damascus district is not the grave of Umm Kulthum, the daughter of Ali ibn Abi Taleb (a.s.) and  Fatima. She died in Medina and was buried in the Baqi’ cemetery.[44]Some have also said that this grave is the grave of Zeynab al-Kubra, the daughter of Ali (a.s.) and Fatima (a.s.), whose nickname is Umm Kulthum.[45]


References

  1. ↑ heikh Mofid.(1993). Irshad, vol. 1, Qom:Dar Al-mofid publications  ; Ibn Sa’d, Kateb Vaqedi, Muhammad ibn Sa’d.(1989). Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, vol. 8, Beirut:Dar Sader;Yaqoobi, Ahmad ibn Ishaq(2005). Tarikh al-Ya’qubi . vol. 2, Beirut:al-'Alami publications; Tabari.(2004).Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk,vol. 4.
  2. ↑ Dhahabi, Muhammad bin Ahmad.(1994). Siyar Al-Alam al-Nobala, vol. 3,Beirut: Al-resalah Institute; Dakhil, Ali Muhammad Ali.(1992). Women's Celebrities,Lebanon: Al-Dar Al-Islamiya
  3. ↑ Asqalani, Ibn Hajar. (1995) Al-Esabah fi Tamiz al-Sahaba, research: Adel Ahmad, Abdul Mujoud, Ali Muhammad, Mu’awwz, vol. 8, first edition, Beirut: Dar al-Kutb al-Ilmiyah;Ibn Abd al-Barr, Yusuf ibn Abdullah.(1991).Al-Istiyab fi Ma’rifat al-Ashab, research:Al-Bajawi, Ali Muhammad, vol. 4, first edition, Beirut:Dar al-Jil.
  4. ↑ Sheikh Mofid.(1993). Irshad, vol. 1, Qom:Dar  Al-mofid publications;Ibn Shahr-e-Ashoob.(1956). Manaqib of the Aal Abi Talib, vol. 3,  Qom: Allamah publications.
  5. ↑ Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Yasar.(1989). Siyrah Ibn Ishaq (Kitab al-Siyar wa al-Maghazi), first edition, Qom: Islamic History and Education Studies Office; Dhahabi, Muhammad bin Ahmad.(1994). Siyar Al-Alam al-Nobala, vol. 3,Beirut: Al-resalah Institute.
  6. ↑ Sheikh Mofid.(1993). Irshad, vol. 1, Qom:Dar  Al-mofid publications
  7. ↑ Qommi,Sheikh Abbas.(1989). Al-Kona  wa Al-alqaab, Tehran:Maktaba al-Sadr, vol. 1
  8. ↑ 8-Al- Amin, Al-Seyyed Mohsen.(2000).Ayan al-Shi'a, vol. 3,Beirut: Dar al-Ta'arif
  9. ↑ Alavi Omari, Ali bin Muhammad.(1988). Al-Majdi fi Ansab al-Talebyeen; Murteza  Zobeydi.(1993). Taj al-Arous, vol. 15, Beirut: Dar al-Hedayah
  10. ↑ Ibn Sa’d, Kateb Vaqedi, Muhammad ibn Sa’d.(1989). Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, vol. 8, Beirut:Dar Sader
  11. ↑ Mas’udi, Ali bin Hossein.(1988).Moruj al-Dhahab  va maaden  al-johar, vol. 1 Qom :Dar al-Hijrah Institution
  12. ↑ Ibn Asaker, Ali ibn Hassan.(1994). History of Damascus, 1st edition, researcher, Shiri, Ali, vol. 19, Beirut:Dar al-Fakir; Balathuri.(1999). Ansab al-Ashraf.
  13. ↑ Hosseini, Ahmad bin Ali- Ibn Anbah.(1960). Omdattottaleb  fi Ansab Al Abi Taleb, Najaf: Al-Haydariyya  publications.
  14. ↑ Al- Amin, Al-Seyyed Mohsen.(2000).Ayan al-Shi'a, vol. 3,Beirut: Dar al-Ta'arif
  15. ↑ Koleyni, Muhammad ibn Yaqub.(1984).Kafi, researcher, corrector:Ghaffari, Ali Akbar, Akhundi, Muhammad, vol. 1, 4th edition, vol. 5, Tehran: Dar al-Kotob al-Islamiyya;Sheikh Tusi.(1985). Tahdhib al-Ahkam,vol. 8,; Tabarsi.(1996). Alam al-Wara, vol.1; Sheikh Mufid.(1993). Al-Mas'il al-Akbariyah.; Balathuri.(1999). Ansab al-Ashraf.
  16. ↑ Naweyri, Ahmad ibn Abd al-Wahhab.(2002).Nehaytolarab  fi Fonooneladab, - vol. 19, Cairo:Ministry of Culture and National Guidance. Al-Mesriyya  General Institution .
  17. ↑ Encyclopedia of the World of Islam.Entry(title) on the marriage of Umm Kulthum to Umar ibn al-Khattab, section on opponents of marriage
  18. ↑ Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir.(2004). Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 45,second edition,Beirut:Dar Ihya al-Turas al-Araby.
  19. ↑ Ibn Abi Taher, Ahmad ibn Abi Taher Ibn Teyfur.(1993). Balaghat al-Nisa,Qom: Sharif al-Razi library
  20. ↑ Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir.(2004). Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 45,second edition,Beirut:Dar Ihya al-Turas al-Araby.
  21. ↑ Telmesani,Muhammad bin Abi Bakr. Barri (1981). Al-Jawharah fi Nasab al-Imam Ali and his family, Damascus: al-Nuri School
  22. ↑ Al- Amin, Al-Seyyed Mohsen.(2000).Ayan al-Shi'a, vol. 1, and vol.3,Beirut: Dar al-Ta'arif
  23. ↑ Ibn Tawus.(1969). Lahuf,Tehran:Jahan Publication
  24. ↑ Murteza,Zobeydi.(1993). Taj al-Arous, vol. 15, Beirut: Dar al-Hedayah
  25. ↑ Mamqani, Abdullah.(1933). Tanqih al-Maqal, vol.3, Qom: Aalol bayt (peace be upon them) Institute for the Revival of Heritage
  26. ↑ Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir.(2004). Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 42,second edition,Beirut:Dar Ihya al-Turas al-Araby.
  27. ↑ Sheikh Mofid.(1993). Irshad, vol. 1, Qom:Dar  Al-mofid publications
  28. ↑ Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir.(2004). Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 42,second edition,Beirut:Dar Ihya al-Turas al-Araby.
  29. ↑ Helli, Abdul Karim ibn Tavus.(1998). Farhatolgharra, in Determining the Grave of Amir al-Mu’minin Ali (a.s.), Qom: Al-Ghadir Center for Islamic Studies.
  30. ↑ Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir.(2004). Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 45,second edition,Beirut:Dar Ihya al-Turas al-Araby.
  31. ↑ Ibn Tawus.(1969). Lahuf,Tehran:Jahan Publication.
  32. ↑ Murteza,Zobeydi.(1993). Taj al-Arous, vol. 15, Beirut: Dar al-Hedayah
  33. ↑ Sanaani, Abu Bakr Abdul Razzaq ibn Hommam.(1983). Al-Musnnnef, vol. 6,Beirut :Majlis Al-Alami
  34. ↑ Al-Safadi, Salah al-Din Khalil ibn Aybak ibn Abdullah.(2000). Al-Wafi Belvafayatf, vol. 15,Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Trath ; Al- Amin, Al-Seyyed Mohsen.(2000).Ayan al-Shi'a,vol.3,Beirut: Dar al-Ta'arif
  35. ↑ Al-Maqrizi, Taqi al-Din.(1999).Emtaolesmaa bema lennabi menalahval valamval valhafedah valmataa( Delighting of listening  to information about the Prophet's circumstances, wealth, descendants, and possessions), vol. 5,Beirut:Dar-alkoto alelmyyah
  36. ↑ bn Abd al-Barr, Yusuf ibn Abdullah.(1991).Al-Istiyab fi Ma’rifat al-Ashab, research:Al-Bajawi, Ali Muhammad, vol. 4, first edition, Beirut:Dar al-Jil.
  37. ↑ Ibn Abi Taher, Ahmad ibn Abi Taher Ibn Teyfur.(1993). Balaghat al-Nisa,Qom: Sharif al-Razi library
  38. ↑ Ibn Habib al-Baghdadi, Muhammad ibn Habib.(1985). Al-Munmeq fi Akhbar Qoraysh,Beirut: Alam al-Kutub
  39. ↑ Ibn Habib al-Baghdadi, Muhammad ibn Habib.(1985). Al-Munmeq fi Akhbar Qoraysh,Beirut: Alam al-Kutub
  40. ↑ Sanaani, Abu Bakr Abdul Razzaq ibn Hommam.(1983). Al-Musnnnef, vol. 6,Beirut :Majlis Al-Alami
  41. ↑ abari.(2005).Kamel Baha'i,Qom: Al-Muktab Al-Heydariyyah, Vol. 2.
  42. ↑ Ibn Battuta, Muhammad ibn Abdullah.(1997). Al-Rahlah (The Travels of Ibn Battuta),Vol. 1, Rabat :Academy of the Kingdom of Morocco.
  43. ↑ Al-Hamwi Shahab al-Din Abdullah Yaqut  ibn Abdullah.(1979)., Mu'jam Al-Buldan ( Dictionary  information of Countries),Volume 3, Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi
  44. ↑ Ibn Asaker, Ali ibn Hassan.(1994). History of Damascus, 1st edition, researcher, Shiri, Ali, vol. 2, Beirut:Dar al-Fakir
  45. ↑ Al-Baytar al-Maydani al-Dimashqi, Abd al-Razzaq ibn Hasan ibn Ibrahim.(1993). The Ornament of Mankind (Helyatolbashar) in the History of the Thirteenth Century, Beirut:Dar Sader.
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