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Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
NameAbd al-Malik ibn Marwan
Personal Details
Death PlaceDamascus
Death Date86 AH (705 CE)
ReligionIslam

Abd al-Malik Marwan or Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan was the fifth Caliph of the Umayyad Caliphs in Damascus. He was one of the most powerful Umayyad caliphs and managed to overcome the political problems that arose during his reign. During his era, important poetry diwans and scientific books from various ancient languages were translated into Arabic, and scholars from other lands turned towards the court of Damascus.

Although before reaching the position of government he presented himself to the people of society as justified with asceticism and worship, but as soon as he reached the Caliphate, he bid farewell to all moral values and Islam and said to the Quran he was reciting: "This is the last of my covenant with you." (This is the last meeting between me and you.)[citation needed]

After reaching the Caliphate, he swore to God that he would drink wine and stated in a sermon: "Whoever invites me to piety, I will strike his neck! I will treat the pains of this Ummah with the sword."[citation needed]

One of the greatest sins of this Umayyad ruler was that he empowered a bloody and vile person named Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi over the life and honour of the Muslim people; one who considered the status of Abd al-Malik superior to the Prophet, was unparalleled in his hostility towards the Prophet's household and Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him) and hearing the word infidel was more pleasant to him than hearing Shia.[citation needed]

Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan

The caliphate of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan lasted twenty-one years. Historians have described Abd al-Malik as a clever, cautious, far-sighted, literate, intelligent, and scholarly individual[1].

The author of Al-Fakhri says: "Abd al-Malik was a wise, prudent, scholarly, virtuous, literate, intelligent, dominant, very majestic, extremely political, and possessed of good management[2]". Hindushah writes: "He was a wise, virtuous, eloquent, and jurist man, knowledgeable in the science of reports and subtleties of poetry, and possessed of opinion and management[3]".

Before attaining power, he was counted among the jurists of Medina[4]. He was known for asceticism, worship, and piety, spending his time in the mosque in worship, to the extent that he was called Hamamat al-Masjid (Pigeon of the Mosque)! It is said: After the death of his father Marwan, when the caliphate reached him, he was engaged in reading the Quran, but upon hearing this news, he closed the Quran and said: "Now there is a separation between me and you! And I have no more business with you[5]"!.

He truly separated from the Quran, and due to the arrogance of power, he became so distorted in character that historians bitterly recall the black record of his government. al-Suyuti and Ibn Athir write: During Islamic history, Abd al-Malik was the first person who committed treachery and betrayal (he killed Amr ibn Sa'id ibn al-As after granting him amnesty), the first person who prohibited people from speaking in the presence of the Caliph, and the first person who prevented enjoining good[6].

Two years after defeating Abdullah ibn Zubayr in Mecca (in the year 75 AH), during the Hajj pilgrimage journey, he entered Medina and in a speech addressed to the people said: I am neither like the humiliated Caliph (Uthman), nor like the lenient Caliph (Muawiyah), nor like the weak-minded Caliph (Yazid); I will not cure these people except with the sword. You demand the works of the Muhajirun from us, but you do not behave like them (you call us to piety and do not practice it yourselves). By God oath, from now on, whoever enjoins piety upon me, I will strike his neck[7]!.

He said the last sentence because preachers and Imams of Friday prayer would begin their Friday sermon speech with the phrase "Attaqullah" (Be pious)[8]. It is clear that when someone who considers himself the Caliph of the Prophet (peace be upon him) speaks such words in the city of the Prophet and beside his tomb, and attacks his tradition in this way, how will the behavior and speech of his officials be in distant provinces.

During his long government, Abd al-Malik became so accustomed to oppression, corruption, and tyranny that the light of faith in his heart was completely extinguished. One day he confessed this matter and said to Sa'id ibn Musayyib: "I have become such that if I do a good deed, I am not happy, and if a bad deed proceeds from me, I am not upset!" Sa'id ibn Musayyib said: The death of the heart has become complete in you[9]!

Abd al-Malik often conversed with a woman named Umm al-Darda. One day Umm al-Darda said to him: "O Commander of the Faithful! I have heard that after worship and Tahajjud, you have drunk wine"? ! And he replied: "Not only wine, but I have also drunk the blood of the people[10]" !!

He who one day sought refuge in God from Yazid's expedition to Mecca (to suppress Abdullah ibn Zubayr) and expressed hatred, after attaining government, not only continued this operation, but appointed a butcher like Al-Hajjaj for this task, and he bombarded the Masjid al-Haram and Kaaba (where the son of Zubayr had taken sanctuary) with catapults[11]"! The representatives of Abd al-Malik also established a government of terror and repression in various regions of the Islamic world following him, and behaved with the people with force and bullying.

Al-Masudi writes: "Abd al-Malik was a bloodthirsty individual. His officials like 'Hajjaj' governor of Iraq, Muhallab governor of Khorasan, and Hisham ibn Ismail governor of Medina were also like himself, butcher and merciless[12]". Hisham ibn Ismail, who was the governor of Medina, pressured the people so much and harmed the family of the Prophet (peace be upon him) so much that when Walid attained government after his father's death, he was forced to dismiss him from work[13]. Worse than all of them was Hajjaj, whose crimes are famous in Islamic history. Abd al-Malik, after the defeat of Abdullah ibn Zubayr by Hajjaj, appointed him as the governor of Hejaz (Mecca and Medina and Taif) for two years[14].

Notes

  1. ↑ Ibn Athir, Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, Beirut, Dar Sader, 1399 AH (1979 CE), Vol 4, p 520
  2. ↑ Ibn Tiqtqa, Al-Fakhri, Beirut, Dar Sader, 1386 AH (1966 CE), p 122 & 124
  3. ↑ Tajarib al-Salaf, Ed: Abbas Iqbal, 3rd Ed, Tehran, Tahuri Library, 1357 SH (1978 CE), p 75
  4. ↑ Ibn Tiqtqa, Al-Fakhri, Beirut, Dar Sader, 1386 AH (1966 CE), p 122-123; Suyuti, Tarikh al-Khulafa, Ed: Muhammad Muhyi al-Din Abd al-Hamid, 3rd Ed, Cairo, Al-Madani Press, 1383 AH (1963 CE), p 216
  5. ↑ Hindushah, Same book, p 76
  6. ↑ Suyuti, Tarikh al-Khulafa, Ed: Muhammad Muhyi al-Din Abd al-Hamid, 3rd Ed, Cairo, Al-Madani Press, 1383 AH (1963 CE), p 217; Ibn Tiqtqa, Al-Fakhri, Beirut, Dar Sader, 1386 AH (1966 CE), p 122; Al-Mubarrad, Al-Kamil fi al-Lughah wa al-Adab, Ed: Na'im Zarzur & Tagharid Baydun, Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah, 1985 CE, Vol 2, p 192; Hindushah, Same book, p 76; Jurji Zaydan, History of Islamic Civilization, Trans: Ali Jawaher Kalam, Tehran, Amir Kabir, 1336 SH (1957 CE), Vol 4, p 100
  7. ↑ Suyuti, Tarikh al-Khulafa, Ed: Muhammad Muhyi al-Din Abd al-Hamid, 3rd Ed, Cairo, Al-Madani Press, 1383 AH (1963 CE), p 218; Ibn Athir, Same book, Vol 4, p 522; Some of these actions were also previously done by Muawiyah.
  8. ↑ Dr. Shahidi, Sayyid Ja'far, Life of Ali ibn al-Husayn, 1st Ed, Tehran, Islamic Culture Publication Office, 1365 SH (1986 CE), p 98
  9. ↑ Ibn Tiqtqa, Al-Fakhri, Beirut, Dar Sader, 1386 AH, p 122; Ibn Athir, Vol 4, p 521; Hindushah, Same book, p 76
  10. ↑ Suyuti, Tarikh al-Khulafa, Ed: Muhammad Muhyi al-Din Abd al-Hamid, 3rd Ed, Cairo, Al-Madani Press, 1383 AH (1963 CE), p 216
  11. ↑ Suyuti, Tarikh al-Khulafa, Ed: Muhammad Muhyi al-Din Abd al-Hamid, 3rd Ed, Cairo, Al-Madani Press, 1383 AH (1963 CE), p 217; Hindushah, Same book, p 76
  12. ↑ Muruj al-Dhahab wa Ma'adin al-Jawhar, Beirut, Dar al-Andalus, Vol 3, p 91
  13. ↑ Ibn Wadih, Tarikh Ya'qubi, Commentary: Sayyid Muhammad Sadiq Bahr al-Ulum, Najaf, Al-Haydariyah Library, 1384 AH (1964 CE), Vol 3, p 27 & 29; Muhammad ibn Sa'd, Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, Beirut, Dar Sader, Vol 5, p 220
  14. ↑ Ibn Qutaybah Dinawari, Al-Imamah wa al-Siyasah, 3rd Ed, Cairo, Mustafa al-Babi al-Halabi Library, 1328 AH (1910 CE), Vol 2, p 31

Suppression of Opponents in Syria

Abd al-Malik faced two groups of opponents in the region of Syria:

  1. A group of governors in the Syria region were supporters of Ibn Zubayr, such as Zufar ibn al-Harith in Qarqisiya and another Natil ibn Qays al-Judhami in Palestine, both of whom Abd al-Malik suppressed.
  2. A group of Umayyads opposed Abd al-Malik's kingship and wanted to reach kingship themselves. The prominent figure of this group was Amr ibn Sa'id ibn al-Aas, known as Amr ibn Sa'id ibn al-Ashdaq. Abd al-Malik, to prevent his activities, promised him the crown prince position and dissuaded him from opposing himself, and later, at an opportunity, killed him.

Abd al-Malik managed to suppress a movement called the Jarajima uprising in the same manner[1].


Death of Abd al-Malik

Finally, Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan died on Thursday, 15 Shawwal of the year 86 AH (705 CE) in Damascus[2] and according to one account on 14 Shawwal at the age of sixty (or sixty-one). The duration of his caliphate was 21 years.


Notes

  1. ↑ Ibn Athir, Al-Kamil, 1965 CE, Vol 2, p 304
  2. ↑ Masudi, Muruj al-Dhahab, 1409 AH, Vol 3, p 92
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