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Abdullah ibn Masud
NameAbdullah ibn Masud
Other NamesAbu Abd al-Rahman, Ibn Umm Abd, Dhul-Hijratayn
Personal Details
Birth Place{{{birth_place}}}
Brith Date{{{birth_date}}}
Death PlaceMedina
Death Date32 AH (652–653 CE)
ReligionIslam

Abdullah ibn Masud was one of the Companions of the Prophet (peace be upon him) who participated in many battles of the early Islamic period and was very close to the Prophet (peace be upon him). He was a Qur'an reciter and owned a Mushaf.

The Prophet (peace be upon him) and Ali (peace be upon him) spoke well of him; the fact that he was among the lovers of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) is easily provable, but the claim that he believed in the Imamate and immediate caliphate of Ali (peace be upon him), although disputed by scholars of biographical evaluation, considering the praise of Sayyid Murtada for him, and his close relationship with the Prophet (peace be upon him) and other evidence, perhaps we can say that he also believed in the Imamate of Ali (peace be upon him).


Name and Lineage

Abdullah ibn Masud ibn Ghafil ibn Habib al-Hudhali[1]. He was from the Banu Makhzum clan of Quraysh[2]. Since he traced his lineage to Hudhayl ibn Mudrikah from the Adnani Arabs, he was known as al-Hudhali[3]. His kunya was Abu Abd al-Rahman[4] and Ibn Umm Abd; this was recorded because his mother was Umm Abd bint Abdud bin Suwah from Hudhayl[5]. According to a report, the Prophet (peace be upon him) gave him the kunya Abu Abd al-Rahman[6]. Due to his father's alliance with Banu Zuhrah from the clans of Quraysh, he was called "Halif Banu Zuhrah" (Confederate of Banu Zuhrah)[7].

Ibn Masud's mother was among the narrators of Hadith of the Prophet[8]. His wife, Zaynab bint Abdullah al-Thaqafiyyah, was also a narrator of Hadith[9]. He had two sons named Abd al-Rahman and Abu Ubaydah[10].


Conversion of Ibn Masud to Islam

There is disagreement regarding the time of Ibn Masud's conversion to Islam. Some consider him the sixth acceptor of Islam and thus call him Sadis al-Sittah (Sixth of the Six)[11]; but Ibn Ishaq and others considered him the twenty-second convert[12]. Regarding the manner of his conversion, it is reported that while herding sheep, he saw a miracle from the Prophet (peace be upon him) and became Muslim[13]. He asked the Prophet to teach him knowledge. The Prophet said: "Innaka laghulam mu'allam" (You are a taught boy)[14]. According to these reports, his conversion to Islam was before the Prophet's invitation in Dar al-Arqam; as Al-Waqidi indicates[15].

Ibn Masud was the first new Muslim who voluntarily recited Surah Ar-Rahman aloud to the polytheists of Mecca, and for this reason Quraysh beat him; but he did not stop reciting until he finished reading those verses[16].

He served in the Prophet's house along with his mother who had converted to Islam, and accompanied him in travel and residence, and attended to keeping his personal belongings such as clothes and shoes and preparing his bed[17]. Therefore, he was given the title "Sahib al-Na'layn wa al-Siwak wa al-Wasad" (Owner of the Two Sandals, Toothstick, and Cushion)[18].


Title of Dhul-Hijratayn

Ibn Masud was called Dhul-Hijratayn due to migration to Abyssinia and Medina[19]. In the second migration, his brother Utbah was also present[20]. In Abyssinia, he was engaged in buying and selling in a market[21]. But Ibn Ishaq names 10 men and four women in the first migration whose names do not include him[22].

Ibn Hajar also only spoke of his presence in the second migration[23]. According to a narration, he returned from Abyssinia following the rumor of the Meccans' conversion to Islam; but unlike others who stayed in Mecca using the law of protection or secretly[24], he returned to Abyssinia again[25].


Status among Shia and Sunni

Sunni agree on his high status and consider him among the Ten Promised Paradise[26]. In Imamiyya works, Ibn Masud is always respectfully mentioned as one of the great Companions and attention is paid to his narrations, especially his hadiths confirming the virtues of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them)[27]. However, Shia scholars do not agree on him. Some have doubted his Shia affiliation; citing evidence including a narration from Fadl ibn Shadhan regarding Ibn Masud being mukhaltit (a narrator who mixes correct and incorrect narrations)[28] and also his juridical fatwas and his criticism in some narrations and the preference of the recitation of Ubayy ibn Ka'b over his recitation by Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him)[29].

This group considered the narrations of Shaykh Saduq weak which counted Ibn Masud among the 12 opponents of Abu Bakr and brought a narration from the Prophet (peace be upon him) introducing the Twelve Imams as his successors[30]. Another group authenticated him with arguments; including that Ibn Qulawayh narrated from him in Kamil al-Ziyarat[31].


Notes

  1. ↑ Al-Tanbih wa al-Ishraf, p. 255; Jamharat Ansab al-Arab, p. 197
  2. ↑ Al-Tabaqat, vol. 3, p. 150
  3. ↑ Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah, vol. 1, p. 255; Al-Tabaqat, vol. 3, p. 150
  4. ↑ Al-Tabaqat, vol. 3, p. 150; Siyar A'lam al-Nubala, vol. 1, p. 461; Usd al-Ghabah, vol. 3, p. 280
  5. ↑ Siyar A'lam al-Nubala, vol. 1, p. 462
  6. ↑ Siyar A'lam al-Nubala, vol. 1, p. 462
  7. ↑ Al-Tabaqat, vol. 3, p. 150; Usd al-Ghabah, vol. 3, p. 280
  8. ↑ Al-Isti'ab, vol. 4, p. 1946; Usd al-Ghabah, vol. 6, p. 363
  9. ↑ Al-Isti'ab, vol. 4, p. 1856
  10. ↑ Al-Tabaqat, vol. 6, p. 210; Tahdhib al-Tahdhib, vol. 6, p. 195
  11. ↑ Al-Mustadrak, vol. 3, p. 313; Usd al-Ghabah, vol. 3, p. 281; Al-Isabah, vol. 4, p. 199
  12. ↑ Siyar A'lam al-Nubala, vol. 1, p. 464
  13. ↑ Musnad Ahmad, vol. 1, p. 379; Al-Isti'ab, vol. 3, p. 987–988; Usd al-Ghabah, vol. 3, p. 281
  14. ↑ Al-Tabaqat, vol. 3, p. 150–151; Usd al-Ghabah, vol. 3, p. 281; Al-Isabah, vol. 4, p. 199
  15. ↑ Ansab al-Ashraf, vol. 11, p. 210
  16. ↑ Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah, vol. 1, p. 314–315; Ansab al-Ashraf, vol. 11, p. 211; Usd al-Ghabah, vol. 3, p. 281–282
  17. ↑ Usd al-Ghabah, vol. 3, p. 282; Al-Isabah, vol. 4, p. 199–200
  18. ↑ Ansab al-Ashraf, vol. 11, p. 217; Al-Isti'ab, vol. 3, p. 988; Al-Isabah, vol. 4, p. 200
  19. ↑ Ibn Athir, Ali ibn Muhammad al-Jazari, Usd al-Ghabah, (d. 630 AH), Beirut, Dar al-Fikr, 1409 AH, vol. 3, p. 282
  20. ↑ Baladhuri, Ahmad, Ansab al-Ashraf, edited by Muhammad Hamidullah, Cairo, 1959 CE, vol. 1, p. 233
  21. ↑ Bayhaqi, Ahmad ibn Husayn, Dala'il al-Nubuwwah, (d. 458 AH), edited by Abd al-Mu'ti, Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, 1405 AH, vol. 2, p. 299
  22. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Abd al-Malik ibn Hisham, Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah, (d. 218 AH), edited by al-Saqqa and others, Beirut, Al-Maktabah al-Ilmiyyah, vol. 1, p. 322–323
  23. ↑ Ibn Hajar, Asqalani, Fath al-Bari, (d. 852 AH), Beirut, Dar al-Ma'rifah, vol. 7, p. 190
  24. ↑ Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir, Tarikh al-Tabari, vol. 2, p. 340–341
  25. ↑ Ibn Sa'd, Muhammad, Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, edited by Sachau and others, Leiden, 1904–1918 CE, vol. 3, p. 112
  26. ↑ Al-Isti'ab, vol. 3, p. 988; Usd al-Ghabah, vol. 3, p. 284
  27. ↑ Al-Khisal, p. 173, 464, 467–469
  28. ↑ Rijal al-Kashi, vol. 1, p. 178–179
  29. ↑ Al-Kafi, vol. 2, p. 634; Mu'jam Rijal al-Hadith, vol. 11, p. 345
  30. ↑ Mu'jam Rijal al-Hadith, vol. 11, p. 345–346
  31. ↑ Mu'jam Rijal al-Hadith, vol. 11, p. 344–345

References

  • Al-Tanbih wa al-Ishraf.
  • Jamharat Ansab al-Arab.
  • Al-Tabaqat.
  • Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah.
  • Siyar A'lam al-Nubala.
  • Usd al-Ghabah.
  • Al-Isti'ab.
  • Tahdhib al-Tahdhib.
  • Al-Mustadrak.
  • Al-Isabah.
  • Musnad Ahmad.
  • Ansab al-Ashraf.
  • Dala'il al-Nubuwwah.
  • Tarikh al-Tabari.
  • Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra.
  • Fath al-Bari.
  • Al-Khisal.
  • Rijal al-Kashi.
  • Al-Kafi.
  • Mu'jam Rijal al-Hadith.
  • Kamil al-Ziyarat.

Mushaf of Ibn Mas'ud

According to sources, Ibn Mas'ud dictated Quranic verses from memory to his students, and they wrote his recitation in mushafs[1].

During the collection of the Quran and the preparation of the official mushaf by Uthman under the supervision of Zayd ibn Thabit, narrations mention a version titled Mushaf of Ibn Mas'ud which was not accepted, and Uthman ordered him to surrender his mushaf to be destroyed along with other mushafs. According to narrations, Ibn Mas'ud did not comply with this order and was beaten on Uthman's command for this reason[2].

However, according to some narrations, Ibn Mas'ud deviated from this position and approved the Uthmanic Mushaf[3].


Ibn Mas'ud and the Immediate Caliphate of Imam Ali

Viewpoint of Some Rijal Scholars

However, on the other hand, some rijal scholars have considered him a follower of the general public and cited evidence of Ibn Mas'ud's opposition to Imam Ali (peace be upon him); including: Fatwas he issued regarding inheritance were contrary to Imam Ali (peace be upon him) and there were discrepancies between his Quran recitation and the recitation of the Imams; meaning the Imams did not validate his recitation; including:

A Narration from Imam Baqir

It is narrated from Imam Baqir (peace be upon him) that he said: Ibn Mas'ud had removed two Surah Al-Mu'awwidhatayn from the Quran; while my father said: Ibn Mas'ud did this on his own opinion[4].

Viewpoint of Allamah Testeri

The late Allamah Testeri in the book Qamus al-Rijal critiques the reasons mentioned for Ibn Mas'ud's Shia affiliation and says: The report of twelve people denying the caliphate of Abu Bakr is mentioned in other sources such as Al-Ihtijaj al-Tabarsi and Ibn Mas'ud is not counted among them, and on the other hand, we have reports of his opposition to Imam Ali (peace be upon him); and the narration transmitted with the content that "Ibn Mas'ud said I did not seek permission from my Imam in matters, just as Salman and Ammar did; therefore I repent" is a single narration and cannot be relied upon[5].

Viewpoint of the Late Khoei

The late Sayyid Abu al-Qasim Khoei also in the book Mu'jam Rijal al-Hadith does not consider him a lover of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) and says: He was not a follower of the Imam; but since he appears in the chains of Kitab Kamil al-Ziyarat, a judgment of his reliability can be made[6].


Death

He died in Medina in the year 32 AH at the age of sixty-plus and was buried in Al-Baqi Cemetery[7].


Notes

  1. ↑ "Al-Mabani", pp. 35-36; Abu Nuaym, Vol. 1, p. 124
  2. ↑ Ibn Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Masahif, 1355 AH, pp. 13-18
  3. ↑ Pakatchi, Ahmad, entry "Ibn Mas'ud, Abu Abd al-Rahman" in Great Islamic Encyclopedia, Vol. 4
  4. ↑ Ali ibn Ibrahim Qumi, Tafsir al-Qumi, Vol. 2, p. 450
  5. ↑ Muhammad Taqi, Testeri, Qamus al-Rijal, Vol. 6, pp. 600-608, Jama'ah Mudarrisin Qum publication, Muharram 1415
  6. ↑ Khoei, Abu al-Qasim, Mu'jam Rijal al-Hadith, Vol. 10, p. 322, First Edition, 1979 CE, Madinat al-Ilm Qum Publications
  7. ↑ Ibn Sa'd, Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, Vol. 3, pp. 112-119, Beirut, 1st Edition, 1410 AH, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah
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