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14:5514:55, 10 December 2025 Fatima bint Muhammad (AS) (hist | edit) [6,163 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "''Fatima bint Muhammad''' (Arabic: فَاطِمَة بِنْت مُحَمَّد, c. 605/615 – 632 CE), commonly known as '''Fatima al-Zahra''', was the youngest daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his first wife, Khadija bint Khuwaylid. She is venerated by all Muslims, with a status of particular spiritual and historical significance in Shia Islam, where she is considered an infallible figure and the mother of the Imams. Her marriage to Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muh...") originally created as "Fatima"
09:0409:04, 10 December 2025 Muhibb al-Din al-Khatib (hist | edit) [1,613 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Muhibb al-Din al-Khatib''' (1886-1969) was a prominent Syrian Arab nationalist, journalist, and a leading Sunni polemicist against '''Shia Islam''' and the '''taqrib''' movement. A staunch defender of a '''Salafi'''-oriented orthodoxy, he used his editorial control over publications like the journal ''al-Fath'' and the ''al-Matba’a al-Salafiyya'' in Cairo to disseminate anti-Shia literature <ref>Commins, D. (1990). ''Islamic Reform: Politics and Social Change in Lat...")
09:0009:00, 10 December 2025 Nikah mut'ah (hist | edit) [1,834 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Mut'a''', or temporary marriage, is a form of time-bound matrimonial contract in Islamic law. Its permissibility is derived from a '''Qur’anic verse (4:24)''' which mentions a "reward" given to women, interpreted by Shia scholars as sanctioning fixed-term marriage <ref>Haeri, S. (1989). ''Law of Desire: Temporary Marriage in Shi’i Iran''. Syracuse University Press.</ref>. In this contract, the duration and dowry are specified in advance, dissolving automatically u...")
08:5708:57, 10 December 2025 Succession to Muhammad (hist | edit) [1,678 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "The '''Succession to Muhammad''', known as the ''Saqifa'' event, is the foundational historical and theological rift between Sunni and Shia Islam. Following the Prophet Muhammad’s death in 632 CE, an immediate crisis emerged over the leadership of the nascent '''Muslim community (Ummah)'''. A gathering resulted in the selection of '''Abu Bakr''' as the first '''caliph (khalifa)''', a decision based on communal consensus <ref>Hazleton, L. (2009). ''After the Prophet: Th...")
08:5308:53, 10 December 2025 Jamāʿat al-Taqrīb Bayn al-Madhāhib al-Islāmiyya (hist | edit) [2,117 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "The '''Jamāʿat al-Taqrīb Bayn al-Madhāhib al-Islāmiyya''' (Society for the Rapprochement of Islamic Schools of Thought) was founded in Cairo in 1947 as the central institution of the 20th-century Islamic ecumenical movement. Its establishment signaled a shift from informal calls for '''Muslim unity''' to a structured, scholarly effort aimed at bridging the historical divide between '''Sunni and Shia''' Islam <ref>Rizk, Y. (2013). Modern Islamic Ecumenism: A Historic...")

14:4814:48, 9 December 2025 Imamate in Shia doctrine (hist | edit) [1,701 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "The '''Imamate in Shia doctrine''' is a fundamental theological tenet that distinguishes Shia Islam. It refers to the belief in a divinely appointed, sinless (''ma‘sum''), and infallible leader (Imam) who succeeds the Prophet Muhammad in all functions except receiving revelation <ref>Momen, M. (1985). ''An Introduction to Shi‘i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi‘ism''. Yale University Press.</ref>. For '''Twelver Shiism''', this line began with Imam ''...")
14:0714:07, 9 December 2025 Islamic Ecumenism (Taqrīb): Historical Definitions and Evolution (hist | edit) [7,427 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Islamic Ecumenism (Taqrīb): Historical Definitions and Evolution''' '''Introduction: The Pursuit of Unity in a Diverse Tradition''' The narrative of Islam is deeply marked by its theological, juridical, and political diversity. Yet, running parallel to the history of sectarian division is a significant, though often overlooked, tradition of '''intra-faith dialogue''' and the pursuit of reconciliation. This modern conceptual strand is broadly termed '''Islamic ecume...")

14:2314:23, 8 December 2025 Takfir (hist | edit) [314 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Takfīr''' refers to pronouncing another Muslim an unbeliever, often deepening sectarian conflict. Modern Taqrīb movements consistently reject takfīr as an obstacle to unity and a driver of extremism (Brunner, 2004). <ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ==References==")
14:2114:21, 8 December 2025 Najaf (hist | edit) [351 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Najaf''' is a central center of Shia learning, home to the Hawza and the shrine of Imam Ali. Scholars from Najaf contributed significantly to the jurisprudential depth of Taqrīb discussions with Sunni institutions during the 20th century (Brunner, 2004). <ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ==References==")
14:2014:20, 8 December 2025 Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i (hist | edit) [366 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Muhammad Husayn Tabataba’i''' was an influential Iranian philosopher and Quranic exegete whose theological dialogues in Cairo enriched the philosophical dimensions of Taqrīb. His engagement with Sunni scholars highlighted shared doctrinal foundations (Brunner, 2004). <ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ==References==")
14:0614:06, 8 December 2025 Muhammad Jawad Mughniyya (hist | edit) [348 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Muhammad Jawad Mughniyya''' was a Lebanese Shia scholar whose writings emphasized legal compatibility and mutual respect between Sunni and Shia traditions. His role in dialogue with Sunni institutions was central to mid-century Taqrīb (Brunner, 2004). <ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ==References==")
13:5013:50, 8 December 2025 Mahmud Shaltut (hist | edit) [323 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Mahmud Shaltut''' served as Grand Shaykh of al-Azhar and became one of the most important Sunni voices in Taqrīb. His 1959 fatwa validating Jaʿfarī jurisprudence remains a milestone in Sunni–Shia relations (Brunner, 2004).<ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ==References==")
09:4709:47, 8 December 2025 Al-Azhar University (hist | edit) [383 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Al-Azhar University''' is a globally influential Sunni institution whose scholars played key roles in Sunni–Shia ecumenical engagement. Although institutional positions varied, prominent Azhari scholars actively facilitated Taqrīb dialogues throughout the 20th century (Brunner, 2004).<ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ==References==")
09:4609:46, 8 December 2025 Al-Urwa al-Wuthqa (hist | edit) [321 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''al-Urwa al-Wuthqā''' was a groundbreaking 1884 reformist journal promoting Muslim unity and awakening. It directly inspired the mid-20th-century journal ''Risālat al-Islām'' and the broader Taqrīb movement (Brunner, 2004).<ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ==References==")
09:4409:44, 8 December 2025 Islamic modernism (hist | edit) [363 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Islamic modernism''' sought to harmonize Islamic tradition with modern political, social, and scientific realities. Modernist scholars considered sectarian reconciliation a prerequisite for Muslim revival, influencing the spirit and purpose of Taqrīb (Brunner, 2004).<ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ==References==")
09:4109:41, 8 December 2025 Nahda (hist | edit) [347 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "The '''Nahda''' (“Arab Renaissance”) encouraged scientific, cultural, and intellectual renewal across the Arab world. Its reformist environment created fertile ground for later ecumenical projects, including Sunni–Shia rapprochement (Brunner, 2004). <ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref>")
09:4009:40, 8 December 2025 Muhammad Abduh (hist | edit) [340 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Muhammad Abduh''' advanced theological reform, rational interpretation, and Muslim solidarity. His engagement with Sunni and Shia ideas laid the groundwork for future institutional dialogue such as the Cairo-based Taqrīb movement (Brunner, 2004). <ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ________________________________________")

15:3015:30, 7 December 2025 Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (hist | edit) [368 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Jamal al-Din al-Afghani''' was a central figure in Islamic revival and Pan-Islamic thought, advocating unity among Muslims to resist colonial pressures. His ideas significantly influenced later Taqrīb scholars who argued for overcoming sectarian barriers (Brunner, 2004). <ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ==References==")
15:2915:29, 7 December 2025 Pan-Islamism (hist | edit) [388 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Pan-Islamism''' is a political and intellectual movement calling for unity among Muslims across geographic and sectarian boundaries. It provided the ideological foundation for Sunni–Shia rapprochement by framing internal division as a key factor in Muslim political decline (Brunner, 2004). <ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ==References==")
15:2815:28, 7 December 2025 Islamic reform (hist | edit) [406 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Islamic reform''' movements of the 19th and 20th centuries sought renewal through reinterpretation of Islamic teachings in light of modern challenges. These reformists viewed sectarian division as a barrier to civilizational progress, directly influencing the formation of Taqrīb institutions (Brunner, 2004). <ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ==References==") originally created as "Islamic Reform"
15:2715:27, 7 December 2025 Islamic history (hist | edit) [443 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Islamic history''' encompasses the evolution of Muslim societies from the 7th century onward, including periods of unity, contestation, and intellectual transformation. Modern Taqrīb draws upon historical precedents of cooperation while addressing divisions that emerged through centuries of theological and political development (Brunner, 2004). <ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ==References==") originally created as "Islamic History"
15:2515:25, 7 December 2025 Shia Islam (hist | edit) [472 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Shia Islam''' centers on the belief in divinely guided Imams descended from the Prophet’s family, shaping distinct theological and jurisprudential traditions. Its clerical centers in Najaf and Qom significantly contributed to modern Taqrīb by engaging directly with Sunni scholars in institutional dialogue, especially within mid-20th-century Cairo (Brunner, 2004). <ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ==References==")
15:2315:23, 7 December 2025 Sunni Islam (hist | edit) [595 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Sunni Islam''' is the largest branch of the Muslim community, emphasizing the authority of the early caliphs and the continuity of prophetic tradition through classical jurisprudential schools. Its scholars and institutions, especially those connected to Al-Azhar University, played foundational roles in the emergence of modern Taqrīb initiatives, shaping cross-sectarian religious dialogue throughout the 20th century (Brunner, 2004). <ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islam...")
14:4614:46, 7 December 2025 Taqrīb (Islamic Rapprochement): Concept, History, and Institutional Development (hist | edit) [5,396 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Taqrīb''' (Arabic: التقريب; “rapprochement” or “bringing closer”) refers to modern intellectual and institutional efforts to reduce doctrinal and sectarian distance among Muslim communities, particularly between Sunni and Shia schools of thought. Although unity themes exist across Islamic heritage, scholars note that formalized, structured rapprochement is largely a '''modern''' development shaped by reform movements, pan-Islamic activism, and 20th-cen...")

10:5710:57, 3 December 2025 Bruegel (hist | edit) [17,132 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "Bruegel, the Brussels-based think tank specializing in European and global economic policy, has established itself as a preeminent voice in shaping EU policy debates since its founding in 2005. Conceived as a European counterpart to influential Anglo-Saxon institutions like the Peterson Institute for International Economics, Bruegel’s mission is to produce “independent, fact-based research on economic policy” with the aim of “improving economic policy” in Europ...") originally created as "Bruegel — EU economics / policy"

14:5714:57, 1 December 2025 European Council on Foreign Relations (hist | edit) [17,427 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "The European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR), founded in 2007, is a transnational European think tank focused on developing coherent and effective European foreign policy. It publishes research on global strategy, regional security, multilateralism, migration, and Muslim-majority regions. ECFR has become one of Europe’s most cited foreign-policy think tanks, known for its networked structure across EU capitals (Balfour, 2012).<ref>Balfour, R. (2012). The European T...")

08:5508:55, 29 November 2025 Hudson Institute (hist | edit) [9,618 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "Founded in 1961, the Hudson Institute is one of the United States’ most enduring conservative policy think tanks, known for its influence in national security, geopolitics, and ideological debates concerning Islam, political Islam, and Muslim-majority countries. Its research is widely used in congressional testimony, policy briefings, and media analysis, making it an important—though sometimes controversial—node in U.S. policy networks. == 1. Identification & Meta...")

15:0215:02, 26 November 2025 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (hist | edit) [39,240 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) is a globally recognized independent institute dedicated to research on international security, conflict, arms control, and peacebuilding. Founded in 1966 and headquartered in Solna, Sweden, SIPRI has become one of the world’s most authoritative sources of open-source data on military expenditure, arms transfers, and global conflict trends (SIPRI, n.d.-a).<ref>SIPRI. (n.d.-a). About SIPRI. https://www.sipri.o...")

11:1711:17, 25 November 2025 International Institute for Strategic Studies (hist | edit) [9,520 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) = The '''International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)''' is a leading global think tank specializing in defence, security, and strategic studies. Founded in 1958, it has become internationally recognized for its analyses of military capabilities, geopolitical trends, and regional security dynamics.<ref name="IISSAbout">{{cite web |title=About IISS |url=https://www.iiss.org |publisher=International Institute...")

15:4515:45, 23 November 2025 Atlantic Council (hist | edit) [11,744 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "The '''Atlantic Council''' is one of the most visible Washington think tanks specializing in foreign policy and transatlantic cooperation. Since its founding during the Cold War, the Council has expanded into a global policy institution engaging across security, geopolitics, energy, digital governance, and regional studies. Its work increasingly spans regions such as the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia, including research on Islam, Islamic law, and Muslim-majority so...")

11:2511:25, 22 November 2025 Chatham House (Royal Institute of International Affairs) (hist | edit) [8,489 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox organization | name = Royal Institute of International Affairs | native_name = Chatham House | abbreviation = Chatham House | formation = 1920 | type = Think tank / charity | status = Registered charity (No. 208223) :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} | headquarters = 10 St James's Square, London, England :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1} | region_served = Global | membership = ~6,000 (approx.) :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2} | l...")

09:1109:11, 18 November 2025 International Crisis Group (hist | edit) [21,336 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "The International Crisis Group (ICG) is a globally recognized conflict prevention organization that combines rigorous, in field analysis with targeted policy advocacy. Since its founding in 1995, ICG has deployed political analysts to conflict and fragile regions around the world in order to generate nuanced reports, early-warning bulletins, and recommendations directed at governments, multilateral organizations, and civil society actors (International Crisis Group, 2000...")

14:1614:16, 16 November 2025 Institute for Social Policy and Understanding (hist | edit) [18,520 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "The Institute for Social Policy and Understanding (ISPU) has emerged as one of the most influential U.S.-based research organizations dedicated to the empirical study of American Muslim communities. Founded in the early 2000s, ISPU occupies a distinctive niche at the intersection of social science, public policy, and community engagement. Its work is characterized by recurring national surveys—most notably the American Muslim Poll—as well as policy toolkits, issue an...")

11:2711:27, 11 November 2025 The Center for Middle Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Michigan (hist | edit) [37,482 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Overview == The Center for Middle Eastern and North African Studies (CMENAS) at the University of Michigan is an interdisciplinary hub that supports teaching, research, and public outreach on the peoples, histories, languages, and cultures of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). CMENAS hosts lecture series and events, supports visiting scholars, and administers undergraduate and graduate programming to promote deeper understanding of the region across campus and w...")

11:5011:50, 1 November 2025 The World Organization for Resource Development and Education (hist | edit) [28,802 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''The World Organization for Resource Development and Education''' (WORDE) is a U.S.-based non-profit organization focused on countering violent extremism (CVE) and promoting cross-cultural understanding. It operates on a community-policing model, bringing together civil society leaders, religious figures, law enforcement, and mental health professionals to build resilience against radicalization (WORDE, n.d.-a). The organization is known for its practical, on-the-groun...")

09:3409:34, 28 October 2025 The Middle East Centre at the London School of Economics (hist | edit) [26,934 bytes] Peysepar (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''The Middle East Centre (MEC) at the London School of Economics''' and Political Science (LSE) is a premier academic institution dedicated to the advanced study of the contemporary Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. It serves as a central hub for interdisciplinary research, world-class teaching, and public engagement, bridging the gap between academia and policy. The Centre is built upon LSE's long-standing reputation for social science excellence and provides...")

19:2619:26, 4 October 2025 Abdolazim Hasani (hist | edit) [16,395 bytes] Rahmani (talk | contribs) (Created page with " '''Abdolazim Hasani,''' known as Shah Abdulazim and Seyyed al-Karim, is one of the scholars of the Sadat Hasani (It means the preophet’s descendants)and one of the narrators of Hadith. His lineage reaches Imam Hassan Mojtaba (peace be upon him) through four intermediaries. He is considered a pious man, known for his trustworthiness, honesty in speech, knowledge of religious affairs, belief in the principles of the Shiite religion, and a traditionist. Sheikh Sadooq ha...") Tag: Visual edit

10:4210:42, 28 September 2025 Abbas Ibn Abdul Mottaleb (hist | edit) [19,059 bytes] Rahmani (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Abbas Ibn Abdul Mottaleb''' was the son of Abdul Mottaleb and his nickname was Abul Fadl. His mother was Noutayleh, the daughter of Jenab Ibn Kalib, the first woman to cover the Kaaba with silk and fine silk cloth. He was born in Mecca three years before the Ammolfil( Year of the Elephant). His father was a prominent figure in Mecca. After his father's death, Abbas inherited important positions in Mecca, including: watering the pilgrims and constructing the Masje...") Tag: Visual edit

15:1615:16, 23 September 2025 Saheb Ibn Ebad (hist | edit) [19,942 bytes] Rahmani (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Saheb Ibn Ebad'''; "Abu al-Qasem Ismail Ibn Ebad (326-385 AH)" was a Shiite scholar and one of the ministers of the Buyid dynasty. == Birth and early education == Abu al-Qasem Ismail Ibn Ebad, son of Ebad, nicknamed Saheb and known as Saheb Ibn Ebad, was born in Isfahan in 326 AH. Saheb's father and ancestors were among the elders and prominent figures of Isfahan and held the rank of minister. His father, Ebad, had reached such a position that people called him "S...") Tag: Visual edit

12:4712:47, 20 September 2025 Sheikh Mofid (hist | edit) [19,247 bytes] Rahmani (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Sheikh Mofid''' by the name of Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Nu'man (336-413 AH), known as Sheikh Mofid, is a prominent Shiite scholar. He is a pioneer in compiling Shiite theology and the principles of Imami jurisprudence.One of the things that shows his high position among Shiite scholars is that he was honored to receive three letters (Towqi') from the Imam Mahdi (may Allah hasten his return) in three years. Sheikh Mofid trained great students, including Seyyed Mo...") Tag: Visual edit

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