UNESCO

UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is an acronym for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, aimed at promoting peace and universal welfare through international cooperation among nations.

History

On November 1, 1945, just as World War II was ending, a major conference was held in London. Representatives from forty countries attended this conference. France and the United Kingdom, as two of the countries that had suffered the most damage from the war, proposed the establishment of an organization with the goal of institutionalizing a culture of peace in the truest sense. They believed that the new organization should serve the "intellectual and moral solidarity of humanity" and prevent the outbreak of another world war.

On November 19, 1945, 37 representatives from various countries signed the UNESCO charter, thus establishing the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) with the aim of promoting peace and universal welfare through international cooperation among nations. Since peace must be founded on intellectual and moral solidarity, and since "wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defenses of peace must be constructed" (as stated in the preamble of UNESCO's charter), UNESCO's mission is primarily ethical and deals with the human spirit. Therefore, UNESCO is tasked with serving as an organization for "intellectual cooperation" on an international level.

History  of  UNESCO in brief

UNESCO was created to decide what kind of society we wanted to build together after the destruction of two World Wars.

As early as 1942, global leaders began imagining an organization that would use education, culture, science and information to build lasting peace.

Over the years, UNESCO has implemented initiatives that have radically improved lives around the world, and shaped global action in its field of competence, through nation-wide educational and scientific programs, the creation of tsunami warning systems, and the idea of World Heritage .

Founding Objectives

The goal of UNESCO's programs, which are based on sharing knowledge among all people, is to promote culture, peace, human development, and sustainable development. By increasing and strengthening educational, scientific, and cultural relations, UNESCO pursues two closely linked objectives:

Development, which goes beyond the simple demand for material progress, must respond to a wide range of human needs without jeopardizing the heritage of future generations.

Establishing a culture of peace, based on education in civic responsibility and full participation in democratic processes. For lasting, genuine, and universally accepted peace to be established, the preamble of UNESCO's charter states that the signatory countries are "determined to ensure full and equal access to education, the free pursuit of objective truth, and the free exchange of ideas and knowledge for all, and to develop and increase relations among their peoples to achieve a better and more accurate understanding of each other's customs."

To achieve this goal, the relevant governments decided to establish the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to gradually achieve the objectives of international peace and universal welfare through cooperation with nations worldwide in the fields of education, science, and culture. This is also one of the primary objectives of the United Nations, as stated in its charter.

The San Francisco Conference, which led to the formation of the United Nations in 1945, invited the British government to hold a conference to draft an international cultural charter. This conference was held in November of the same year in London, with the participation of 43 countries, including Iran. The initial goal of the San Francisco Conference and the U.S. government was to establish an organization solely focused on education for the reconstruction of educational centers. However, participants at the London Conference also included culture as part of the organization's program. The bombing of Hiroshima and the global attention to the role of scientific discoveries in human life led to the inclusion of the letter "S" (for "Sciences") in the organization's name, changing "Uneco" to "Unesco."

The goals of UNESCO in brief

UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, is a specialized agency dedicated to strengthening our shared humanity through the promotion of education, science, culture, and communication.

UNESCO set standards, produce tools and develop knowledge to create solutions to some of the greatest challenges of our time, and foster a world of greater equality and peace.

Protecting biodiversity, responding to artificial intelligence, advancing quality education, safeguarding heritage, and ensuring access to reliable information are some examples of the work that UNESCO does with its 194 Member States across the globe.

UNESCO World Heritage Emblem

Strategic Objectives

Education:

·       Promoting education as a fundamental right in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

·       Improving the quality of education through the diversification of content and methods and the promotion of shared values globally.

·       Enhancing scientific experiences, innovations, and the dissemination and sharing of information, adopting best practices in line with the policy of scientific dialogue.

Science:

·       Promoting ethical principles and norms to guide scientific and technological development and social transformation.

·       Improving human security through optimal management of social and environmental changes.

·       Strengthening and enriching scientific, technical, and human capacities to contribute to contemporary scientific communities.

Culture:

·       Promoting the level of legal and executive standard tools in the field of culture.

·       Preserving cultural diversity and encouraging dialogue among cultures and civilizations.

·       Strengthening and enriching the connection between culture and development through capacity building and participation in knowledge.

The main pillars of UNESCO's programs include:

·       Education for all.

·       Advancing environmental research through global scientific programs.

·       Preserving and strengthening the world's natural heritage.

·       Promoting the free flow of information, freedom of the press, and the development of pluralistic media while enhancing the communication capabilities of developing countries.

UNESCO's Missions

·       UNESCO's charter outlines five major missions for the organization:

·       Promoting, transmitting, and sharing knowledge: Generally through research, training, and educational activities.

·       Forward-looking studies: What forms should education, science, culture, and communication take for the world of tomorrow?

·       Future-oriented activities: The organization seeks to "anticipate and analyze" significant changes that societies will face and raise questions about the future of education, science, culture, and communication. For example, UNESCO has been examining the changes brought about by the development of the internet in the fields of knowledge and information.

·       Prioritizing research, education, and skill development: Helping researchers, professors, and students from all countries to gain more knowledge, transfer it to more people, and ensure that no one is left behind.

·       Ethical mission: UNESCO's mission is primarily ethical, dealing with the human spirit and promoting peace through intellectual cooperation.

The Missions of UNESCO in brief

UNESCO engages with governments to establish international standards and legal texts that respond to the biggest challenges of our time.

We develop tools for cooperation among states and implement large-scale programmes that have a meaningful impact on people's lives and communities.

We create lists and designations that form a unique global network, protecting cultural heritage, promoting peace, and inspiring positive change.

UNESCO is known as the Laboratory of Ideas of the United Nations: a forum where thinkers, creators, and thought leaders can come and share ideas that influence discussions worldwide. Our research and publications highlight new knowledge and shape global public policy to build a better future for all.

Organizational Structure

UNESCO has three main bodies:

·       General Conference

·       Executive Board

·       Secretariat

General Conference

The General Conference is the highest decision-making body of UNESCO. As stated in the charter, it consists of representatives from member states, affiliated organizations, and international observers to determine the policies and guidelines of the organization and other matters specified in the charter.

The General Conference is composed of representatives from member states, associate members, non-member state observers, intergovernmental organizations, and non-governmental organizations. All member countries have representatives in this conference. This body determines the programs and budget of the organization and meets every two years. Article 4, Section 1 of UNESCO's charter states: "Each member state, after consulting with its national committee, if it exists, or with educational, scientific, and cultural institutions and bodies, may select up to five members."

The General Conference elects the members of the Executive Board for a term of four years and the Director-General for a term of six years. Resolutions of the Conference regarding conventions require a two-thirds majority, while recommendations and declarations require a simple majority. The regular session of the General Conference is usually held at UNESCO's headquarters in Paris with the participation of delegations from countries and affiliated organizations and typically lasts three weeks.

If the General Conference wishes to hold an extraordinary session, it will specify the location; otherwise, the Executive Board will do so. An extraordinary session will be convened by the General Conference, the Executive Board, or at the request of at least one-third of the members.

Executive Board

The Executive Board, or the Administrative Council of UNESCO, prepares the groundwork for the General Conference and oversees the full implementation of its decisions. This board meets twice a year, in spring and autumn. Its 58 members are elected by the General Conference, taking into account geographical and cultural diversity. The activities of the Executive Board are carried out under the supervision of the General Conference, and thus the Board is responsible for implementing the programs approved by the General Conference. Additionally, the Board is responsible for overseeing the implementation of the General Conference's programs by the Director-General. In other words, the Director-General is responsible and accountable to the Executive Board for the proper execution of programs.

Although the original UNESCO charter anticipated that the members of the Executive Board would not represent their respective governments but would act on behalf of the General Conference, in 1954, the charter was amended at the suggestion of the United States, and since then, members of the Board have represented their respective governments.

The amendment of the charter led to the regret that the Executive Board, instead of being an assembly of prominent global scientific figures, became an intergovernmental assembly.

Additionally, the President of the General Conference, by virtue of their position, serves as an advisor in the Executive Board.

The General Conference, in selecting members of the Executive Board, will strive to ensure that the Board includes individuals with expertise in the fields of art, literature, science, education, and the dissemination of ideas, and who have experience in administrative and executive duties. The General Conference must also consider cultural diversity and equitable geographical distribution. At no time can more than one national from a member country be elected, although the President of the Conference is exempt from this rule.

The Executive Board also performs other duties following agreements between UNESCO and the United Nations, specialized agencies, and other intergovernmental organizations.

Secretariat

The third main body of UNESCO is the Secretariat, which consists of the Director-General and a large number of international staff. The UNESCO Secretariat began its work in 1946 with 600 personnel.

The Director-General of UNESCO heads the permanent Secretariat, which employs over 2,500 international staff recruited based on very broad geographical criteria.

The Director-General, who is the executive head of the organization, is elected by the General Conference based on the recommendations of the Executive Board for a six-year term.

UNESCO's Budget

UNESCO has two types of financial resources:

·       Regular budget

·       Extra-budgetary resources

The regular budget is funded by membership fees paid by member states according to their economic capacity.

Additionally, UNESCO also has extra-budgetary resources.

UNESCO adopts a budget on a two-years basis. Adjusted budget as of June 2022 for 1,5 billion US$ (including needed fundraising).

UNESCO budget is based on an integrated budget framework, which allows greater transparency and alignment of resources.

In 2021, the amount of arrears and total debt from non-member states to the organization is over 624 million US$

The Approved Programme and Budget for 2022-2025 (41 C/5) reflects a strong and renewed ambition for UNESCO at a time when the United Nations system as a whole must mobilize at all levels throughout the decade of action to implement the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

Constitution

Constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

Adopted in London on 16 November 1945 and amended by the General Conference at its 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 12th, 15th, 17th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 24th, 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th, 29th, 31st and 40th sessions.

The Governments of the States Parties to this Constitution on behalf of their peoples declare:

That since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defences of peace must be constructed;

That ignorance of each other’s ways and lives has been a common cause, throughout the history of mankind, of that suspicion and mistrust between the peoples of the world through which their differences have all too often broken into war;

That the great and terrible war which has now ended was a war made possible by the denial of the democratic principles of the dignity, equality and mutual respect of men, and by the propagation, in their place, through ignorance and prejudice, of the doctrine of the inequality of men and races;

That the wide diffusion of culture, and the education of humanity for justice and liberty and peace are indispensable to the dignity of man and constitute a sacred duty which all the nations must fulfil in a spirit of mutual assistance and concern;

That a peace based exclusively upon the political and economic arrangements of governments would not be a peace which could secure the unanimous, lasting and sincere support of the peoples of the world, and that the peace must therefore be founded, if it is not to fail, upon the intellectual and moral solidarity of mankind.

For these reasons, the States Parties to this Constitution, believing in full and equal opportunities for education for all, in the unrestricted pursuit of objective truth, and in the free exchange of ideas and knowledge, are agreed and determined to develop and to increase the means of communication between their peoples and to employ these means for the purposes of mutual understanding and a truer and more perfect knowledge of each other’s lives;

In consequence whereof they do hereby create the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization for the purpose of advancing, through the educational and scientific and cultural relations of the peoples of the world, the objectives of international peace and of the common welfare of mankind for which the United Nations Organization was established and which its Charter proclaims.

Article I - Purposes and functions

1. The purpose of the Organization is to contribute to peace and security by promoting collaboration among the nations through education, science and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, for the rule of law and for the human rights and fundamental freedoms which are affirmed for the peoples of the world, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion, by the Charter of the United Nations.

2. To realize this purpose the Organization will:

(a) Collaborate in the work of advancing the mutual knowledge and understanding of peoples, through all means of mass communication and to that end recommend such international agreements as may be necessary to promote the free flow of ideas by word and image;

(b) Give fresh impulse to popular education and to the spread of culture:

·       By collaborating with Members, at their request, in the development of educational activities;

·       By instituting collaboration among the nations to advance the ideal of equality of educational opportunity without regard to race, sex or any distinctions, economic or social;

·       By suggesting educational methods best suited to prepare the children of the world for the responsibilities of freedom;

(c) Maintain, increase and diffuse knowledge:

·       By assuring the conservation and protection of the world’s inheritance of books, works of art and monuments of history and science, and recommending to the nations concerned the necessary international conventions;

·       By encouraging cooperation among the nations in all branches of intellectual activity, including the international exchange of persons active in the fields of education, science and culture and the exchange of publications, objects of artistic and scientific interest and other materials of information;

·       By initiating methods of international cooperation calculated to give the people of all countries access to the printed and published materials produced by any of them.

3. With a view to preserving the independence, integrity and fruitful diversity of the cultures and educational systems of the States Members of the Organization, the Organization is prohibited from intervening in matters which are essentially within their domestic jurisdiction.

Article II - Membership

1. Membership of the United Nations Organization shall carry with it the right to membership of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

2. Subject to the conditions of the Agreement between this Organization and the United Nations Organization, approved pursuant to Article X of this Constitution, states not members of the United Nations Organization may be admitted to membership of the Organization, upon recommendation of the Executive Board, by a two-thirds majority vote of the General Conference.

3. Territories or groups of territories which are not responsible for the conduct of their international relations may be admitted as Associate Members by the General Conference by a two-thirds majority of Members present and voting, upon application made on behalf of such territory or group of territories by the Member or other authority having responsibility for their international relations. The nature and extent of the rights and obligations of Associate Members shall be determined by the General Conference.

4. Members of the Organization which are suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership of the United Nations Organization shall, upon the request of the latter, be suspended from the rights and privileges of this Organization.

5. Members of the Organization which are expelled from the United Nations Organization shall automatically cease to be Members of this Organization.

6. Any Member State or Associate Member of the Organization may withdraw from the Organization by notice addressed to the Director-General. Such notice shall take effect on 31 December of the year following that during which the notice was given. No such withdrawal shall affect the financial obligations owed to the Organization on the date the withdrawal takes effect. Notice of withdrawal by an Associate Member shall be given on its behalf by the Member State or other authority having responsibility for its international relations.

7. Each Member State is entitled to appoint a Permanent Delegate to the Organization.

8. The Permanent Delegate of the Member State shall present his credentials4 to the Director-General of the Organization, and shall officially assume his duties from the day of presentation of his credentials.

Article III - Organs

The Organization shall include a General Conference, an Executive Board and a Secretariat.

Article IV - The General Conference

A. Composition

1. The General Conference shall consist of the representatives of the States Members of the Organization. The Government of each Member State shall appoint not more than five delegates, who shall be selected after consultation with the National Commission, if established, or with educational, scientific and cultural bodies.

B. Functions

2. The General Conference shall determine the policies and the main lines of work of the Organization. It shall take decisions on programmes submitted to it by the Executive Board.

3. The General Conference shall, when it deems desirable and in accordance with the regulations to be made by it, summon international conferences of states on education, the sciences and humanities or the dissemination of knowledge; non-governmental conferences on the same subjects may be summoned by the General Conference or by the Executive Board in accordance with such regulations.

4. The General Conference shall, in adopting proposals for submission to the Member States, distinguish between recommendations and international conventions submitted for their approval. In the former case a majority vote shall suffice; in the latter case a two-thirds majority shall be required. Each of the Member States shall submit recommendations or conventions to its competent authorities within a period of one year from the close of the session of the General Conference at which they were adopted.

5. Subject to the provisions of Article V, paragraph 6 (c), the General Conference shall advise the United Nations Organization on the educational, scientific and cultural aspects of matters of concern to the latter, in accordance with the terms and procedure agreed upon between the appropriate authorities of the two Organizations.

6. The General Conference shall receive and consider the reports sent to the Organization by Member States on the action taken upon the recommendations and conventions referred to in paragraph 4 above or, if it so decides, analytical summaries of these reports.

7. The General Conference shall elect the members of the Executive Board and, on the recommendation of the Board, shall appoint the Director-General.

C. Voting

8. (a) Each Member State shall have one vote in the General Conference. Decisions shall be made by a simple majority except in cases in which a two-thirds majority is required by the provisions of this Constitution,10 or the Rules of Procedure of the General Conference. A majority shall be a majority of the Members present and voting.

(b) A Member State shall have no vote in the General Conference if the total amount of contributions due from it exceeds the total amount of contributions payable by it for the current year and the immediately preceding calendar year.

(c) The General Conference may nevertheless permit such a Member State to vote, if it is satisfied that failure to pay is due to conditions beyond the control of the Member State.

D. Procedure

9. (a) The General Conference shall meet in ordinary session every two years. It may meet in extraordinary session if it decides to do so itself or if summoned by the Executive Board, or on the demand of at least one third of the Member States.

(b) At each session the location of its next ordinary session shall be designated by the General Conference. The location of an extraordinary session shall be decided by the General Conference if the session is summoned by it, or otherwise by the Executive Board.

10. The General Conference shall adopt its own rules of procedure. It shall at each session elect a President and other officers.

11. The General Conference shall set up special and technical committees and such other subsidiary organs as may be necessary for its purposes.

12. The General Conference shall cause arrangements to be made for public access to meetings, subject to such regulations as it shall prescribe.

E. Observers

13. The General Conference, on the recommendation of the Executive Board and by a two-thirds majority may, subject to its rules of procedure, invite as observers at specified sessions of the Conference or of its commissions representatives of international organizations, such as those referred to in Article XI, paragraph 4.

14. When consultative arrangements have been approved by the Executive Board for such international non-governmental or semi-governmental organizations in the manner provided in Article XI, paragraph 4, those organizations shall be invited to send observers to sessions of the General Conference and its commissions.

Article V - Executive Board

A. Composition

1. (a) The Executive Board shall be elected by the General Conference and it shall consist of fifty-eight Member States. The President of the General Conference shall sit ex officio in an advisory capacity on the Executive Board.

(b) A Member State shall not be eligible as a Member of the Executive Board if the total amount of contributions due from it exceeds the total amount of contributions payable by it for the current year and the immediately preceding calendar year. The General Conference may nevertheless permit such a Member State to be eligible as a Member of the Executive Board if it is satisfied that failure to pay is due to conditions beyond the control of the Member State.

(c) Elected States Members of the Executive Board are hereinafter referred to as “Members” of the Executive Board.

2. (a) Each Member of the Executive Board shall appoint one representative. It may also appoint alternates.

(b) In selecting its representative on the Executive Board, the Member of the Executive Board shall endeavour to appoint a person qualified in one or more of the fields of competence of UNESCO and with the necessary experience and capacity to fulfil the administrative and executive duties of the Board. Bearing in mind the importance of continuity, each representative shall be appointed for the duration of the term of the Member of the Executive Board, unless exceptional circumstances warrant his replacement. The alternates appointed by each Member of the Executive Board shall act in the absence of its representative in all his functions.

3. In electing Members to the Executive Board, the General Conference shall have regard to the diversity of cultures and a balanced geographical distribution.

4. (a) Members of the Executive Board shall serve from the close of the session of the General Conference which elected them until the close of the second ordinary session of the General Conference following their election. The General Conference shall, at each of its ordinary sessions, elect the number of Members of the Executive Board required to fill vacancies occurring at the end of the session.

(b) Members of the Executive Board are eligible for re-election. Re-elected Members of the Executive Board shall endeavour to change their representatives on the Board.

5. In the event of the withdrawal from the Organization of a Member of the Executive Board, its term of office shall be terminated on the date when the withdrawal becomes effective.

B. Functions

6.20 (a) The Executive Board shall prepare the agenda for the General Conference. It shall examine the programme of work for the Organization and corresponding budget estimates submitted to it by the Director-General in accordance with paragraph 3 of Article VI and shall submit them with such recommendations as it considers desirable to the General Conference.

(b) The Executive Board, acting under the authority of the General Conference, shall be responsible for the execution of the programme adopted by the Conference. In accordance with the decisions of the General Conference and having regard to circumstances arising between two ordinary sessions, the Executive Board shall take all necessary measures to ensure the effective and rational execution of the programme by the Director-General.

(c) Between ordinary sessions of the General Conference, the Board may discharge the functions of adviser to the United Nations, set forth in Article IV, paragraph 5, whenever the problem upon which advice is sought has already been dealt with in principle by the Conference, or when the solution is implicit in decisions of the Conference.

7. The Executive Board shall recommend to the General Conference the admission of new Members to the Organization.

8. Subject to decisions of the General Conference, the Executive Board shall adopt its own rules of procedure. It shall elect its officers from among its Members.

9. The Executive Board shall meet in regular session at least four times during a biennium and may meet in special session if convoked by the Chairman on his initiative or upon the request of six Members of the Executive Board.

10. The Chairman of the Executive Board shall present, on behalf of the Board, to the General Conference at each ordinary session, with or without comments, the reports on the activities of the Organization which the Director-General is required to prepare in accordance with the provisions of Article VI.3 (b).

11. The Executive Board shall make all necessary arrangements to consult the representatives of international organizations or qualified persons concerned with questions within its competence.

12. Between sessions of the General Conference, the Executive Board may request advisory opinions from the International Court of Justice on legal questions arising within the field of the Organization’s activities.

13. The Executive Board shall also exercise the powers delegated to it by the General Conference on behalf of the Conference as a whole.

C. Voting rights

14 (a) Each Member of the Executive Board shall have one vote.

(b) A Member State shall have no vote if the total amount of contributions due from it exceeds the total amount of contributions payable by it for the current year and the immediately preceding calendar year. The General Conference may nevertheless permit such a Member State to vote if it is satisfied that failure to pay is due to conditions beyond the control of the Member State.

Article VI - Secretariat

1. The Secretariat shall consist of a Director-General and such staff as may be required.

2. The Director-General shall be nominated by the Executive Board and appointed by the General Conference for a period of four years, under such conditions as the Conference may approve. The Director-General may be appointed for a further term of four years but shall not be eligible for reappointment for a subsequent term.27 The Director-General shall be the chief administrative officer of the Organization.

3.(a) The Director-General, or a deputy designated by him, shall participate, without the right to vote, in all meetings of the General Conference, of the Executive Board, and of the Committees of the Organization. He shall formulate proposals for appropriate action by the Conference and the Board, and shall prepare for submission to the Board a draft programme of work for the Organization with corresponding budget estimates.

(b) The Director-General shall prepare and communicate to Member States and to the Executive Board periodical reports on the activities of the Organization. The General Conference shall determine the periods to be covered by these reports.

4. The Director-General shall appoint the staff of the Secretariat in accordance with staff regulations to be approved by the General Conference. Subject to the paramount consideration of securing the highest standards of integrity, efficiency and technical competence, appointment to the staff shall be on as wide a geographical basis as possible.

5. The responsibilities of the Director-General and of the staff shall be exclusively international in character. In the discharge of their duties they shall not seek or receive instructions from any government or from any authority external to the Organization. They shall refrain from any action which might prejudice their positions as international officials. Each State Member of the Organization undertakes to respect the international character of the responsibilities of the Director-General and the staff, and not to seek to influence them in the discharge of their duties.

6. Nothing in this Article shall preclude the Organization from entering into special arrangements within the United Nations Organization for common services and staff and for the interchange of personnel.

Article VII - National cooperating bodies

1. Each Member State shall make such arrangements as suit its particular conditions for the purpose of associating its principal bodies interested in educational, scientific and cultural matters with the work of the Organization, preferably by the formation of a National Commission broadly representative of the government and such bodies.

2. National Commissions or National Cooperating Bodies, where they exist, shall act in an advisory capacity to their respective delegations to the General Conference, to the representatives and alternates of their countries on the Executive Board and to their Governments in matters relating to the Organization and shall function as agencies of liaison in all matters of interest to it.

3. The Organization may, on the request of a Member State, delegate, either temporarily, a member of its Secretariat to serve on the National Commission of that state, in order to assist in the development of its work.

Article VIII - Reports by Member States

Each Member State shall submit to the Organization, at such times and in such manner as shall be determined by the General Conference, reports on the laws, regulations and statistics relating to its educational, scientific and cultural institutions and activities, and on the action taken upon the recommendations and conventions referred to in Article IV, paragraph 4.

Article IX - Budget

1. The budget shall be administered by the Organization.

2. The General Conference shall approve and give final effect to the budget and to the apportionment of financial responsibility among the States Members of the Organization subject to such arrangement with the United Nations as may be provided in the agreement to be entered into pursuant to Article X.

3. The Director-General may accept voluntary contributions, gifts, bequests and subventions directly from governments, public and private institutions, associations and private persons, subject to the conditions specified in the Financial Regulations.

Article X - Relations with the United Nations Organization

This Organization shall be brought into relation with the United Nations Organization, as soon as practicable, as one of the specialized agencies referred to in Article 57 of the Charter of the United Nations. This relationship shall be effected through an agreement with the United Nations Organization under Article 63 of the Charter, which agreement shall be subject to the approval of the General Conference of this Organization. The agreement shall provide for effective cooperation between the two Organizations in the pursuit of their common purposes, and at the same time shall recognize the autonomy of this Organization, within the fields of its competence as defined in this Constitution. Such agreement may, among other matters, provide for the approval and financing of the budget of the Organization by the General Assembly of the United Nations.

Article XI - Relations with other specialized international organizations and agencies

1. This Organization may cooperate with other specialized intergovernmental organizations and agencies whose interests and activities are related to its purposes. To this end the Director- General, acting under the general authority of the Executive Board, may establish effective working relationships with such organizations and agencies and establish such joint committees as may be necessary to assure effective cooperation. Any formal arrangements entered into with such organizations or agencies shall be subject to the approval of the Executive Board.

2. Whenever the General Conference of this Organization and the competent authorities of any other specialized intergovernmental organizations or agencies whose purpose and functions lie within the competence of this Organization deem it desirable to effect a transfer of their resources and activities to this Organization, the Director-General, subject to the approval of the Conference, may enter into mutually acceptable arrangements for this purpose.

3. This Organization may make appropriate arrangements with other intergovernmental organizations for reciprocal representation at meetings.

4. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization may make suitable arrangements for consultation and cooperation with non-governmental international organizations concerned with matters within its competence, and may invite them to undertake specific tasks. Such cooperation may also include appropriate participation by representatives of such organizations on advisory committees set up by the General Conference.

Article XII - Legal status of the Organization

The provisions of Articles 104 and 105 of the Charter of the United Nations Organization concerning the legal status of that Organization, its privileges and immunities, shall apply in the same way to this Organization.

Article XIII - Amendments

1. Proposals for amendments to this Constitution shall become effective upon receiving the approval of the General Conference by a two-thirds majority; provided, however, that those amendments which involve fundamental alterations in the aims of the Organization or new obligations for the Member States shall require subsequent acceptance on the part of two thirds of the Member States before they come into force. The draft texts of proposed amendments shall be communicated by the Director-General to the Member States at least six months in advance of their consideration by the General Conference.

2. The General Conference shall have power to adopt by a two-thirds majority rules of procedure for carrying out the provisions of this Article.

Article XIV - Interpretation

1. The English and French texts of this Constitution shall be regarded as equally authoritative.

2. Any question or dispute concerning the interpretation of this Constitution shall be referred for determination to the International Court of Justice or to an arbitral tribunal, as the General Conference may determine under its Rules of Procedure.

Article XV - Entry into force

1. This Constitution shall be subject to acceptance. The instrument of acceptance shall be deposited with the Government of the United Kingdom.

2. This Constitution shall remain open for signature in the archives of the Government of the United Kingdom. Signature may take place either before or after the deposit of the instrument of acceptance. No acceptance shall be valid unless preceded or followed by signature. However, a state that has withdrawn from the Organization shall simply deposit a new instrument of acceptance in order to resume membership.

3. This Constitution shall come into force when it has been accepted by twenty of its signatories. Subsequent acceptances shall take effect immediately.

4. The Government of the United Kingdom will inform all Members of the United Nations and the Director-General of the receipt of all instruments of acceptance and of the date on which the Constitution comes into force in accordance with the preceding paragraph.

In faith whereof, the undersigned, duly authorized to that effect, have signed this Constitution in the English and French languages, both texts being equally authentic.

Done in London the sixteenth day of November, one thousand nine hundred and forty-five, in a single copy, in the English and French languages, of which certified copies will be communicated by the Government of the United Kingdom to the Governments of all the Members of the United Nations.