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Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya
File:Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya.jpg
NameMuhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya
Other Names{{{other_names}}}
Personal Details
Birth Place{{{birth_place}}}
Brith Date21 AH (c. 642 CE)
Death Place{{{death_place}}}
Death Date81 AH (c. 700 CE)
ReligionIslam

Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya (d. 81 AH) was the son of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) from his wife Khawla bint Ja'far. He is considered one of the prominent figures of the early Islamic period. The Kaysanite sect emerged as a result of believing in the Imamate of Muhammad al-Hanafiyya.

Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya is one of the Alavid figures whose life history contains ambiguities and issues. Among them is the reason for his non-participation in the Uprising of Karbala and his lack of accompaniment with Imam Husayn (peace be upon him).

Scholars and biographers of the Shia sect have presented arguments to clarify this ambiguity and in defense of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. According to them, Ibn al-Hanafiyya's non-participation was not out of disobedience or opposition to the Imam (peace be upon him), and he had valid reasons for not accompanying the Imam (peace be upon him), including: illness at the time of the Imam's (peace be upon him) departure from Medina and Mecca. Being assigned by the Imam (peace be upon him) to stay in Medina. Not being obligated by Imam Husayn (peace be upon him) to participate in the uprising and accompany him. Although Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya was not obligated by the Imam to participate in the uprising, his non-participation in the Imam's uprising might be considered a violation and he did not reach the degree of "Fath" (Victory).

Who is Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya

Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya was the son of Lord Amir (peace be upon him) whose mother was Khawla daughter of Ja'far ibn Qays al-Hanafi, and he was nicknamed after his mother's tribe as (al-Hanafiyya). Born in the year 21 and died in the year 81 AH.

A group of Shias believed that after Imam Hasan and Imam Husayn, the Imamate passed to their brother Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya and after him to his sons; this group is called Kaysanite. Attributed to Kaysan, the freed slave of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya[1].

The Kaysanite differed regarding the death of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya; some believed in his death, while others thought he had not died and was alive in the Radwa mountains[2].

Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya was under pressure in Mecca due to refusing to pledge allegiance (allegiance) to Abdullah ibn Zubair and Ibn Zubayr had besieged him and his family and intended to kill him, when Mukhtar sent a group of wood-bearers (Khashabiyya) to rescue Muhammad and they rescued him.

It is certain that Muhammad al-Hanafiyya did not claim the Imamate himself. Kulayni has narrated from Imam Baqir (peace be upon him) that Muhammad spoke in private with Imam Sajjad (peace be upon him) and said to the Lord: I am older than you and deserve leadership.

Lord Sajjad (peace be upon him) suggested that they greet the Hajar al-Aswad. The Hajar al-Aswad answered the Imam's greeting but did not answer Muhammad al-Hanafiyya's greeting[3]. In Shia biographical sources, it is emphasized that Muhammad al-Hanafiyya wanted to prove to others through this action that the Imamate belongs to Imam Sajjad (peace be upon him).

Birth, Name and Lineage

Muhammad's fame as Ibn al-Hanafiyya is because his mother (Khawla) was the daughter of Ja'far ibn Qays[4]. She was from the Banu Hanifa tribe. According to some researchers, his mother was a concubine who was captured during the Banu Asad attack on Banu Hanifa during the Caliphate of Abu Bakr and Ali (peace be upon him) bought and freed her and then married her.

Since the date of Muhammad al-Hanafiyya's death is in the year 81 AH and he was 65 years old at that time, it is found that he was born in the year 16 AH[5].

Some have stated that the Prophet of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) before his death told Ali (peace be upon him) that if a son is born to you from Khawla, name him with my name and kunya[6].

Ibn al-Hanafiyya alongside Imam Ali

In the Battle of Siffin he was the standard-bearer of the army of Ali (peace be upon him) and witnessed the weakness and hesitation of the Iraqis in fighting Muawiyah and the Syrians and his father's dissatisfaction with them, to the extent that Ali (peace be upon him), tired of them, prayed thus about the people of Iraq. "O Lord, I am weary of them and they are weary of me. Grant me someone better than them in their place, and appoint for them someone worse than me in my place[7]."

Notes

  1. ↑ History of Ibn Khaldun / Translation by Muhammad Parviz Gunabadi / Vol 1 p 379
  2. ↑ Muruj al-Dhahab (The Meadows of Gold) / Translation by Abulqasim Payandeh / Vol 2 p 82
  3. ↑ Kulayni in the book Al-Kafi (The Principles) Vol 1 p 348
  4. ↑ Al-Baladhuri, Ansab al-Ashraf (Genealogies of the Nobles), 1417 AH, Vol 2, p 200
  5. ↑ Ibn Sa'd, Al-Tabaqat Al-Kubra (The Major Classes), Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, Vol 5, p 87
  6. ↑ Al-Baladhuri, Ansab al-Ashraf (Genealogies of the Nobles), 1417 AH, Vol 2, p 200-201
  7. ↑ Ibn Sa'd, Muhammad, Al-Tabaqat Al-Kubra (The Major Classes), Vol 5, p 68-69, Research by Muhammad Abd al-Qadir Atta, Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, 1st Ed, 1410/1990

References

  • Al-Baladhuri. Ansab al-Ashraf. 1417 AH.
  • Ibn Sa'd. Al-Tabaqat Al-Kubra. Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya.
  • Al-Kulayni. Al-Kafi.
  • Ibn Khaldun. History of Ibn Khaldun.
  • Al-Mas'udi. Muruj al-Dhahab.
Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya
NameMuhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah
Other Names{{{other_names}}}
Personal Details
Birth Place{{{birth_place}}}
Brith Datec. 15 AH (c. 636 CE)
Death PlaceMedina
Death Date1 Muharram 81 AH (March 700 CE)
ReligionIslam

Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah was a prominent figure in early Islamic history, known for his lineage from Ali ibn Abi Talib and his stance during the Umayyad period. He is particularly noted for his refusal to pledge allegiance to Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr and his association with the Kaysanites sect following the martyrdom of Imam Husayn (peace be upon him).

Ibn Hanafiyyah During Yazid's Caliphate

At the time of the martyrdom of Imam Husayn (peace be upon him) in Karbala, Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah was in Mecca[1].

Following the Death of Yazid I (1st Rabi' al-Thani 64 AH (November 683 CE)), [2] Ibn Zubayr pledged allegiance from the people in Mecca for himself and declared independence. He sought to forcibly obtain allegiance from Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, who was residing in Mecca. Since he refused, Ibn Zubayr imprisoned him and some members of his family who were with him, as well as 17 leaders from Kufa who had refused to pledge allegiance to him and had sought refuge in the Sanctuary. He swore that if they did not pledge allegiance, he would burn them[3].

Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah sent three men from Kufa with a letter to Mukhtar. Mukhtar sent many people to aid him. They freed Muhammad and his companions and wished to attack Ibn Zubayr, but Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, who did not deem fighting in the Sanctuary of God permissible, prevented them. Then Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah went to the Valley of Ali (peace be upon him) with four thousand people[4].

Ibn Hanafiyyah and the Kaysanite Sect

As mentioned, some Shia Muslims, following the martyrdom of Imam Husayn (peace be upon him), came to believe in the Imamate of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah and became known as the Kaysanites. This sect was the first schism that occurred among the Shia of Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him) and the followers of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them).

The Kaysanites believed that Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah was the fourth Imam of the Shia and the same Promised Mahdi who had taken refuge in the Radwa Mountains (a mountain range in Yemen) and would appear one day[5]. Although this deviant sect had followers in the Islamic world for some time, fortunately, this sect is now extinct and no trace of it remains.

Death

Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah passed away on the 1st of Muharram 81 Hijri at the age of 65 during the caliphate of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan. After his death, his son Abu Hashim, and according to one narration, Aban ibn Uthman, the Governor of Medina, performed the Funeral prayer over him. Al-Baladhuri, quoting Al-Waqidi, mentioned the year of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah's death as 82 AH[6].

There is also disagreement regarding the place of his death. Some say Ayla, some Taif, and a group say Medina. However, apparently, all agree that his burial place is in Al-Baqi Cemetery [7], located in Medina. Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah had 24 children, 14 of whom were sons and 10 were daughters. His descendants are from his two sons, Ali and Ja'far[8].

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Belami, Muhammad ibn Muhammad, Tarikhnameh-ye Tabari, Vol. 4, p. 709, edited by Muhammad Rawshan, Tehran, Vol. 1 & 2, Sorush, 2nd Edition, 1378 SH (1999 CE), Vol. 3, 4, 5 Alborz, 3rd Edition, 1373 SH (1994 CE)
  2. ↑ Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir, Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk, Vol. 5, p. 449, edited by Muhammad Abul-Fadl Ibrahim, Beirut, Dar al-Turath, 2nd Edition, 1387/1967
  3. ↑ Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir, Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk, Vol. 6, p. 76, edited by Muhammad Abul-Fadl Ibrahim, Beirut, Dar al-Turath, 2nd Edition, 1387/1967
  4. ↑ Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir, Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk, Vol. 6, p. 77-78, edited by Muhammad Abul-Fadl Ibrahim, Beirut, Dar al-Turath, 2nd Edition, 1387/1967
  5. ↑ Shia in Islam, p. 33
  6. ↑ Tahdhib al-Kamal, Vol. 10, p. 285
  7. ↑ A'yan al-Shia, Vol. 14, p. 270
  8. ↑ Muntaha al-Amal, Vol. 1, p. 186
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