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Umar ibn Hubayra al-Fazari
NameUmar ibn Hubayra al-Fazari
Other NamesIbn Hubayra al-Akbar
Personal Details
Birth PlaceLevant
Death PlaceLevant
Death Date110 AH (728 CE)
ReligionIslam

Umar ibn Hubayra al-Fazari was the name shared by several Arab princes during the era of the Umayyads. Their ancestor was Mu'awiya ibn Sukayn[1][2], and their maternal ancestor was Ka'b ibn Hassan ibn Shihab, the chief of Banu Adi during his time[3].


Introduction

They belonged to Banu Fazara (from the Adnani Arabs) and lived in the deserts of the northern Arabian Peninsula and the Levant. After Umar ibn Hubayra (the first renowned figure of this family) became governor in Iraq, his children and grandchildren settled in this land, including in Basra. He was survived by three sons named Yazid, Sufyan, and Abd al-Wahid[4]. Umar ibn Hubayra, to distinguish him from his son, was also called Ibn Hubayra al-Akbar (the Elder). His death is recorded around 110 AH (728 CE); however, no information is available regarding his birth date or the first half of his life. He entered the service of Hajjaj ibn Yusuf during his governorship and became famous[5].


Relations with Hajjaj ibn Yusuf

In 77 AH/696 CE, Ibn Hubayra killed Mutarrif ibn Mughira ibn Shu'ba, the governor of Madain, who had rebelled against Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan and Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, causing unrest there, and sent his head to Hajjaj[6][7].


Relations with the Byzantines

In 97 AH/716 CE, Ibn Hubayra fought the Byzantines at sea and scattered them[8][9][10]. In 100 AH (718 CE), he became the governor of Jazira (Northern Mesopotamia) on behalf of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz[11]. While in this position, in 102 AH (720 CE), he raided the Romans from the region of Armenia, defeated them, and captured many of them (according to one narration, 700 people)[12][13]. In the same year, Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik appointed him as the governor of Iraq and Khorasan[14]. However, when Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ascended to the Caliphate (105 AH/724 CE), he dismissed Ibn Hubayra from the governorship of Iraq and Khorasan and appointed Khalid ibn Abdallah al-Qasri in his place[15]. Khalid, by Hisham's order, arrested him and subjected him to torture, but Ibn Hubayra escaped from prison after some time with the help of his companions and went to the Levant, requesting pardon from Ibn Hisham, the Umayyad Caliph. The Caliph pardoned him through the mediation of Muslimah ibn Abd al-Malik. From then until the time of his death, i.e., the year 110 AH (728 CE), he lived in the Levant[16].


Major Actions of Ibn Hubayra

Among the prominent works of Ibn Hubayra was the survey of the Sawad of Iraq, which was carried out in 105 AH by the order of Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik. For this purpose, he first surveyed the orchards of Iraq and based on that, established taxes on date palms and other trees, and imposed land tax on the dehqans. He also reinstated forced labor and the collection of gifts that were taken from people on occasions such as Nowruz and Mehregan, which had been abolished during the time of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz. For a long time afterward, the taxes and land revenue of Iraq were collected based on Ibn Hubayra's regulations[17]. Another of his actions was increasing the fineness of coinage and attempting to improve the monetary system of the Caliphate[18]. For this reason, the Hubayriyah coin was considered one of the best Umayyad coins[19].


Atiyah and Umar ibn Hubayra

The political struggles of Atiyah al-Awfi, one of the companions of Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him), during the rule of the tyrant Abd al-Malik Marwan, the fifth Umayyad Caliph, against Governor Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi, one of the oppressive Umayyad governors in Kufa, took the shape of multiple uprisings, one of which was the uprising of Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Ash'ath in 80 AH (699 CE). This movement began in Khorasan. After several clashes with Hajjaj's army, Abd al-Rahman was finally arrested in 83 AH (702 CE) in Basra. A notable point in this uprising is that a number of prominent figures and scholars of Shia and reciters of Iraq, such as Sa'id ibn Jubayr, Ibrahim al-Nakha'i, and Atiyah al-Awfi, were in the ranks of Abd al-Rahman. When Abd al-Rahman was defeated, Atiyah fled towards Fars. Hajjaj, in an order, wrote to Muhammad ibn Qasim al-Thaqafi, the governor of Fars, to arrest Atiyah and force him to curse Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him). Since Atiyah refused to curse Ali (peace be upon him), he endured whip lashes and insults for the sake of his love for the Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him). When Qutaybah ibn Muslim became the governor of Khorasan, Atiyah went to him and resided in Khorasan until Umar ibn Hubayra became the governor of Iraq. Then, via a letter, he requested from Ibn Hubayra to return to Kufa. Ibn Hubayra agreed to his request, and he settled in Kufa until this Tabi'i and loyal companion of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) passed away in 111 AH (729 CE)[20]. Works remain from Atiyah, including: a Quranic commentary compiled in five volumes. He says: I presented the Quran three times with an interpretive view and seventy times with recitation to Ibn Abbas[21][22][23].


Notes

  1. ↑ Al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya, Futuh al-Buldan, edited by Abdallah Anis al-Tabba and Umar Anis al-Tabba, Beirut, 1407 AH, p. 402.
  2. ↑ Al-Dhahabi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad, Siyar A'lam al-Nubala, edited by Shu'ayb Arna'ut and Mamun Sagharji, Beirut, 1405 AH, vol. 1, p. 562.
  3. ↑ Ibn Qutaybah, Abdullah ibn Muslim, Al-Ma'arif, edited by Tharwat Ukashah, Cairo, 1364 AH, p. 408.
  4. ↑ Ibn Qutaybah, Abdullah ibn Muslim, Al-Ma'arif, edited by Tharwat Ukashah, Cairo, 1364 AH, p. 408.
  5. ↑ Al-Yafi'i, Abdullah ibn As'ad, Mir'at al-Jinan, edited by Abdullah Jabouri, Beirut, 1405 AH, vol. 1, p. 257-258.
  6. ↑ Ibn al-Athir, Izz al-Din Ali, Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, Al-Futuh, Hyderabad Deccan, 1395 AH, vol. 4, p. 433-436.
  7. ↑ Ibn al-Athir, Izz al-Din Ali, Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, Al-Futuh, Hyderabad Deccan, 1395 AH, vol. 5, p. 99.
  8. ↑ Al-Mas'udi, Ali ibn Husayn, Al-Tanbih wa al-Ishraf, Beirut, Dar al-Sa'b, vol. 5, p. 55.
  9. ↑ Al-Maqdisi, Mutahhar ibn Tahir, Al-Bad' wa al-Tarikh, Paris, 1919 CE, vol. 1, p. 141.
  10. ↑ Ibn al-Athir, Izz al-Din Ali, Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, Al-Futuh, Hyderabad Deccan, 1395 AH, vol. 5, p. 25.
  11. ↑ Al-Mas'udi, Ali ibn Husayn, Al-Tanbih wa al-Ishraf, Beirut, Dar al-Sa'b, vol. 5, p. 55.
  12. ↑ Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir, Tarikh al-Tabari, Beirut, Publisher Unknown, vol. 6, p. 616.
  13. ↑ Ibn al-Athir, Izz al-Din Ali, Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, Al-Futuh, Hyderabad Deccan, 1395 AH, vol. 5, p. 101.
  14. ↑ Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir, Tarikh al-Tabari, Beirut, Publisher Unknown, vol. 6, p. 617.
  15. ↑ Ibn Khaldun, Muhammad, Muqaddimah (History of Ibn Khaldun), Tehran, Book Translation and Publication Agency, 1353 SH, vol. 3, p. 106.
  16. ↑ Al-Tanukhi, Muhsin ibn Ali, Al-Faraj ba'd al-Shiddah, edited by Abud Shalji, Beirut, 1398 AH/1978 CE, vol. 2, p. 165-167.
  17. ↑ Al-Ya'qubi, Ahmad ibn Abi Ya'qub, Tarikh al-Ya'qubi, Beirut, Dar Sadir, vol. 2, p. 313.
  18. ↑ Ibn al-Athir, Izz al-Din Ali, Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, Al-Futuh, Hyderabad Deccan, 1395 AH, vol. 4, p. 417.
  19. ↑ Ibn Khaldun, Muhammad, Muqaddimah (History of Ibn Khaldun), Tehran, Book Translation and Publication Agency, 1353 SH, vol. 3, p. 100.
  20. ↑ Ibn al-Jawzi, Abul-Faraj, Al-Muntazam, Noor al-Sirah Software, vol. 12, p. 280.
  21. ↑ Qummi, Abbas, Safinat al-Bihar, Najaf Ashraf, Al-Matba'ah al-Ilmiyyah, vol. 6, p. 296.
  22. ↑ Al-Zirikli, Khayr al-Din, Al-A'lam, Beirut, Dar al-Ilm lil-Malayin, 1986, vol. 4, p. 237.
  23. ↑ Ibn Sa'd, Muhammad ibn Sa'd, Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, Beirut, Dar Sadir, vol. 6, p. 304.

References

متن ارائه‌شده یک پیش‌نویس مقاله ویکی‌پدیا درباره «یزید بن عمر بن هبیره فزاری» (معروف به ابن هبیره) است. در ادامه، محتوای این متن با فرمت‌بندی خوانا و ساختارمند ارائه شده است:

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  1. ابن هبیره (یزید بن عمر بن هبیره)
    1. شخصیت

ابن هبیره را به خشونت و سنگدلی وصف کرده‌اند. نمونه‌ای از سنگدلی وی، شکنجه‌هایی است که بر سعید بن عمرو حرشی اعمال کرد. داستان گزیدن عقرب شانۀ او را در محضر خلیفه و تحمل سوزش نیش‌های پی‌درپی آن، حکایت از قدرت شکیبایی بسیار او دارد. همچنین او را به داشتن تجربه، استواری و درستی رای و قدرت استدلال ستوده‌اند.

او که خود از اعراب شمالی بود، در ستیز دائمی میان اعراب شمالی و جنوبی، همواره جانب شمالیان را می‌گرفت و بدین ستیزه‌ها دامن می‌زد. احتمالاً به سبب خشونت‌های ابن هبیره بود که فرزدق شاعر او را هجو کرد؛ هر چند زمانی که ابن هبیره به وسیلۀ خالد زندانی شد، فرزدق او را ستود و ابن هبیره نیز گفت: «با شرف‌تر از فرزدق ندیدم؛ چه او در روزگاری که امیر بودم، مرا هجو کرد و اکنون که اسیرم، مرا می‌ستاید.»

ابن هبیره بی‌سواد بود و چون نوشته‌ای به دستش می‌رسید، آن را می‌گشود و تظاهر به خواندن می‌کرد و هنگامی که به خانه می‌رفت، کنیزکی باسواد را فرا می‌خواند تا نامه‌ها را برای او بخواند؛ اما یک بار که نامه‌ای واژگونه به دستش دادند، رازش فاش شد. به رغم بی‌سوادی، سخنان حکیمانه‌ای از وی بر جای مانده است.

    1. پانویس و منابع

1. تنوخی، محسن بن علی، *الفرج بعد الشده*، به کوشش عبود شالجی، بیروت، ۱۳۹۸ق/۱۹۷۸م، ج۲، ص۱۶۵ - ۱۶۷. 2. دانشنامه دائره المعارف الاسلامیه، به کوشش ابراهیم زکی خورشید و دیگران، قاهره، ۱۹۳۳م، ج۱، ص۴۰۷. 3. دینوری، ابن قتیبه، *عیون الاخبار*، دار الفکر، ج۲، ص۳۴۳. 4. ابن قتیبه، عبداللـه بن مسلم، *المعارف*، به کوشش ثروت عکاشه، قاهره، ۱۳۶۴ق، ج۱، ص۳۱.

    1. رده‌بندی
  • شخصیت‌ها
  • شخصیت‌های تاریخی

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  • توضیح: متن فوق بر اساس محتوای استخراج‌شده از کد ویکی‌پدیای ارسالی شما تمیزکاری و بازنویسی شده است.*
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