Draft:Hosni Mubarak
Template:جعبه اطلاعات شخصیت Muhammad Hosni Sayyid Mubarak was born in 1928 in Kafr El-Meselha, Monufia Governorate, Egypt. After completing secondary education, he entered the Military Academy and graduated in 1949 with the rank of Second Lieutenant. Mubarak joined the Air Force Academy in 1950 and completed his advanced studies at the Military Academy in the Soviet Union.
At the end of the Yom Kippur War in October 1973, due to the success of the forces under his command in defending Egypt and fighting against Israel, he was referred to as a "national hero" and was promoted to the position of Commander of the Egyptian Air Force, and after some time rose to the position of "Vice President of Egypt".
After advancing in the Egyptian Air Force to the position of Vice President, he assumed the presidency following the assassination of Anwar Sadat on October 6, 1981. During Hosni Mubarak's reign, press freedom in Egypt was greater than in most of its neighbors. The Egyptian economy developed, and by diversifying it, the private sector's share in Gross Domestic Product surpassed that of the public sector.
Biography
"Muhammad Hosni El-Sayed Mubarak", known as "Hosni Mubarak", the fourth President of Egypt, was born on May 4, 1928, in "Kafr El-Meselha" in the "Monufia" Governorate of Egypt. After completing secondary education, he entered the Military Academy and graduated in 1949 with the rank of Second Lieutenant.
Mubarak joined the Air Force Academy in 1950 and completed his advanced studies at the Military Academy of the former Soviet Union.
After advancing in the Egyptian Air Force to the position of Vice President, he assumed the presidency following the assassination of Anwar Sadat on October 6, 1981.
As mentioned, Hosni Mubarak is the fourth President of Egypt who took power in this country on October 14, 1981, following the revolutionary assassination of "Anwar Sadat", the late President of Egypt, on October 6, 1981, and among his important positions before reaching the presidency was the Prime Ministership of Egypt; he also was active in the National Democratic Party, the ruling party of Egypt.
According to Egypt's 1971 law, Mubarak had full control of the country until January 2011 and before the Egyptian people's uprising, he was considered one of the most powerful rulers in the region as the President of this country.
The duration of Hosni Mubarak's reign, which spans from October 14, 1981, to February 11, 2011, following his resignation from power, is considered one of the longest governments in the region, and after the rule of Colonel "Muammar Gaddafi", the deposed dictator of Libya; "Qaboos bin Said", the King of Oman; "Ali Abdullah Saleh" in Yemen; and "Muhammad Ali Pasha" in Egypt, he had the fifth longest government in the Arab world.
On February 11, 2011, following public protests against his government, Mubarak resigned from the presidency of Egypt and tasked the armed forces with administering the country.
Victory of the Egyptian Revolution
Following the victory of the Egyptian Revolution, Hosni Mubarak and the heads of his regime, who were accused of killing revolutionaries and various types of corruption, were arrested and, due to the insistence of the Egyptian people, were referred to the Egyptian Criminal Court to be tried for their charges.
After more than a year of the trial process of Hosni Mubarak and his sons "Gamal and Alaa" Mubarak and "Habib el-Adly", his Minister of Interior, and 6 of his high-ranking deputies in the case of killing Egyptian protesters and financial corruption, the Cairo Criminal Court announced that on June 2, it will announce the verdict of Mubarak and his associates in the above cases.
A Look at the 30-Year Reign of Hosni Mubarak
Hosni Mubarak, during his three-decade rule over Egypt, was always considered one of the agents and mercenaries of Israel and America in the region, such that the overthrow of his government was described as a great calamity for Tel Aviv and Washington.
Mubarak's Crimes in Gaza
Regarding Mubarak's crimes in the Gaza Strip, it must be said that many experts consider Egypt responsible for the suffering and misery of the Palestinians. The people of the Gaza Strip, following the withdrawal of the Zionist regime and the formation of the Hamas government led by "Ismael Haniyeh", faced many problems and challenges, but the Egyptian government took no action to reduce the suffering and anguish of the Palestine nation in Gaza affairs.
Conflicts among Palestinian groups, especially between Fatah and Hamas, and the dispute between "Abu Mazen", the president of the Palestinian Authority, and the leaders of Hamas, created numerous problems for the Gaza region and its people. Although the Zionist regime was the main provider of such conditions and the only winner of the continuation of this process, Egypt's policy and its regional position following these developments inflicted multiple damages on the Palestinians of the Gaza Strip.
America and the Zionist Olmert cabinet at the Annapolis Conference and during George Bush's visit to the region in January 2008, asked Hosni Mubarak to continue his security and intelligence cooperation with the Zionist regime until the destruction and annihilation of the Islamic resistance in Palestine led by Hamas.
Among the crimes that Hosni Mubarak committed against the Palestinians, keeping the Rafah Crossing closed, which is the only communication route for the people of Gaza with the outside world, must be noted, and despite numerous criticisms directed at Mubarak and his government, he insisted on continuing the country's policies in keeping the Rafah Crossing closed.
By keeping the Rafah Crossing closed, Egypt caused the siege of the Gaza Strip by the Zionist regime to have a significant impact on the lives of the people of this region, because the Rafah Crossing is one of the few communication routes of Gaza with the outside world, and the continued closure of the Rafah Crossing and the continuation of this policy by Cairo could lead to the expansion of the humanitarian disaster in the Gaza Strip.
In the 22-day war, which began with the Zionists' crime in attacking Gaza, the Egyptian government, in addition to remaining silent regarding the killing of Palestinian women and children and opposing repeated requests from countries and freedom-seeking popular institutions to send humanitarian aid to the people of Gaza, practically accompanied the Zionists' crime in the Gaza disaster.
Among other policies adopted by Mubarak against the people of the Gaza Strip, the construction of a steel wall on the borders of this country with the Gaza Strip must be noted. Egypt's agreement to build this wall is the implementation of an American-Zionist plan for the region that closes the last breathing space of the people of Gaza, which had kept them alive during four and a half years of siege.
Hostility Towards Islamists
In fact, the Hosni Mubarak regime greatly feared Islamists; he feared that Islamists might ascend to the power pyramid and Egypt would come under the domination of Islamists. This meant that the Mubarak regime insisted on continuing to arrest opponents, and in fact, during Hosni Mubarak's rule, the Islamists of this country always witnessed an intensification of the suppression process and a noose of pressure on themselves, and this specially included the members of the Muslim Brotherhood group of this country.
In the latest statistics provided by "Mohammed Badie", the leader of the Muslim Brotherhood group, it was emphasized that during the past decade, more than thirty thousand members of this group were serving time in the prisons of the Mubarak regime and the assets of the members of this movement had been confiscated.
Therefore, it is not strange if we witness the arrest of Islamist election candidates and their supporters during Mubarak's rule in Egypt to prevent the entry of these effective elements into the parliament, and the statement that the Hosni Mubarak regime allowed its opponents to enter the parliament was nothing but nonsense claimed to assert that democracy and multi-party system prevailed in Egypt.
In fact, during the three decades of Mubarak's rule, the real representatives of the people were never present in the parliament, and no correct and healthy democracy prevailed in Egypt, and this issue must be seen in the interference of security forces and the punishment and suppression of opponents.
Egypt–Iran relations
In the history of relations between Iran and Egypt, the factor of inclination towards Zionism has always been a deterrent and destructive element; this phenomenon can be clearly observed in the separation of the government of Gamal Abdel Nasser and the Pahlavi dynasty due to Mohammad Reza's alliance with the Zionist regime, and the distance of the Islamic Republic from the Egyptian government due to the Camp David Accords treaty and the Egyptians' connection with the Zionists. It was only before the establishment of the Zionist regime that the political approach of the two countries aligned with each other, and the monarchy of both caused the consolidation of their bond.
The beginning of political relations between Tehran and Cairo dates back to the year 1300 SH, when Egypt gained independence from England and the then government of Iran immediately recognized this country. Nevertheless, there has always been a kind of spiritual bond between the people of the two countries, including the fact that both countries were threatened and harassed by the British in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries AD and had a sense of sympathy with each other. Perhaps for this reason, some thinkers opposed to the Qajar dynasty absolutism during the Constitutional era had made Cairo a center for their intellectual activities.
The years of World War I and the struggle of the people of both countries against British dominance increased the bond between the two nations of Iran and Egypt. The embassy of Iran in Cairo was not active until the extinction of the Qajar dynasty —1304 SH—, but after that and following the rise to power of Reza Khan, the first treaty of friendship and amity between the two countries was concluded in 1307 SH.
With Reza Khan's rise to power, relations between the two countries expanded, and relations between Tehran and Cairo from the year 1300 SH to 1331 SH, when the monarchical government in this country was abolished, had two main features:
- First: Positive state cooperation and sincere relations at the level of the two governments.
- Second: Joint struggle of the two governments against the people's Islamism.
Both the monarchical government and British dominance over both systems, as well as their joint struggle against Islamism, had provided the grounds for the warmth of relations. But among other reasons that temporarily caused the consolidation of relations between Tehran and Cairo was the marriage of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to Fawzia, the daughter of King Fuad and sister of King Farouk, the King of Egypt. This marriage lasted only 10 years and ended in divorce in 1327 SH, drawing the relations between the two governments of Egypt and Iran into coldness.
Following the fall of King Farouk and the rise to power of Gamal Abdel Nasser, relations between Tehran and Cairo became dark, but the new Egyptian government established relations with the Shah's opponents, including Mossadegh. The Egyptian government, after the fall of King Farouk, supported the struggles for the nationalization of Iran's oil industry. For this reason, Mohammad Mossadegh's trip — the then Prime Minister of Iran — to Cairo was met with welcome by Gamal Abdel Nasser and other Egyptian officials, but the 28 Mordad 1332 coup and the Shah's return destroyed the improvement of relations between the two countries.
Gamal Abdel Nasser's suspicion of the Shah, the placement of the two regimes in two different political blocs — East and West — Nasser's conflict with the Zionist regime, the Shah's alliance with the Zionists and other factors, led to the gradual distancing of Tehran and Cairo. And in the summer of 1339 SH, Gamal Abdel Nasser, following a harsh speech against the Shah, ordered the cutting of political relations with Tehran due to the Shah's alliance with the Zionist occupiers. Gamal Abdel Nasser named the Shah an accomplice of the Zionists in his speech and considered this complicity contrary to the ideals of Arab and Islamic countries. Egypt's relations with Tehran were cut for 10 years. In Shahrivar 1349, one month before Nasser's death and when Sadat had taken charge of affairs during the illness leading to Nasser's death, relations between the two countries were re-established.
With Nasser's death, his deputy Anwar Sadat took power. These developments caused the Shah of Iran to resume his relations with Egypt again by approaching Sadat. Several motives were also involved in this decision. In fact, after Nasser, someone had sat on the seat of governance of Egypt who, like the Shah, was eager for relations with the Zionist regime. Sadat came to Tehran in the year 1350 SH, and political conditions were prepared for the resumption of cooperations and relations between the two countries.
Four years after the Ramadan War, when Sadat traveled to the Zionist regime in the year 1354 SH to the utmost surprise of the Muslim nations, the Shah of Iran was the second head of state after Carter who supported this trip.
Sadat's trip to Jerusalem and then the conclusion of the Camp David accord coincided with the occurrence of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. Therefore, with the victory of the Revolution, Tehran's relations with Cairo were cut in protest against the conclusion of this treaty.
The Islamic Revolution was an anti-Zionist and anti-American revolution and naturally could not have a positive relationship with the Sadat government, which was subservient to the Zionists. The Islamic Republic of Iran cut its relations with Egypt 2 months after the victory of the Revolution and 9 years after the re-establishment of relations between Tehran and Cairo, by the order of Imam Khomeini (RA).
Relations between Egypt and the Zionist Regime
On 19 November 1977, Anwar Sadat, the President of Egypt and Israel's first enemy, entered Jerusalem. The Zionists, who had tasted the bitter defeat of the 6 October 1973 war and still held the memories of the victory of the heroic Egyptian soldiers in their minds, had lined up to welcome Sadat. Menachem Begin the Prime Minister, Moshe Dayan the Minister of Defense, Ariel Sharon, Yitzhak Shamir the Speaker of the Knesset, and Golda Meir the former Prime Minister of Israel were all present at this welcome. Golda Meir, with indescribable surprise and joy, told the historic guests of Israel: Is it believable?!.
Sadat, who wore the medal of honors for the victory of the October 1973 war on his chest, announced in the Egyptian People's Assembly (Parliament) on 9 November 1977 that for the sake of peace he is ready to go to Israel and he went, and this counts as the beginning of Egypt's relations with the Zionist regime.
After that, and especially during the presidency of Hosni Mubarak, Egypt always acted as a mercenary of the Zionist regime and America in the region, and rather than seeking to secure the interests of the Egyptian nation and then the oppressed Palestinian nation in the region, it was a guard dog and guardian of the interests of the Zionist regime and America, and before any decision tried to coordinate its policies with these two, which dealt a major blow to Egypt's position and face as the leader of the Arab world and its regional position.
The Martyrs Whose Graves Hosni Mubarak Hid
Today, after the announcement of Hosni Mubarak's verdict and the realization of the biggest goal of the 25 January Egyptian Revolution, it is necessary to also remember the great martyrs of the Islamic Movement of Egypt, youths who at a fateful juncture decided to cleanse the stain of betrayal of the previous "Pharaoh" of Egypt "Anwar Sadat" from the lap of their nation and grant their lives to bestow honor once again upon their land. These mujahid youths were: First Lieutenant Khalid Ahmad Shawqi al-Islambouli, Abdulhamid Abdulsalam Abdual, Atta Tayel Hamida Rahil, Hussein Abbas Muhammad.
These individuals were able to under the leadership of Captain Khalid Islambouli, successfully design the execution operation of Anwar Sadat and carry it out on 6 October 1981. The next Pharaoh of Egypt, namely Muhammad Hosni Mubarak, immediately after coming to power, handed these martyrdom-seeking youths over to a military tribunal and signed their execution verdict.
The Mubarak Egyptian regime refused to give the bodies of these 4 individuals to their families and buried them secretly in an unknown cemetery, and until today the burial place of these unknown martyrs remains.
32 years ago these youths had the dream of executing the Pharaoh and establishing an Islamic government in Egypt. Although they registered the honor of killing the Pharaoh in the record of their nation, but destiny was such that the Egyptian people would experience another Pharaonic government, until this time not only a few dozen revolutionary youths, but several dozen million Egyptian Muslims would determine the fate of the last Pharaoh of Egypt and send him to the trash heap of history.
See also
References
- Taken from the Iranian Diplomacy website irdiplomacy.ir