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ZAYD IBN HARITHAH whose full name is Zayd ibn Harithah ibn Sharahil Kalbi son of Harithah, the slave of Lady Khadijah (peace be upon her). He is the adopted son of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) who after Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him) (the first believer in the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny)) and Lady Khadijah (peace be upon her), embraced faith and prayed with him. He is among the first Muslims and the only Companion of the Prophet whose name is mentioned in the Quran. He commanded the Battle of Mu'tah and was martyred in this battle. His shrine and that of other martyrs of Mu'tah in Jordan is a pilgrimage site for Muslims.


Zayd ibn Harithah as the Third Muslim

Zayd ibn Harithah ibn Sharahil Kalbi, was among the Companions of the Prophet of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) and the second man who embraced Islam after Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him). He was among the slaves who were freed by the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny). The Messenger of God loved him very much and had chosen him as his adopted son. He participated in most of the battles during the time of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny). According to one account, he was present in nine expeditions and at times, he bore the responsibility of commanding the army of Islam. Due to his great love for the Prophet, he was always by his side and protected the blessed presence of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny). It is reported that during the travel of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) to Ta'if, when the youth and ruffians stoned the Prophet at the instigation of the elders of Ta'if, Zayd defended him. He made himself a shield for the Prophet and the stones hit his body. In this way, he did not allow serious harm to come to the Prophet's body[1]. He is the only Companion of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) whose name is mentioned in the Holy Quran and in Surah Al-Ahzab[2].


Zayd's Captivity and Slavery

During the Jahiliyyah, in wars between two countries or two tribes, the victorious tribe, in addition to plundering all acquired property, used all captured individuals under the name of slave. Also, if they deemed it appropriate, they would sell them. Zayd ibn Harithah, in childhood, went with his mother to visit their relatives. At that time, the tribe of "Banu Qayn" who had enmity with Zayd's maternal relatives attacked them. In this incident, Zayd was captured and the plunderers brought him to the Ukaz market for sale. Hakim ibn Hizam, the nephew of Lady Khadijah (peace be upon her) who was returning from the journey of Syria, bought him for his aunt Khadijah (peace be upon her) and brought him to Mecca. When Khadijah (peace be upon her) went to see Hakim, he said: "Dear Aunt, I have bought two slaves. Whichever you like, take for yourself". Lady Khadijah (peace be upon her) chose Zayd and brought him home. In that first encounter, the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) liked this child. When Khadijah (peace be upon her) understood the matter, she gifted him to the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny).

The Adopted Son of the Prophet of God (peace be upon him and his progeny)

It is said that when Zayd's father learned that members of the Banu Qayn tribe had sold his son to Hakim bin Hizam, he became very sorrowful upon hearing this news and would recite poems due to his separation from him, to the extent that everyone became very sad upon seeing that scene. Until one day he was informed that his son had been sold into slavery in Mecca. He immediately came to Mecca with his brother and went to the elder of Banu Hashim, Hazrat Abu Talib, and said to him: "My son is with your nephew Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny). Tell him to either sell him to us or set him free." When the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) heard this message, he said: "Zayd is free to go wherever he wishes."

When Zayd's father went to Hazrat Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny), the Prophet said to him: "Tell him to come; if he chooses you, he is yours without any price, but if he does not wish to leave us, no one has the right to take him by force." Harithah's face lit up upon hearing these words, because he had never seen such generosity from anyone before. He said to the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) with amazement: "You spoke fairly and carried chivalry to the utmost. This condition of yours has no objection." The Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) sent someone for Zayd. When Zayd came, the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) said: "O Zayd! Do you know these individuals?" He said: "Yes, this is Harithah, my father, and the other is my uncle." The Prophet said: "You know me as well. Now, at your own will, you can return to your family and relatives with your father or stay with us."

Zayd said: "I will not separate from Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny) and I will not prefer anyone over him." Harithah remained silent for a moment out of amazement. Then he turned to Zayd and said: "Woe to you! Do you prefer slavery and servitude of others over your family and a free life?" Zayd said: "Yes! Due to the good morals and noble behaviors of Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny), I prefer him over everyone, even my father and mother." It is reported that Zayd's father, this time, resorted to threats to perhaps dissuade him from his decision. So he said to him: "Therefore, I will disown you and declare innocence from you. Do you know what this means. So it is better that you cease hostility and come home with me." But Zayd still insisted on his words and said: "I will not separate from Muhammad for a moment." At this time, Harithah said to the attendants and Arab chiefs: "O people of Quraysh, witness that from now on he is not my son." The Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) thereafter took Zayd with him beside the Kaaba and in the gathering of the elders of Quraysh and other present people, said aloud: "O people! Witness that from now on Zayd is my adopted son." It is said that when Harithah heard this matter, he returned to his homeland[3]. From then on, Zayd was called the adopted son of Muhammad until the following was revealed: God has not made your adopted sons your real sons. This is a saying that you merely say with your tongues, but God speaks the truth and He is the One who guides to the right path. Call them by the names of their fathers, for this is more just in the sight of God, and if you do not know their fathers, then they are your religious brothers and your freedmen. There is no blame upon you for the mistakes that occur from you (calling them by other names without attention), but you will be held accountable for what you say intentionally, and God is Forgiving and Merciful[4]. The Prophet of Islam (peace be upon him and his progeny) after the revelation of these verses said to Zayd: "You are Zayd bin Harithah." From then on, he was called the freedman of the Prophet (Mawla Rasul Allah) and this custom was abolished.


Zayd Alongside the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny)

When Zayd entered the house of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny), he saw nothing but goodness from him, and for this reason, he became enamored with the ethics and noble behaviors of the Prophet of God (peace be upon him and his progeny). He never felt slavery. Zayd was like one of the members of the Prophet's family, and rather, they respected him more than them. It is narrated from Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him): "The Prophet of God loved Zayd to the extent that he gave him the nickname Zayd al-Hubb[5]". In some histories, it is recorded that the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) loved Zayd like his close relatives. Such that when implementing the issue of the brotherhood pact among Muslims, he made Zayd and his honorable uncle, Hamzah Sayyid al-Shuhada, brothers.

Islam of Zayd ibn Harithah

According to some historical documents, Lady Khadija (peace be upon her) gifted Zayd to the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny) when he was eight years old. Zayd ibn Harithah was twenty years younger than the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny). Therefore, he entered the household of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) at the age of 28 of the Prophet, that is, three years after his marriage to Khadija (peace be upon her) and twelve years before the Prophethood of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny). From then on, he always benefited from the teachings of the Prophet. Zayd's personality was shaped under the care of Lady Khadija (peace be upon her) and association with the Commander of the Faithful Ali (peace be upon him). Therefore, when the Prophet was chosen for prophethood, after Lady Khadija (peace be upon her) and Imam Ali (peace be upon him), Zayd was the third individual who believed in Islam[6] and stood behind him in Prayer. From the early days of the invitation to Islam, he stood beside these three individuals and was a companion and helper to the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) in all hardships and difficulties of the early years of the Mission. He never left the Prophet alone against the Polytheists, and the threats of the enemies did not create any doubt in his Faith and belief. Zayd remained steadfast until the end. He was beaten many times in defense of the sacred person of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) and even his head was broken several times, but he remained firmly beside the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny).


Marriage of Zayd to Zaynab bint Jahsh

When Zayd reached the age of marriage, the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny), due to his great affection for him, arranged his marriage to Zaynab bint Jahsh, who was the Prophet's paternal cousin and the daughter of Umaymah bint Abd al-Muttalib. Zaynab initially thought that the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) was proposing to her for himself. Thus, she became happy, but when she understood that he had proposed to her for Zayd ibn Harithah, she regretted it. She told the Prophet: "This Marriage is contrary to our family status." Accordingly, she refused to marry Zayd. Her brother "Abdullah" also strongly opposed this action, but it was not long before a verse was revealed that rebuked Zaynab's behavior. God warned that they could not oppose it when God and His Prophet deemed something necessary. Template:متن قرآن ; "No believing man or woman has the right, when God and His Prophet deem something necessary, to have any choice against God's command, and whoever disobeys God and His Messenger has fallen into clear error". Zaynab and her brother, Abdullah, when they heard this matter, repented of their deed and submitted to God's command. Thus, Zaynab agreed to marry Zayd. However, Zaynab was incompatible even after the marriage. Zayd reported the matter to the Prophet and asked for permission for Divorce. The Prophet strove hard to make their relationship intimate so that this marriage would remain stable. Therefore, he persuaded Zayd to continue life, but for the third time Zayd asked the Prophet for permission to divorce Zaynab. Finally, it became clear that there was no moral agreement between the two and they were not compatible. Therefore, Gabriel descended and first declared the issue of adoption null and void. Then he asked the Prophet not to fear people in executing the divine decree and allow Zayd to divorce Zaynab. After a while, Zaynab, who was among the Muhajir women, fell into grief and mourning after the divorce. It was not long before the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny) was commanded by God to marry Zaynab bint Jahsh in order to completely abolish the erroneous Jahiliyyah tradition that did not permit marriage to the wife of an adopted son. The Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) performed this action despite being worried about the criticism of the hypocrites of Medina. Thus, two rulings of Jahiliyyah were rejected: first, adoption and Inheritance of the adopted son from the adoptive father, and second, the impermissibility of marriage to the wife of the adopted son after her divorce from him[7].

Wife and Child of Zayd ibn Harithah

Zayd subsequently married "Barakah", who was known as "Umm Ayman". Umm Ayman was initially the slave of Abdul-Muttalib. After some time, by Abdul-Muttalib's order, she cared for him in the house of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny). When the Noble Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) lost his dear mother Aminah, Abdul-Muttalib told Umm Ayman: "Take good care of my son Muhammad." The Prophet of Islam (peace be upon him and his progeny) received much kindness and affection from Umm Ayman. He would constantly say: "After Aminah, Umm Ayman is my mother." Therefore, after the Bi'thah (prophetic mission), he always remembered Umm Ayman, visited her home, and attended to her livelihood affairs.

The Prophet was always kind to Umm Ayman and respected her. When the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) married Khadijah al-Kubra (peace be upon her), he manumitted her and after some time married her to "Ubaydah". God granted them a son, whom they named "Ayman". Thus, she was called Umm Ayman. However, it was not long before Ubaydah passed away and Umm Ayman became a widow. The Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny), who was always concerned for his foster mother, married her to Zayd ibn Harithah. The result of this union was "Usamah ibn Zayd". He was born five years after the Bi'thah, in the land of Mecca, into a pure family. Usamah, like his father, was the center of special interest and attention of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny). One day, the Prophet was returning from the Battle of Badr. In one of the alleys of Medina, he saw Usamah playing with a group of children. The Prophet embraced and kissed him. Then he said: "Well done to my friend and the son of my friend." This expression of affection by the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) towards Usamah was renowned among Muslims and was repeated several times on various occasions; so much so that in Medina he became known as "The Friend and Son of the Prophet's Friend"[8].


Battle of Mu'tah

The Battle of Mu'tah took place in Jumada al-Ula of the eighth year of the Hijrah. In this battle, the command of the Islamic army was given to three persons in order: "Zayd ibn Harithah", Ja'far ibn Abi Talib, and "Abdullah ibn Rawahah", such that if any of them were martyred, command would transfer to the next; scholars of the Shia school believe that Imam Ja'far was the commander-in-chief and Zayd and Abdullah were his deputies.

When the Islamic fighters arrived at the valley of "Ma'an", they learned that "Heraclius, the commander of the Roman army", along with one hundred thousand Romans and one hundred thousand Arabs, had prepared to fight the Islamic army. The Islamic army, whose fighting forces did not exceed three thousand men, stayed in "Ma'an" for two nights to decide whether to continue advancing and fight the Romans or receive further orders from the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny). In this situation, "Abdullah Rawahah", this selfless and virtuous officer, stood up and with fiery speeches prepared all the forces under command for battle.

After Abdullah Rawahah's speeches, the Islamic army continued its movement. Both armies faced each other at a point named "Sharaf", but due to military considerations, the Islamic army retreated slightly and settled in the land of Mu'tah. Ja'far ibn Abi Talib (who, according to some Shia scholars, was the army commander) divided the soldiers and appointed commanders for each, and then hand-to-hand attacks began. Ja'far had to hold the flag and direct the fighters' attacks while simultaneously engaging in fighting and defense.

Ja'far ibn Abi Talib made brave attacks and while reciting poetry (rajaz), charged into the heart of the enemy; until the Roman forces surrounded him. First, his right hand was cut off; so that the army flag would not fall to the ground, he took the flag in his left hand. When they cut off his left hand, he pressed the flag to his chest with his arms. Finally, while more than eighty wounds had been inflicted on his body and face, he fell to the ground and attained the great degree of martyrdom.

After him, "Zayd ibn Harithah" took the command flag and fought with great courage and commanded the army until he was martyred[9]. Then it was the turn of "Abdullah ibn Rawahah"; he raised the flag. He too fought chivalrously until he attained the degree of martyrdom. After the martyrdom of these three, the soldiers chose Khalid ibn al-Walid, who was a brave and warlike individual, as commander. However, the Muslims, who were outnumbered by the enemy, were forced to retreat and flee from the peril. The people of Medina, who had become aware of the course of the battle, in welcoming the sorrowful army, called them "traitorous fugitives" and threw dust on their heads.

Death of Zayd

Zayd attained the high rank of martyrdom in Jumada al-Awwal of the eighth year after the Hijra, while commanding the army of Islam in the Battle of Mu'tah against the Romans.


See also


Notes

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References

  1. ↑ Muhammad ibn Sa'd, Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, vol. 1, p. 212.
  2. ↑ Al-Ahzab (33), 37.
  3. ↑ Shihab al-Din Ahmad ibn Ali ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, al-Isabah fi Tamyiz al-Sahabah, vol. 1, p. 563; Izz al-Din Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Athir, Usd al-Ghabah fi Ma'rifah al-Sahabah, vol. 2, p. 225.
  4. ↑ Al-Ahzab (33), 50.
  5. ↑ Muhaddith Nuri, Mustadrak al-Wasa'il, vol. 3, p. 804.
  6. ↑ Izz al-Din Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Athir, Usd al-Ghabah fi Ma'rifat al-Sahabah, vol. 2, p. 226. 7- Al-Ahzab (33), 36.
  7. ↑ Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i, Al-Mizan fi Tafsir al-Quran, translated by Musavi Hamedani, vol. 16, p. 322.
  8. ↑ Sayyid Ali Khan Madani, Al-Darajat al-Rafi'ah, p. 440; Izz al-Din Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Athir, Usd al-Ghabah fi Ma'rifat al-Sahabah, vol. 1, p. 641; Yusuf ibn Abdullah ibn Muhammad ibn Abd al-Barr al-Qurtubi al-Maliki, Al-Isti'ab fi Asma' al-Ashab, vol. 1, p. 34.
  9. ↑ Usd al-Ghabah fi Ma'rifat al-Sahabah, vol. 2, p. 227.
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