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Name Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas
Titles and Other Names Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas Malik al-Zuhri al-Qurashi
Born (23 or 27 or 55 AH / 595 or 599 or 674 CE)

Mecca, Tihamah, Arabian Peninsula

Died 55 AH, 674 CE

Al-Baqi, Medina

Activities
  • Founding of Kufa city after the Battle of Qadisiyyah and by order of Umar
  • Governorship of Kufa after its establishment
Religion and Denomination Islam

Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas (of the Qurayshi Banu Zuhrah clan), (23 or 27 or 55 AH / 595 or 599 or 674 CE) was among the early converts to Islam in Mecca and is counted among the famous Companions of Prophet of Islam (peace be upon him and his progeny). He was during the era of the Caliphs' government one of the commanders of Qadisiyyah and Nahavand and one of the members of the six-member Caliphate council. Sa'd was during the time of the three Caliphs among the attendants and companions of them. Although he was not satisfied with their Caliphate, he did not openly oppose them. His open opposition emerged from the time of Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him) with non-allegiance and cooperation with the Holy One in the three battles. He did not consider anyone worthy of Caliphate except Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him) and was certain of his legitimacy, but his love of wealth and power and jealousy towards the Holy One caused him to engage in fierce competition with him to seize the Caliphate.


Birth

He was born in the year (23 or 27 or 55 AH / 595 or 599 or 674 CE) in Tihamah Mecca.


Lineage of Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas

Sa'd ibn Malik[1] ibn Wahib ibn Abd Manaf ibn Zuhrah ibn Kilab ibn Murrah ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib to Fihr ibn Malik ibn al-Nadr ibn Kinanah. His mother's name was Hamnah bint Sufyan ibn Umayyah ibn Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf ibn Qusayy and had two brothers named: Utbah and Umayr[2]. Utbah is the one who struck the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) in the Battle of Uhud. But Umayr was martyred in the Battle of Badr[3]. Sa'd's family from the father's side reaches to Kilab ibn Murrah, the grandfather of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny), and from the mother's side ends to Banu Umayyah. Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) meet at Kilab ibn Murrah, and Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas is the son of the cousin of Aminah bint Wahb, the honorable mother of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny)[4] and since the Prophet's (peace be upon him and his progeny) mother is from the Banu Zuhrah tribe, the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) addressed him as maternal uncle[5]. Of course, this expression by the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) is out of kindness and affection, and these expressions were common and customary among Arab tribes. Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas's kunya is Abu Ishaq and Sa'd's job during the time of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) was sharpening spears[6].


Conversion to Islam of Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas

There are different opinions regarding Sa'd ibn Waqqas's conversion to Islam; but according to most narrations, Sa'd converted to Islam at the age of seventeen and by Abu Bakr[7].

Considering important historical sources after Khadijah bint Khuwaylid and Ali ibn Abi Talib, respectively Zayd ibn Harithah, Abu Dharr, Abu Bakr ibn Abi Quhafah, Umar ibn Asbah Salmi, Khalid ibn Sa'id ibn As, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, Uqbah ibn Ghawan converted to Islam[8].

Migration to Abyssinia

It is narrated that there were seventy-two people who migrated to Abyssinia, and among the migrants, a group also took their wives with them, including Uthman ibn Affan, Ja'far ibn Abi Talib, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and Ammar ibn Yasir were among these individuals[9].


Migration to Medina

Al-Waqidi narrates in this regard: "When Sa'd and Umayr, sons of Abi Waqqas, migrated from Mecca to Medina, they entered a house that belonged to their brother Utbah ibn Abi Waqqas"[10].

Regarding Sa'd ibn Waqqas, a group believes that Sa'd headed to Medina after the migration of the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his progeny), and a group also believes that he was present in that city before the Prophet's entry into Medina[11].


Pact of Brotherhood

When the migrants migrated to Medina, the Noble Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) established the Bond of Brotherhood between the Ansar and the Muhajirun. Ibn Athir narrates from Abu Nu'aym: "When we resided in Basra, the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) established the Bond of Brotherhood between Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and Ammar ibn Yasir, Uthman and Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf and Abu Bakr ibn Abi Quhafah and Umar[12]." Of course, in other sources, his religious brother is named as Talhah ibn Ubaydallah [13], Mus'ab ibn Umayr and Sa'd ibn Mu'adh and Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf[14].

In the Arena of Jihad and Politics

He is among those who participated in the battles of Badr, Uhud, the Trench, Hudaybiyyah, Khaybar, and the Conquest of Mecca, and during the Conquest of Mecca, the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) placed one of the three banners of the Emigrants in his hand[15].

It is narrated from Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas: "I am the first person who shot an arrow at the enemy in Islam, and that was in an expedition* where we went with sixty horsemen alongside Ubaydah ibn al-Harith"[16]. This expedition was the first encounter between the Muslims and the Polytheists.[17].

Sa'd is among those who pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr at the Saqifah Bani Sa'idah.

It is narrated: "After the demise of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny), people gathered around Abu Bakr and most Muslims pledged allegiance to him on that day. The figures of Banu Hashim had gathered in the house of Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him), Banu Umayyah surrounded Uthman, and Banu Zuhrah gathered around Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, and all had assembled in the Mosque. Umar went to them and asked: What has happened that you have gathered together?! Rise and pledge allegiance to Abu Bakr, since the people and the Ansar have pledged allegiance to him. Uthman and those from Banu Umayyah, and Sa'd and Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf and those from Banu Zuhrah who were with them stood up and pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr[18].


Founder of Kufa

The city of Kufa was founded by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas after the Battle of Qadisiyyah by the order of Umar, who had commanded to build a city for the Arabs[19]. Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas resided in Kufa and designed the plans and constructed houses and neighborhoods[20].

He also built a palace for the government in Kufa that was similar to the Palace of Khosrow in Ctesiphon, and he brought the door of that palace from Ctesiphon to Kufa and installed it at the entrance. News of the transfer and installation of this door reached Umar, and he, to preserve the outward appearance of his government which claimed to continue the tradition of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny), ordered Muhammad ibn Maslamah to go to Kufa and burn that door. When news of the burning of the door reached Sa'd, he did not respond because he knew it was by Umar's command[21].


Governor of Kufa

After the establishment of the city of Kufa by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, Umar appointed him as its governor. After a while, the people of Kufa complained about Sa'd to the Caliph and said that he did not know how to pray correctly. Sa'd said: I pray the prayer of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) with them and do not deviate from it. So Umar removed him from the governorship of Kufa and appointed Ammar ibn Yasir as governor in his place. Sa'd cursed the people of Kufa in response to this action, that God the Almighty may not make them satisfied with a ruler nor make a ruler satisfied with them[22]. However, in other historical books, the reason for Sa'd's removal is stated as the people of Kufa's complaint about Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas's injustice[23].


Sa'd's Personality from the Sunni Perspective

Sunnis consider him among the ten Ten Promised Paradise[24] [25]. Al-Mas'udi says: During the caliphate of Uthman, both he and a number of the Companions of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) turned to accumulating wealth and properties; such that on the day Uthman himself died, the value of his properties in Wadi al-Qura, Hunayn, and other regions reached more than two hundred thousand dinars, and many camels and horses were left from him, and the wealth of Zayd ibn Thabit was also of gold and silver swords to the extent that they broke them with an axe; and this was in addition to properties and lands whose value reached one hundred thousand dinars and Talhah and Zubayr, and also Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas who built a palace for himself in Aqiq that had high ceilings and allocated a vast space to it and built battlements on its walls[26]. Al-Ya'qubi writes: Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas also built a palace ten miles from Medina where he resided in his later years[27]. Al-Waqidi also in the book Kitab Tabaqat al-Kubra narrates from Furwah ibn Zubayr, and from Aisha daughter of Sa'd: On the day Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas died, he left behind two hundred and fifty thousand dirhams[28].


Children

One of his sons, Umar ibn Sa'd, was the commander of Ibn Ziyad's army in the war against Husayn ibn Ali (peace be upon him) which led to his martyrdom and was the greatest crime in human history, and Umar ibn Sa'd was killed by Mukhtar al-Thaqafi. His other son: Muhammad was killed by Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi in the "Battle of Dir al-Jajim" in the year 82 AH.


Death

He passed away in the year 55 AH, 674 CE and was buried in the Baqi' Cemetery, Medina.


Footnotes

Template:پانویس

Category:Personalities Category:Historical Personalities Category:Saudi Arabia

  1. ↑ The name of Abi Waqqas is Malik ibn Wahib ibn Abd Manaf ibn Zuhrah ibn Kilab and he was a brave man: Futuh al-Buldan / Ibn A'tham al-Kufi / Muhammad ibn Ahmad Mustawfi Harawi / Islamic Revolution / Tehran / 1372 / p 251. And Al-Bida' wa al-Tarikh / Mutahhar ibn Tahir al-Maqdisi / Muhammad Reza Shafiei Kadkani / Agah / Tehran / 1374 / p 782 / Vol 2
  2. ↑ Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra / Muhammad ibn Sa'd Katib al-Waqidi / Mahmoud Mahdavi Damghani / Farhang va Andisheh / Tehran / 1375 / Vol 3 / p 118.
  3. ↑ Al-Bida' wa al-Tarikh / Ibid / Vol 2 / p 782.
  4. ↑ Al-Bida' wa al-Tarikh / Ibid / Vol 2 / p 782
  5. ↑ Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra / Ibid / Vol 3 / p 119
  6. ↑ Hayat al-Haywan al-Kubra / Damiri / Naser Khosrow / Tehran / Vol 1 / p 275
  7. ↑ Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra / Vol 3 / p 140 and also Tarikhnameh Tabari / Bal'ami / Alborz / Tehran / Vol 3 / p 40
  8. ↑ Tarikh Ya'qubi / Ahmad ibn Abi Ya'qub ibn Wadih al-Ya'qubi (d. 292) / Muhammad Ibrahim Ayati / Ilmi va Farhangi / Tehran / 1371 / Vol 1 / p 379
  9. ↑ Al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya / Ibn Kathir al-Dimashqi / Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah / Beirut / 1409
  10. ↑ Al-Imamah wa al-Siyasah / Ibn Qutaybah al-Dinawari / al-Sharif al-Radi / Qom / 1363
  11. ↑ Sharh Nahj al-Balagha / Ibn Abi al-Hadid / Dar Ihya' al-Kutub al-Arabiyyah / 1385 AH
  12. ↑ Al-Jamal / Shaykh Mufid / Islamic Propagation Office / Qom / 1416 AH
  13. ↑ Tarikh Ibn Khaldun / Abd al-Rahman ibn Khaldun / Muhammad Parvin Gunabadi / Ilmi va Farhangi / Tehran / 1375
  14. ↑ Al-Umam wa al-Muluk / Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari / Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah / Beirut / 1408 AH
  15. ↑ Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, 1st ed: Beirut, Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi, 1408 AH.
  16. ↑ Akhbar al-Tawal/ Abu Hanifah Ahmad ibn Dawud al-Dinawari (d. 283)/ Mahmud Mahdavi Damghani/Nashr-e Ney/4th ed
  17. ↑ Al-Isti'ab/ Ibn Abd al-Barr al-Qurtubi/Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah/ Beirut/1415
  18. ↑ Al-Imamah wa al-Siyasah/ Ibn Qutaybah al-Dinawari/ Sharif al-Radi/ Qom/ 1363/ Vol 1/ p 28 and Sharh Nahj al-Balagha/ Ibn Abi al-Hadid/ Dar Ihya al-Kutub al-Arabiyyah/ 1385 AH/ Vol 2/ p 366
  19. ↑ Akhbar al-Tawal/ pp 157 and 158 and Al-Tanbih wa al-Ishraf/ Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Husayn al-Mas'udi (d. 1345) / Abulqasem Payandeh/ Ilmi va Farhangi/ Tehran/ 1365/ p 341 and Tarikh al-Tabari/ Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari/ (d. 310) / Abulqasem Payandeh/ Asatir/ Tehran/ 1375/ Vol 6/ p 1775
  20. ↑ Futuh al-Buldan/ p 372
  21. ↑ Akhbar al-Tawal / pp 157 and 158
  22. ↑ Tarikh Ya'qubi/ Vol 2/ p 43 and Futuh al-Buldan/ p 396
  23. ↑ Al-Isti'ab/ Ibn Abd al-Barr al-Qurtubi/ Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah/ Beirut/ 415 AH/ Vol 2/ p 173 and Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh/ Izz al-Din Ibn al-Athir/ Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi/ Beirut/ 1408/ Vol 2/ p 569
  24. ↑ Ibn Athir al-Jawzi, Majd al-Din, Al-Nihayah fi Gharib al-Hadith, 4th ed: Isma'ilian Foundation, 1364.
  25. ↑ Ibn Taghri Atabaki, Jamal al-Din, Yusuf, Al-Nujum al-Zahirah fi Muluki Misr wa al-Qahirah, 1st ed: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, 1413 AH.
  26. ↑ Ibn Hibban, Kitab al-Thiqat, 1st ed: Beirut, Dar al-Kufr, 1393 AH.
  27. ↑ Kitab al-Majruhin, 1st ed: Beirut, Dar al-Ma'rifah, 1412 AH.
  28. ↑ Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Ithaf al-Maharah bi Atraf al-Ashrah, 1st ed: Arabia, Al-Jami'ah al-Islamiyyah fi al-Madinah, 1413 AH.
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