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[[File:8888gjku.jpg|200px|frame|left|alt=Ramadan|Ramadan]]
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'''the Ramadan fast''' is a commemoration of the first revelation made to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in the ninth month of the lunar year. It is a time of joy and generosity, where the individual is attentive to the neediest and strengthens the links with the religious community. The practitioner observes prayer, strict daytime abstinence, and the rite of breaking the fast at sunset.
'''Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century: The Azhar and Shiism between Rapprochement and Restraint''' is a 2004 academic monograph by German historian of Islam [[Rainer Brunner]]. Published by [[Brill Publishers]], the book examines twentieth-century efforts at [[Sunni–Shia relations|Sunni–Shiʿi rapprochement]] (''taqrīb'') with a particular focus on [[Al-Azhar University]] and its engagement with [[Twelver Shiʿism]]. The study is widely regarded as a foundational work in the field of modern intra-Islamic relations.
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[[Ramadan and the Unity of Islamic Ummah|'''Continue ...''']]
The book analyzes theological debates, institutional initiatives, and political contexts that shaped ecumenical discourse between Sunni and Shiʿi scholars from the late nineteenth century through the latter half of the twentieth century.
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<span id="mp-more">[[Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century: The Azhar and Shiism between Rapprochement and Restraint (Book review)|'''Continue ...''']]</span>

Latest revision as of 09:45, 19 January 2026

Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century: The Azhar and Shiism between Rapprochement and Restraint is a 2004 academic monograph by German historian of Islam Rainer Brunner. Published by Brill Publishers, the book examines twentieth-century efforts at Sunni–Shiʿi rapprochement (taqrīb) with a particular focus on Al-Azhar University and its engagement with Twelver Shiʿism. The study is widely regarded as a foundational work in the field of modern intra-Islamic relations.

The book analyzes theological debates, institutional initiatives, and political contexts that shaped ecumenical discourse between Sunni and Shiʿi scholars from the late nineteenth century through the latter half of the twentieth century. Continue ...