Saeed Ibn Jobayr
Saeed Ibn Jobayr was one of the famous and important figures of the early days of Islam and was one of the Tabe’in ( Tabe'in are Muslims who have met and also have accompanied, one or more of the companions of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), but did not see the Prophet (PBUH) himself). That is, he has not seen the Messenger of God (peace be upon him) but has seen the companions of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him).
His full name is Saeed Ibn Jobayr Ibn Hisham Asadi. Historians disagree about his nickname. Some nicknamed him Abu Muhammad and some Abu Abdullah. Sheikh Toosi called him Abu Muhammad in his book “ Rijal”.He was a student of Abdullah Ibn Abbas and his companion in Tafsir. Finally, he was brutally martyred by Hajjaj Ibn Yoosof Thaqafi due to be Shiism.
Brief Biography
One of the famous figures of the early days of Islam, who is considered one of the "Tabe’in, is Saeed Ibn Jobayr[1].His full name is Saeed Ibn Jobayr Ibn Hisham Asadi [2]. Historians disagree about his nickname. Some nicknamed him Abu Muhammad and some Abu Abdullah. Sheikh Toosi called him Abu Muhammad in his book “Rizal” [3] ,but as the late Shooshtari mentioned in his book, it is wrong.The late Shooshtari writes: It seems as if the Sheikh's words in his Rizal about Saeed's nickname, Abu Muhammad, is wrong, because Abu Muhammad's nickname is Saeed Ibn Mosayyeb[4].Therefore, according to what most historians have mentioned, Said's nickname is Abu Abdullah.
Saeed is one of the prominent and famous Qur'an commentators(One who expounds and interprets the Quran) in Islam, and even in “Tarikh al-Islam”, Noori is quoted as saying that you should take tafsir from four people: Mojahid, Saeed Ibn Jobeyr, Akramah, and Dhahhak, and this issue shows Saeed's high position in the interpretation of the Qur'an.
Saeed was born in Kufah in 45 AH. But in fact he is not Kufi and he is from Abyssinian origin. In fact, he is from "Malawi"( Malawi refers to non-Arab Muslims who lived in Islamic societies and were usually subject to social and political restrictions) of Banu Walbah Ibn Hareth from Banu Asad clan. Saeed's father, Jobayr, was originally from Abyssinia and lived as a slave in the Bani Asad family for a while And with the advent of Islam and his conversion to Islam, he gained his freedom [5].It has been narrated from Saeed himself that Ibn Abbas asked me from which tribe? I said: From Bani Asad.
He asked me from Arabs or the freed and dependents? I said: From dependents. He said: Say, I am one of those whom God has blessed to Bani Asad [6].
Family, hometown, nickname and children
Saeed Ibn Jobayr Ibn Hisham Asadi Kufi, known as Abu Muhammad and Abu Abdullah, was one of the famous families of Kufah. He was famous for asceticism, piety, staying awake at night, religiousness and jurisprudence, and he had a good reputation in interpreting the Qur'an. Because he was considered to be one of the students of Abdullah Ibn Abbas's interpretation school.Saeed has narrated most of his narrations(Ahadith) from him [7].
He was born in 46 A.H in the city of Kufah [8].He spent his childhood and youth there. Later, he went to Medina and became one of the students of Imam Sajjad (peace be upon him).His most famous nicknames are Abu Abdullah and Abu Muhammad. It is stated in the book “ Majlis al-Waezin”: Abd al-Malek and Abdullah are the children of Saeed Ibn Jobayr and they have narrated narrations(Ahadith) from their father [9].
Education and characters of Saeed Ibn Jobayr
He, who actually had an Abyssinian origin, had a black face. He was in the support of Bani Walabi[10],so many historians gave him the title of Walbah in their writings.In the same childhood, when his talent and scientific abilities were revealed to his father, Jobayr sent him to Medina to benefit and learn from elders and companions of the beloved Messenger of Islam. His first and most important teacher was Abdullah Ibn Abbas, and Saeed studied Quran, Tafsir, Hadith and other Islamic sciences near this precious companion.
His progress was such that Ibn Abbas preferred him over his children. He was so expert in his work that Ibn Abbas allowed him to narrate the hadith. Ibn Saad writes about this:
Ibn Abbas said to Saeed Ibn Jobayr: Narrate the hadith to the people yourself. Saeed said: With you being here? Ibn Abbas said: Isn't this one of God's blessings for you to narrate hadith in front of me? If you say it right, how much better, and if you make a mistake, I will teach you[11].Saeed's scientific position was to such an extent that Ibn Abbas said about him to the people of Kufah:You are asking me while Saeed Ibn Jobayr is among you[12].
Teachers and students
Fazl Ibn Shazaan says: Saeed Ibn Jobayr is one of the prominent students and one of the stars in the sky of Imamate and Welayat of Imam Ali Ibn Al-Hussein (peace be upon him), who was at the head of the chain of “ Five Companions” [13]of Imam Zeyn al-Abedin
Imam Jafar Ibn Muhammad (Sadeq) describes Saeed as saying: Saeed Ibn Jobayr was on the straight path and followed the example of Ali Ibn Al-Hussein (peace be upon him), and Imam Sajjad also praised him, and this love between him and the Imam made Hajjaj to kill him[14]. Saeed Ibn Jobayr benefited scientifically from the presence of Ibn Abbas for many years. He was obsessed with acquiring knowledge; He himself says: I used to go to Ibn Abbas to learn hadith and because of the respect and majesty he had, I did not ask anything during the lesson.I was waiting for others to ask and I would write down; Therefore, I mostly listened and then wrote; so that some days my notebook was full and I wrote on my shoes and sometimes I used the palms of my hands as paper...[15].
His students are also
Abdulmalek and Abdullah (his two children);
Yaal Ibn Hakim;
Yaal Ibn Helm;
Abu Ishaq Sabi'i and others who have narrated hadith from him[16].
Teaching Politely
As Saeed Ibn Jobayr was fascinated by lessons and debates, so he paid special attention to teaching knowledge to his students. He always encouraged them to understand and use allusions to remind them of the importance of knowledge.
One of his students named Ayuoob says: Saeed told us a hadith and we asked him to tell it again. He said sarcastically: I don't always milk you to feed your thoughts and understanding[17].So you should be alert and take advantage of the opportunities so that you don't suffer in the future.
Bani Umayyah and Saeed Ibn Jobayr
He spent his whole life under the rule of the Umayyads. He was born right during the caliphate of Moaawiyah and reached a young age when Ashura also happened. Therefore, during his lifetime, he witnessed various uprisings against the Umayyads.
The uprisings that happened during her lifetime were: Madinah Uprising in 63, Mukhtar Uprising in 65, Motraf Thaqafi Uprising in 77, Ibn Ash'ath Uprising in 81, and Zeid Ibn Ali Uprising in 83.
Despite the fact that he had acquired knowledge from professors who were almost against this type of government, therefore he was one of those who took a stand against the Umayyads. With the arrival of Abdulmalek Marwan and the governorship of Hajjaj Ibn Yoosof Thaqafi over Iraq and the oppression of Hajjaj, he was forced to flee to other Islamic regions. Of course, before escaping, he cooperated with the Hajjaj.
For a while, he was the author of Abdallah Ibn Masoud, then the author of Abi Bardah - who was a judge. After that, due to cooperating with Ibn Ash'ath, he fled [18].He went to Isfahan and took refuge there. In addition, he did not stop his scientific activities in that land and started teaching and researching.
Of course, Ibn Athir believes that after some time, Hajjaj chose Saeed as the scribe and treasurer of Ibn Ash'ath's army[19].Hajjaj had ordered Saeed to take a letter to Ibn Ash'ath who had revolted; But Ibn Ash'ath asked Saeed to cooperate with him[20].After some time, Muhammad Ibn Ash'ath started a rebellion against the government of Hajjaj, and therefore Saeed became a co-conspirator with him and participated in this uprising. Although at first Saeed was not satisfied with this uprising, because he believed that it would lead to many seditions
In that case, blood will be shed. Forbidden things become halal and religion and the world are lost. In answer to him, they said: He is Hajjaj who has done things that should not be done, until finally Saeed Ibn Jobayr also joined them[21].
He joined Ibn Ash'ath's army in “Deir Jamajam” and pledged allegiance to him. In the war with the Umayyads, he shouted: Fight them with courage and certainty and do not stop fighting them, because they are guilty and they have made the people weak and this tyrannical government has eliminated prayer[22].Said showed his bravery in this war and fought hard [23].But this war was accompanied by the victory of the Umayyads, and Muhammad Ibn Ash'ath was also killed and his companions were scattered everywhere. According to Hajjaj's orders, each of Ibn Ash'ath's companions who were arrested were beheaded. Saeed went to Qazvin and spent a night in Toot Mosque of this city[24].and fled from there to Isfahan; But Hajjaj wrote to his agent in Isfahan to arrest him. The agent did not want to hurt him, so he secretly sent him a message to run away from him. After that, he went to Qom and stayed in Qom for six months [25].After that, she went to Azarbayjan, and stayed there for a while until he got fed up and missed, so he went to Mecca and sought refuge in this divinely safe city [26]. With the death of Abdulmalek Marwan, his son Walid came to power, and according to his order, Khaled Qasri, the governor of Makka, arrested Saeed and sent him to Hajjaj Ibn Yoosof Thaqfi.
Martyrdom of Saeed Ibn Jobayr
When Saeed met Hajjaj, questions and answers were exchanged between them, which caused Hajjaj's anger. Hajjaj first said to Saeed: Didn't I honor you when I came to Iraq? Then he recounted the things he had done for Saeed. Saeed said: Yes, it is like that.
Hajjaj said: So what made you rebell against me? He said: Ibn Ash'ath's Allegiance was on my neck, and he swore to me. Hajjaj got angry and said: You see an obligation on yourself for the enemy of God, which you do not feel for God and the Amir al-Mo'minin [27].Hajjaj said: You violated the two oaths of Amir al-Mu'minin (you claim), are you loyal to one oath (the oath of Abd al-Rahman) and that is the oath of Julahe, the son of Julahe? I swear to God, I will kill you. Saeed said:If you do that, I am Saeed (fortunate) as my mother called me Saeed. Hajjaj ordered to cut off his head[28].Saeed Ibn Jobayr was the last person who killed him [29].Hajjaj did not live for more than a few days after Saeed Ibn Jobayr, and gluttony disease fell in his stomach and died from this disease. It is said that after killing Saeed, he kept saying: "What does Saeed Ibn Jobayr have to do with me that whenever I want to sleep, he grabs my throat[30]?"[30]. Hajjaj died forty days after Saeed was killed[31].Saeed Ibn Jobayr was killed in the month of Sha'ban in 95 AH, by the order of Hajjaj[32] .Of course, there is a difference in his age among historians. Some mentioned his age as forty-nine years old[33],some mentioned his age as fifty, some as fifty-one, and some as fifty-eight.However, there is a difference in his age at the time of his death [34].
References
- ↑ Al-Zarkoli, Khair al-Deen.(1989). Al-Alam Qamoos Tarajem Le -Ashhor Al-Rejal va Al-nesa men Al-arab va al- Must'arabin va Mustashreqin, vol. 8, Beirut: Dar al-Ilam Lelmlaein Publishing House.
- ↑ Al-Dhahabi, Shams al-Deen Muhammad Ibn Ahmad.(1992).Tarikh al-Islam va Wafayat al-Mashaheer va al-Alam, Researcher by Omar Abdul Salam Tadmari, vol. 6, Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi.
- ↑ Sheikh Toosi, Abi Jafar Muhammad ibn Hassan.(2002). Rijal Toosi, research and introduction by Seyyed Muhammad Sadiq Al Bahr al-Uloom, Najaf: Mansurat al-Muktabah va al-Matba’ah al-Heidariyyah.
- ↑ Tastari, Muhammad Taqi.(1996). Qamoos al-Rijal, vol. 5, Qom: Islamic Publishing House.
- ↑ Al-Zarkoli, Khair al-Deen.(1989). Al-Alam Qamoos Tarajem Le -Ashhor Al-Rejal va Al-nnesa men Al- va al- Must'arabin va Mustashreqin, vol. 3, Beirut: Dar al-Ilam Lelmlaein Publishing House.
- ↑ Ibn Saad, Muhammad.(1995). Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, translated by Mahmoud Mahdavi Damghani, vol. 6, Tehran: Farhang va Andisheh publications
- ↑ Kashshi, Muhammad Ibn Umar.(1984) Rijal al-Kashshi (Ekhtiyar Maarefah al-Rejal with the Notes of Mir Damad al-Astarabadi), researcher, corrector, Rajai, Mahdi, vol. 1, first edition, Qom: Aal al-Bayt Institute
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Shiism.(2001). Vol. 1,Tehran: Shahid Saeed Mohebi publications
- ↑ Mahalati, Zabihullah.(1972). Majalis al-Wa'ezin, vol. 3,Tehran: Islamiyeh Bookstore.
- ↑ Al-Zarkoli, Khair al-Deen.(1989). Al-Alam Qamoos Tarajem Le -Ashhor Al-Rejal va Al-nnesa men Al- va al- Must'arabin va Mustashreqin, vol.3, Beirut: Dar al-Ilam Lelmlaein Publishing House.
- ↑ Ibid
- ↑ Ibn Saad, Muhammad.(1995). Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, translated by Mahmoud Mahdavi Damghani, vol. 6, Tehran: Farhang va Andisheh publications.
- ↑ The Five Companions Imams are: Saeed Ibn Jobayr, Saeed Ibn Mosayyeb, Muhammad Ibn Jobayr, Yahya Ibn Omm Towayl and Abu Khalid Kaboli
- ↑ Saeed bin Jubayr followed Ali bin Al-Hussein (a.s.) and Ali (a.s.) praised him, and Hajjaj killed him for the same reason, and he was in straight, correct, and stable path in which there is no deviation. (Alamy Damghani, Muhammad Ali.(1992).The Students of the School of the Imams (a.s.), vol2,Qom:Elmyyeh Publications)
- ↑ Ibn Saad, Muhammad.(1995). Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, translated by Mahmoud Mahdavi Damghani, vol. 6, Tehran: Farhang va Andisheh publications
- ↑ Mahalati, Zabihullah.(1972). Majalis al-Wa'ezin, vol. 3,Tehran: Islamiyeh Bookstore
- ↑ Ibn Saad, Muhammad.(1995). Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, translated by Mahmoud Mahdavi Damghani, vol. 6, Tehran: Farhang va Andisheh publications.
- ↑ Moghaddasi, Motahar Ibn Taher.(1995). Creation and History, translated by Mohammad Reza Shafi’i Kadkani, vol. 2, Tehran: Agah
- ↑ Ibn Athir, The Complete History of Islam and Iran, translated by Abul Qasem Halat and Abbas Khalili, vol. 13,Tehran: Scientific Press Institute
- ↑ Dinevari, Ibn Qotaybah.(2001). Imamate and Politics (History of the Caliphs), translated by Seyyed Nasser Tabataba'ei, Tehran: Qoqnoos.
- ↑ Ibid
- ↑ Tabari, Mohammad Ibn Jarir.(1996). History of Tabari, translated by Abul-Qasem Payandeh, , vol. 8, Tehran: Asatir Publishing House.
- ↑ Ibn Khaldoon.(1984). Al-Ebar( History of Ibn Khaldoon), translated by Abdul-Muhammad Ayati, vol. 2. Tehran:Cultural Studies and Research Institute.
- ↑ Ibn al-Faqih, Abu Abdullah Ahmad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Ishaq.(1995).Ketabolboldan( Book of the Worlds), researched by Yoosof al-Hadi, Beirut: Alam al-Kotob.
- ↑ Qomi, Hassan Ibn Muhammad ibn Hassan.(1982). History of Qom, translated by Hassan Ibn Ali Ibn Hassan Abdul Malek Qomi, researched by Seyyed Jalal al-Din Tehrani, Tehran: Toos.
- ↑ Ibn Athir, The Complete History of Islam and Iran, translated by Abul Qasem Halat and Abbas Khalili, vol. 13,Tehran: Scientific Press Institute.
- ↑ Ibn Saad, Muhammad.(1995). Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, translated by Mahmoud Mahdavi Damghani, vol. 6, Tehran: Farhang va Andisheh publications.
- ↑ Ibn Athir, The Complete History of Islam and Iran, translated by Abul Qasem Halat and Abbas Khalili, vol. 13,Tehran: Scientific Press Institute.
- ↑ Mojmāl al-Tawārikh va al-Qesas, research by Malek al-Shoa’ara Bahar, Tehran: Kalaleh Khawar.
- ↑ Masoudi, Abul-Hasan Ali Ibn al-Hussein.(1995). Murooj aldhahab wa maaden aljowhar(A plain of gold and mines of precious stones), translated by Abul-Qāsem Payandeh, vol. 2, Tehran: Scientific and Cultural publications
- ↑ Dinevari, Akhbar al-Towwal.(2016). translated by Mahmoud Mahdavi Damghani, Tehran: Ney Publishing House
- ↑ Ibn Fadlollah al-Omari, Shahab al-Deen Ahmad Ibn Yahya.(1423). Masalekol Absar fi Mamalekolamsar, vol. 5,Abu Dhabi: Al-Majma’ al-Thaqafi.
- ↑ Dinevari, Akhbar al-Towwal.(2016). translated by Mahmoud Mahdavi Damghani, Tehran: Ney Publishing House
- ↑ Al-Jazri, Ezz al-Deen Ibn al-Athir Abu al-Hassan Ali Ibn Muhammad.(1988). Osodol-Ghabah Fi Ma’rafah Al-Sahabah, vol. 2, Beirut: Dar al-Fekir.