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Islamic Movement in Eritrea: Difference between revisions
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Eritrea is bordered by the Red Sea from the east, Sudan from the north and west, Ethiopia from the south, and the Republic of Djibouti from the southeast. Eritrea has 126 islands and has abundant natural resources and fertile lands. Fifty percent of the people of Eritrea are Muslims; The most oppressed people who were attacked by colonial countries for more than four hundred years due to the sensitive geographical and commercial position of their country. | Eritrea is bordered by the Red Sea from the east, Sudan from the north and west, Ethiopia from the south, and the Republic of Djibouti from the southeast. Eritrea has 126 islands and has abundant natural resources and fertile lands. Fifty percent of the people of Eritrea are Muslims; The most oppressed people who were attacked by colonial countries for more than four hundred years due to the sensitive geographical and commercial position of their country. | ||
From 1527 to 1557, the Portuguese dominated this country, and from 1557 to 1885, the Ottoman Turks occupied it. After the Ottomans, it was the turn of the Italian colonial government; After the domination of Eritrea, the Italians allowed the most oppression on the oppressed people of Eritrea. Twenty-five thousand people were executed between 1913 and 1918 for the crime of political activities.<ref> | From 1527 to 1557, the Portuguese dominated this country, and from 1557 to 1885, the Ottoman Turks occupied it. After the Ottomans, it was the turn of the Italian colonial government; After the domination of Eritrea, the Italians allowed the most oppression on the oppressed people of Eritrea. Twenty-five thousand people were executed between 1913 and 1918 for the crime of political activities.Gholam Sakhi Halimi, Resaneh va jonbeshhaye eslami moaaser(Contemporary Islamic Movements and Media),First Edition,Qom:Markaze Pazhooheshhaye eslami seda & Symaye jomhoori eslami Iran,2003,p.74<ref>Gholam Sakhi Halimi, Resaneh va jonbeshhaye eslami moaaser(Contemporary Islamic Movements and Media),First Edition,Qom:Markaze Pazhooheshhaye eslami seda & Symaye jomhoori eslami Iran,2003,p.74</ref>. | ||
== The historical course of the Eritrean liberation movement == | == The historical course of the Eritrean liberation movement == | ||
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In 1981, with the mediation of some Islamic countries, the involved groups reached an agreement to resolve the differences through negotiations. Following this agreement, the battle with the ruling regime of Ethiopia intensified once again and the years 1984-1990 were difficult years for the Ethiopian army; Because the ruling regime of Ethiopia felt powerless against the resistance forces and was unable to face them. This caused the Americans to raise the issue of mediation in September 1989 to help and reduce the pressure on the Ethiopian government, which ended without practical results and emphasizing the continuation of negotiations in 1990. | In 1981, with the mediation of some Islamic countries, the involved groups reached an agreement to resolve the differences through negotiations. Following this agreement, the battle with the ruling regime of Ethiopia intensified once again and the years 1984-1990 were difficult years for the Ethiopian army; Because the ruling regime of Ethiopia felt powerless against the resistance forces and was unable to face them. This caused the Americans to raise the issue of mediation in September 1989 to help and reduce the pressure on the Ethiopian government, which ended without practical results and emphasizing the continuation of negotiations in 1990. | ||
The Eritrean Liberation Front, after thirty years of resistance, finally captured Asmara on May 28, 1991, and entered Addis Ababa in May of the same year and formed the Eritrean Provisional Government. In a referendum that took place on April 23-25, 1991, under the supervision of the United Nations, 99.8% of the Eritrean people voted in favor of independence from Ethiopia, and thus the independence of Eritrea was recognized in 1991.<ref> | The Eritrean Liberation Front, after thirty years of resistance, finally captured Asmara on May 28, 1991, and entered Addis Ababa in May of the same year and formed the Eritrean Provisional Government. In a referendum that took place on April 23-25, 1991, under the supervision of the United Nations, 99.8% of the Eritrean people voted in favor of independence from Ethiopia, and thus the independence of Eritrea was recognized in 1991.Ibid.,p.75-76<ref>Ibid.,p.75-76</ref>. | ||
The nature of the Eritrean movement and its intellectual and political positions | The nature of the Eritrean movement and its intellectual and political positions | ||
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Over time, the Eritrean Resistance Front, as a result of American and Western pressures, turned towards socialist ideology. In the first meeting of the fighting forces of Eritrea, which was formed in 1971, it was approved that the resistance front "will strengthen the existing relations with the socialist and democratic countries, as well as with the Eastern and progressive organizations. | Over time, the Eritrean Resistance Front, as a result of American and Western pressures, turned towards socialist ideology. In the first meeting of the fighting forces of Eritrea, which was formed in 1971, it was approved that the resistance front "will strengthen the existing relations with the socialist and democratic countries, as well as with the Eastern and progressive organizations. | ||
The inhumane crimes committed by the Ethiopian military in Eritrea and the inability of the liberation front to prevent them and the material needs of the movement caused the resistance front to turn to the communist countries. It was because of this initial change that the General Secretary of the Liberation Front, in addition to signing the document of cooperation with the Communist People's Republic of China, announced in a press interview in Beirut on June 15, 1981: "He has requested the help of arms from the Soviet Union.<ref> | The inhumane crimes committed by the Ethiopian military in Eritrea and the inability of the liberation front to prevent them and the material needs of the movement caused the resistance front to turn to the communist countries. It was because of this initial change that the General Secretary of the Liberation Front, in addition to signing the document of cooperation with the Communist People's Republic of China, announced in a press interview in Beirut on June 15, 1981: "He has requested the help of arms from the Soviet Union.Ibid.,p.77-78<ref>Ibid.,p.77-78</ref>. | ||
== The positions of the Eritrean movement towards the Islamic revolution == | == The positions of the Eritrean movement towards the Islamic revolution == | ||
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The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic issued a statement on 23 Nov 1993: "The Islamic Republic of Iran, recognizing the independence of this country, hopes that the people of Eritrea will be able to rebuild with the cooperation and assistance of the international community and good neighborliness with the countries of the region." and achieve great success in the growth and development of their country. | The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic issued a statement on 23 Nov 1993: "The Islamic Republic of Iran, recognizing the independence of this country, hopes that the people of Eritrea will be able to rebuild with the cooperation and assistance of the international community and good neighborliness with the countries of the region." and achieve great success in the growth and development of their country. | ||
Of course, among the militant and politically active groups in the Eritrean Islamic Movement, only the "Eritrean Liberation Front - Revolutionary Council", which was formed in Cairo in 1961 under the leadership of "Ahmed Muhammad Nasser", and whose members are all Muslims, had an office in Tehran. The leader of this front has also met with Imam Khomeini, may God have mercy on him, during his two trips to Tehran. But as a result of the changes in the positions of Eritrean political and militant groups towards intellectual and political issues, their relationship with the Islamic Revolution was limited and their office was closed in Tehran, and now the Islamic Republic has no relationship with Eritrea. | Of course, among the militant and politically active groups in the Eritrean Islamic Movement, only the "Eritrean Liberation Front - Revolutionary Council", which was formed in Cairo in 1961 under the leadership of "Ahmed Muhammad Nasser", and whose members are all Muslims, had an office in Tehran. The leader of this front has also met with Imam Khomeini, may God have mercy on him, during his two trips to Tehran. But as a result of the changes in the positions of Eritrean political and militant groups towards intellectual and political issues, their relationship with the Islamic Revolution was limited and their office was closed in Tehran, and now the Islamic Republic has no relationship with Eritrea.Ibid.,P.78-79<ref>Ibid.,P.78-79</ref>. | ||
== Criticism and evaluation of the Eritrean Islamic movement == | == Criticism and evaluation of the Eritrean Islamic movement == | ||
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In this gathering that ended on December 23, 1982, the participating groups reached agreements on political, military, etc. issues, but the problem of political groups was not solved in general; Because the basic problem of the freedom-loving forces was the intellectual positions that had been introduced to the resistance front by influential people affiliated with socialist and Marxist groups. | In this gathering that ended on December 23, 1982, the participating groups reached agreements on political, military, etc. issues, but the problem of political groups was not solved in general; Because the basic problem of the freedom-loving forces was the intellectual positions that had been introduced to the resistance front by influential people affiliated with socialist and Marxist groups. | ||
The Marxist tendency was so widespread among the leaders of the Liberation Front that some parties such as the "Eritrean People's Liberation Front" which was made up of dissidents from other groups, officially followed the ideology of Marxism. Therefore, the deviation of Eritrea's liberation movement from the basic principles of Islam is the main cause of its failure. | The Marxist tendency was so widespread among the leaders of the Liberation Front that some parties such as the "Eritrean People's Liberation Front" which was made up of dissidents from other groups, officially followed the ideology of Marxism. Therefore, the deviation of Eritrea's liberation movement from the basic principles of Islam is the main cause of its failure.Ibid.,p.80-81<ref>Ibid.,p.80-81</ref>. | ||
== References == | |||