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Hurr ibn Yazid al-Riyahi
File:Hurr ibn Yazid al-Riyahi.jpg
NameHurr ibn Yazid ibn Najiyah ibn Qa'nab ibn Attab ibn Harith ibn Amr ibn Hammam
Personal Details
Birth PlaceIraq
Death PlaceKarbala, Iraq
Death Date10 Muharram 61 AH
ReligionIslam

Hurr ibn Yazid al-Riyahi was one of the military commanders of Kufa who, before the Event of Ashura, was assigned with a army of one thousand men to prevent the movement of Imam Husayn (peace be upon him) towards Kufa and also to prevent his return.

On the Day of Ashura, after Hurr observed that the Kufans insisted on killing Imam Husayn (peace be upon him), he joined the Imam and fought in his defense, reaching martyrdom. Due to his repentance for his actions and joining Imam Husayn (peace be upon him), Hurr holds a special sanctity among Shia. Shia consider Hurr a symbol of hope for the acceptance of repentance and salvation thereafter.


Lineage of Hurr

Hurr ibn Yazid ibn Najiyah ibn Qa'nab ibn Attab ibn Harith ibn Amr ibn Hammam ibn Banu Riyah ibn Yarbu' ibn Hanzalah, is attributed to the branches of the Tamim tribe[1] and thus he has been called Riyahi, Yarbu'i, Hanzali, and Tamimi. [2]. Hurr's family were among the nobles in the Pre-Islamic era and in the period of Islam[3]. Nothing has been said about Hurr's age, and no one has mentioned his mother's name. His father's name is famous along with his own; (Yazid ibn Najiyah). Since he was from the Banu Riyah tribe, he was called Riyahi.


Descendants of Hurr

There are also indications about Hurr's progeny. Throughout history, two families have been attributed to Hurr: the Mustawfi family of Qazvin[4] of which Hamdallah Mustawfi the famous historian is one[5] and the Al Hurr family in the region of Jabal Amel Lebanon one of the most famous of whom is Shaykh Hurr Amili the author of the famous book Wasail al-Shia[6].


Life before the Event of Ashura

In the year 60 AH, Hurr was one of the most famous warriors of Kufa[7]. In some sources, he is mistakenly referred to by the title of Sahib al-Shurta|Shurta of Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, the governor of Kufa[8]. However, his appointment to the command of a part of the army sent by Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad (who were from the Tamim and Hamdan tribes) to confront Imam Husayn (peace be upon him)[9] and also his military discipline and adherence to the precise execution of government orders[10] confirms his presence as a military officer (not necessarily Sahib al-Shurta) in the government apparatus of Ibn Ziyad.

This probability is especially reinforced by the fact that he apparently did not have a moderate policy and in no source is there any mention of Hurr's belief or his political stance in the tense situation of Kufa in the year 60, only Bal'ami in a doubtful narration, has considered him among the Shia who concealed their Shi'ism[11].


The Call Hurr Heard

It has been narrated from Hurr that when I left the palace of Ibn Ziyad in Kufa to move towards Husayn ibn Ali (peace be upon him), I heard a call behind me three times saying: "O Hurr! Glad tidings of Paradise to you". He says that I looked behind me and saw no one; I said to myself: "By God, this is not glad tidings; how can it be glad tidings while I am on my way to fight Husayn ibn Ali (peace be upon him)."

He kept this memory in mind until when he reached the service of Husayn ibn Ali (peace be upon him) and recounted that story. The Imam (peace be upon him) said to him: You have indeed attained reward and goodness[12][13].

Hur's Repentance on the Day of Ashura

Although Hur took strict measures, his behavior towards the Imam was respectful; even once, by pointing to the specific sanctity of Fatimah (peace be upon her) on the tenth of Muharram, he left his army and joined Imam Hussein (peace be upon him)[14].

On the day of Ashura, Umar ibn Sa'd arranged his army and appointed commanders for each section of the troops. He made Hur ibn Yazid Riyahi the commander of Banu Tamim and Banu Hamdan. With the army arranged, Umar ibn Sa'd's forces were ready to fight Imam Hussein's (peace be upon him) troops.

When Hur ibn Yazid saw that the Kufans' decision to fight His Holiness (peace be upon him) was serious, he went to Umar ibn Sa'd and said to him: "Do you intend to fight this man (Imam Hussein (peace be upon him))?" He said: "Yes, by God, I will fight such a war that the easiest part of it will be heads falling and hands being cut off." Hur said: "Were his proposals not agreeable to you?" Ibn Sa'd said: "If the matter were in my hands, I would have accepted; but your commander (Ubaydallah) did not accept."

Then Hur left Umar ibn Sa'd and stood in a corner of the army, gradually moving closer to the Imam's (peace be upon him) camp. Muhajir ibn Aws—who was in Umar Sa'd's army—said to Hur: "Do you intend to attack?" Hur did not answer while trembling. Muhajir, having doubted Hur's condition and state, addressed him and said: "By God, I have never seen you in this state in any battle. If I were asked: 'Who is the bravest man in Kufa?' I would not pass over you (and I would name you). So what is this state I see in you?"

Hur said: "Indeed, I see myself between Heaven and Hell, and by God, even if I am torn apart and burned with fire, I will choose nothing other than Heaven." Hur said this and spurred his horse, moving towards the Imam's (peace be upon him) tent encampment.

It is said that he faced the Imam in a disturbed state and, admitting that he never imagined the Kufans would bring matters to war, asked for forgiveness. The Imam sought forgiveness for him and said that you are a free man in this world and the Hereafter[15]. Hur entered the Imam's (peace be upon him) camp with his shield reversed.

He came to the service of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) and said: "May I be sacrificed for you, O Son of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny). I am the one who prevented you from returning (to your homeland) and accompanied you until you were forced to descend in this land; I never imagined that they would not accept your proposal and involve you in this fate. By God, if I had known matters would come to this, I would never have done such a thing, and I now repent to God for what I have done. Is my repentance accepted?" Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) said: "Yes, God accepts your repentance."


Reasons for Repentance

The change in stance of this senior commander of Ibn Ziyad's army was so surprising that some, in explaining the cause, have resorted to factors such as glad tidings from a supernatural voice to Hur or his true dream[16], though such an aspect, regardless of its validity, does not diminish the value of Hur's sensitive and difficult choice[17].

Some of his words on the verge of joining the Imam also confirm the voluntary nature of his action, including that he said he sees himself chosen between Heaven and Hell, and by God, if they tear me apart and burn me, I will not choose anything over Heaven[18].

Manner of Hur's Martyrdom

The time between Hur's repentance and his martyrdom was not very long. According to a narration, Hur requested from the Imam that since he was the first person to rise against the Imam, the Imam should allow him to be the first fighter and martyr[19].

Immediately after joining the Imam, he headed to the battlefield, and after another unsuccessful conversation with Umar ibn Sa'd and expressing words condemning the ugly behavior of the Kufans, he fought them while reciting rajaz, and finally, after several bouts of combat, he was martyred[20].

He fought bravely, and although his horse was wounded and blood was flowing from its ears and forehead, he constantly recited rajaz and fought the enemies on horseback, until he had killed forty-plus of the enemies.

The infantry army of Ibn Sa'd suddenly attacked him and martyred him. It is said that two people shared in his martyrdom: one was Ayyub ibn Masrah and the other a man from the horsemen of Kufa; however, some other sources have narrated that Hur ibn Yazid al-Riyahi and Zuhayr ibn Qayn, after the martyrdom of Habib ibn Muzahhir in the forenoon of Ashura, went to the field together and attacked the enemies. The two supported each other in battle, and whenever one of them was surrounded, the other would rush to his aid. They fought continuously until Hur was martyred, whereupon Zuhayr returned to the camp.

The companions of the Imam (peace be upon him) brought his body; the Imam (peace be upon him) sat by his bedside, wiped the blood from Hur's face, and said these words: "You are Hur (Free) and noble, just as your mother named you; you are Hur and noble in this world and the Hereafter." Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) bandaged Hur's head with a cloth.


Footnotes

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رده:شخصیت‌ها رده:شخصیت‌های شیعه رده:شهیدان کربلا

  1. ↑ Ibn Kalbi, Vol. 1, pp. 213, 216; Dawadari, Vol. 4, pp. 87, 89 name him Jarir ibn Yazid; Yafi'i, Vol. 1, p. 108 Harith ibn Yazid; and Ibn Imad, Vol. 1, p. 67
  2. ↑ Baladhuri, Vol. 2, pp. 472, 476, 489; Dinawari, p. 249; Tabari, Vol. 5, p. 422
  3. ↑ See Samawi, p. 203
  4. ↑ Hamdallah Mustawfi, Tarikh Guzideh, p. 811, quoted from Great Islamic Encyclopedia, Vol. 20, pp. 314-315
  5. ↑ Tarikh Guzideh, Text, p. 794 p. 812
  6. ↑ Hamad Husseini, Introduction to Amal al-Amil Hurr Amili, Vol. 1, pp. 8-10, quoted from Great Islamic Encyclopedia, Vol. 20, pp. 314-315
  7. ↑ Tabari, Vol. 5, pp. 392, 427; Ibn Kathir, Vol. 8, p. 195
  8. ↑ Ibn al-Jawzi, Vol. 5, p. 335; Ibn al-Wardi, Vol. 1, p. 231
  9. ↑ Tabari, Vol. 5, p. 422
  10. ↑ Baladhuri, Vol. 2, p. 473; Dinawari, p. 252; Tabari, Vol. 5, pp. 402-403
  11. ↑ Vol. 4, p. 704
  12. ↑ Muthir al-Ahzan, p. 44
  13. ↑ Nafs al-Mahmum, p. 231
  14. ↑ Baladhuri, vol. 2, pp. 475–476, 479; Tabari, vol. 5, pp. 392, 422, 427–428; Mufid, vol. 2, pp. 100–101; Akhtab Khwarazmi, vol. 2, pp. 12–13, cf. p. 14, which considers the Imam's statement about Hur to be after his combat.
  15. ↑ Baladhuri, vol. 2, pp. 475–476, 479; Tabari, vol. 5, pp. 392, 422, 427–428; Mufid, vol. 2, pp. 100–101; Akhtab Khwarazmi, vol. 2, pp. 12–13, cf. p. 14, which considers the Imam's statement about Hur to be after his combat.
  16. ↑ Ibn Babawayh, p. 218; Ibn Nama, p. 59; Ha'iri Khurasani, p. 96
  17. ↑ Baydun, vol. 1, pp. 678–679, which considers Hur's proper upbringing as the most effective factor in his decision.
  18. ↑ Mufid, vol. 2, p. 99; Akhtab Khwarazmi, vol. 2, p. 12
  19. ↑ Ibn A'tham al-Kufi, Vol. 5, p. 101; Akhtab Khwarazmi, Vol. 2, p. 13
  20. ↑ Baladhuri, Vol. 2, p. 476, 489, 494, 517; Tabari, Vol. 5, p. 428–429, 434–435, 437, 440–441; Mufid, Vol. 2, p. 102–104
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