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Mahdaviyyeh Movement (1879-1898) (Mahdi Sudani): Difference between revisions
Mahdaviyyeh Movement (1879-1898) (Mahdi Sudani) (view source)
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'''Muhammad Ahmed Abdallah, born on Labab Island in the Nile region of Dongola province, belonging to a Nubian family, who claimed to be a descendant of the Prophet Mohammad , moved to Karari (in the north of Omdurman).''' | '''Muhammad Ahmed Abdallah, born on Labab Island in the Nile region of Dongola province, belonging to a Nubian family, who claimed to be a descendant of the Prophet Mohammad , moved to Karari (in the north of Omdurman).''' | ||
'''He studied traditional Islamic education and at the age of seventeen became a student of Muhammad Sharif Nur-al-Daim, the sheikh of | '''He studied traditional Islamic education and at the age of seventeen became a student of Muhammad Sharif Nur-al-Daim, the sheikh of Sammanyyah Sufi sect. He learned the knowledge of the Sufis from his teacher for seven years, and later he was allowed to teach the principles of jurisprudence and become a member of the sect. Mircea Eliade, The Encyclopedia of Religion, Vol. X Muhammad Ahmad, ed.by John O.Hunwick (16 Vols.; U.S.A: Macmillam, 1987) P.147'''<ref>'''Mircea Eliade, The Encyclopedia of Religion, Vol. X Muhammad Ahmad, ed.by John O.Hunwick (16 Vols.; U.S.A: Macmillam, 1987) P.147'''</ref> | ||
'''In 1870, he settled on the island of Aba (in the northern part of Kosti) in the White Nile region, along with his three brothers who were involved in the family business of boat building.''' | '''In 1870, he settled on the island of Aba (in the northern part of Kosti) in the White Nile region, along with his three brothers who were involved in the family business of boat building.''' | ||
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'''As soon as he settled there, his fame and prestige as a Sufi teacher and ascetic led him to gain significant followers among the native people of the region. His teacher Muhammad Sharif also settled near him in 1872 AD ( 1288 AH), but the quarrel between these two people had started long ago, perhaps due to Muhammad Sharif's jealousy of his student.''' | '''As soon as he settled there, his fame and prestige as a Sufi teacher and ascetic led him to gain significant followers among the native people of the region. His teacher Muhammad Sharif also settled near him in 1872 AD ( 1288 AH), but the quarrel between these two people had started long ago, perhaps due to Muhammad Sharif's jealousy of his student.''' | ||
'''Muhammad Sharif announced that Muhammad Ahmad was expelled from the | '''Muhammad Sharif announced that Muhammad Ahmad was expelled from the Samanyyah sect, while Muhammad Ahmad declared his affiliation with the sect of Samanyyah and accused his previous Sheikh of having deviated from Sharia.Ibid., P.147'''<ref>'''Ibid., P.147'''</ref> | ||
'''In 1878, his new sheikh, al-Qorashi-wad al-Zin, died and Muhammad Ahmad was recognized as his successor. After a while, he met with | '''In 1878, his new sheikh, al-Qorashi-wad al-Zin, died and Muhammad Ahmad was recognized as his successor. After a while, he met with Caliphah Abdullah (Abdullahi) ibn Muhammad, who later became his political successor. Abdullah's interest and attachment to Mohammad Ahmad was more than that of a Sufi disciple to his teacher, he considered Mohammad Ahmad as the awaited Mahdi.''' | ||
'''It is believed that the last deposit of Islam will come before the end of the world to establish justice, equality and unity that will rule the whole world.''' | '''It is believed that the last deposit of Islam will come before the end of the world to establish justice, equality and unity that will rule the whole world.''' | ||
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'''For three months, his Mahdihood was a secret, first revealed only to his trusted disciples and followers, then to religious scholars and finally to the general public in a visiting of Alubayyid in Kordofan.''' | '''For three months, his Mahdihood was a secret, first revealed only to his trusted disciples and followers, then to religious scholars and finally to the general public in a visiting of Alubayyid in Kordofan.''' | ||
== '''The history of the Mahdi movement''' == | == '''The history of the Mahdi's movement''' == | ||
'''Finally, on the 29th of June 1881, his public appearance as the | '''Finally, on the 29th of June 1881, his public appearance as the Awaited Mahdi took place in Aba Island and she asked his followers to join him.''' | ||
'''Events were moving fast. In accordance with the Prophet's actions in calling the true followers and believers, he migrated from the island of Abba to Jabal Qadir in the Nuba Mountains south of Kurdefan and called those who were with him the Ansar.''' | '''Events were moving fast. In accordance with the Prophet's actions in calling the true followers and believers, he migrated from the island of Abba to Jabal Qadir in the Nuba Mountains south of Kurdefan and called those who were with him the Ansar.''' | ||
'''While taking refuge in Mount Qadir, Mahdi's supporters won two impressive victories against the forces sent by the " | '''While taking refuge in Mount Qadir, Mahdi's supporters won two impressive victories against the forces sent by the "Turkish and Egyptian" government, which brought great prestige and a significant amount of weapons and war trophies to Mahdi.''' | ||
'''Mahdi now turned his attention to the central "Kordofan", that is, the place where he was warmly welcomed before the emergence of his Mahdism. An initial attack by Mahdi forces against Ubayyid in September 1882 was repulsed by the government corps with heavy losses, but a siege led to the fall of the city in favor of Mahdi in 1883. The global concept of Mahdi's mission was now revealed.''' | '''Mahdi now turned his attention to the central "Kordofan", that is, the place where he was warmly welcomed before the emergence of his Mahdism. An initial attack by Mahdi forces against Ubayyid in September 1882 was repulsed by the government corps with heavy losses, but a siege led to the fall of the city in favor of Mahdi in 1883. The global concept of Mahdi's mission was now revealed.''' | ||
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'''Muhammad Ahmad bin Al-Sayyed Abdullah, A spiritual man who combined his personal attractions with religious prejudices and was determined to expel the Turks from Sudan and return Islam to its original source of purity and purity.''' | '''Muhammad Ahmad bin Al-Sayyed Abdullah, A spiritual man who combined his personal attractions with religious prejudices and was determined to expel the Turks from Sudan and return Islam to its original source of purity and purity.''' | ||
'''The son of a boat builder from the city of "Dangola", Muhammad Ahmed, became the disciple and follower of Muhammad Al-Sharif, the leader of the " | '''The son of a boat builder from the city of "Dangola", Muhammad Ahmed, became the disciple and follower of Muhammad Al-Sharif, the leader of the "Samaniyyah" sect. Later, as the sheikh of the sect, Muhammad Ahmad spent several years in seclusion and gained fame and prestige as a teacher, Sufi, and mystic. In 1880 AD, he became the leader of Samaniyyah.''' | ||
'''Muhammad Ahmad's sermons attracted many followers to him. Among the people who joined him, was Abdullahi bin Muhammad from South Sudan and from Darfur region. His ability to plan and design was precious and valuable to Muhammad Ahmed who introduced himself as Al-Mahdi al-Muntazar.''' | '''Muhammad Ahmad's sermons attracted many followers to him. Among the people who joined him, was Abdullahi bin Muhammad from South Sudan and from Darfur region. His ability to plan and design was precious and valuable to Muhammad Ahmed who introduced himself as Al-Mahdi al-Muntazar.''' | ||
'''The | '''The Mahdaviyah's Movement wanted to return to the simplicity and purity of early Islam. They refrained from consuming alcohol and tobacco. Even after Mahdi declared Jihad against Turkey, Khartoum expelled him as a religious fanatic.''' | ||
'''When his religious fervor led to criticism of the tax collectors, the government paid more attention to him. To avoid arresting, Mahdi and some of his followers, Ansar, moved towards Kurdufan. And there he gathered a large number of soldiers, especially from Baqqara.''' | '''When his religious fervor led to criticism of the tax collectors, the government paid more attention to him. To avoid arresting, Mahdi and some of his followers, Ansar, moved towards Kurdufan. And there he gathered a large number of soldiers, especially from Baqqara.''' | ||
'''From a shelter in this area, he wrote to the sheikhs of the religious sects and obtained the active support or guarantee of neutrality of all of them, except the pro-Egyptian | '''From a shelter in this area, he wrote to the sheikhs of the religious sects and obtained the active support or guarantee of neutrality of all of them, except the pro-Egyptian Khatmiyyah. Arab merchants and tribes dependent on the slave trade also responded to him. Hadandowa Beja also joined the Mahdi with the leader and commander of the Ansar, Usman Digna. Http:// Lcweb 2. Loc.gov''' <ref> '''Http:// Lcweb 2. Loc.gov'''</ref> | ||
'''The year 1883 AD was the year of decisive victories for this movement, so that a huge force composed of British and Egyptian people under the command of British General Hicks was defeated and routed in Kurdufan after eight months of war, and General Hicks himself was killed. Even a number of Hicks army soldiers who served in Urabi Pasha's army in the battle against England and were sent to Sudan as punishment, joined the rebels.''' | '''The year 1883 AD was the year of decisive victories for this movement, so that a huge force composed of British and Egyptian people under the command of British General Hicks was defeated and routed in Kurdufan after eight months of war, and General Hicks himself was killed. Even a number of Hicks army soldiers who served in Urabi Pasha's army in the battle against England and were sent to Sudan as punishment, joined the rebels.''' | ||
'''The rebellion spread to the coastal provinces of the Red Sea and by the end of 1883, the followers of the Mahdi and the forces of the movement had suffered a series of heavy defeats against the combined forces of the British-Egyptian who were under the | '''The rebellion spread to the coastal provinces of the Red Sea and by the end of 1883, the followers of the Mahdi and the forces of the movement had suffered a series of heavy defeats against the combined forces of the British-Egyptian who were under the command of Baker and others. They liberated all the provinces of Sudan and except the Narrow Strait In the Nile Valley, the whole country, both east and west of the Nile, was occupied in early 1884.''' | ||
'''By changing tactics and with the intention of compromising with the | '''By changing tactics and with the intention of compromising with the Mahdi Sudani ,and by suggesting that the rebellion is against the domination of Egypt, The British decided to declare Sudan independent from Egypt, but rule on Sudan as a British colony, and therefore appointed General Gordon as the head of the country.''' | ||
'''He entered Khartoum in February 1884 AD and in implementing this policy, he forgave the back taxes and released the prisoners, and by announcing Sudan's independence from Egypt, he introduced himself as the governor of Sudan and appointed Mahdi as the Sultan of Kordofan.''' | '''He entered Khartoum in February 1884 AD and in implementing this policy, he forgave the back taxes and released the prisoners, and by announcing Sudan's independence from Egypt, he introduced himself as the governor of Sudan and appointed Mahdi as the Sultan of Kordofan.''' | ||
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== '''Intellectual and political features and positions''' == | == '''Intellectual and political features and positions''' == | ||
'''The intellectual roots of the | '''The intellectual roots of the Mahdi Sudani movement go back to the teachings of Sufism and Sufi sects with reformist and social tendencies on the one hand, especially the teachings of Imam Mohammad al-Ghazzali, and on the other hand to the teachings and theories of Sayyed Jam al-Din al-Asadabadi. Muhammad Ahmad, as is common among Africans, recognized Islam with admixtures of Sufism and was influenced by the teachings and calls of some Sufi sects.''' | ||
'''Due to his connection with Al-Mahdi, the successor of Muhammad bin Ali Senousi, he was probably inspired by the reform and anti-colonial movement of Senousi. In addition, Muhammad Ahmad and a number of his companions and followers were directly or indirectly influenced by Sayyed Jamal's school and movement through Egypt. Ibid; Pages 257 and 258.'''<ref> '''Ibid; Pages 257 and 258.'''</ref> | '''Due to his connection with Al-Mahdi, the successor of Muhammad bin Ali Senousi, he was probably inspired by the reform and anti-colonial movement of Senousi. In addition, Muhammad Ahmad and a number of his companions and followers were directly or indirectly influenced by Sayyed Jamal's school and movement through Egypt. Ibid; Pages 257 and 258.'''<ref> '''Ibid; Pages 257 and 258.'''</ref> | ||
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'''Mohammad Ahmad Sudani, by considering the moral and social degradation, corruption, destruction, weakness and dispersion of the Muslims of Sudan, and the injustice and oppression that has been suffered by the three groups of Egyptian rulers, local powerful people, and the British,which affected the people,so he started Jihad and armed uprising.''' | '''Mohammad Ahmad Sudani, by considering the moral and social degradation, corruption, destruction, weakness and dispersion of the Muslims of Sudan, and the injustice and oppression that has been suffered by the three groups of Egyptian rulers, local powerful people, and the British,which affected the people,so he started Jihad and armed uprising.''' | ||
''' | '''Mahdi Sudani, based on his religious teachings and revivalist views, sought to solve these problems by revolting against internal corruption and foreign invasion. The main slogans and objectives of the Mahdi Sudani's reform call were:''' | ||
'''Fighting polytheism and heresies and deviations, returning to monotheism and pure religion and true Islam free from the heresies of perverts and oppressors, following the Qur'an and implementing Islamic rulings through the establishment of an Islamic government, the unity of Muslims and the fight against European and British colonialists and invaders, free Making Sudan, Egypt and the Islamic world from foreign rule, spreading religion throughout the world and relying and emphasizing principles and concepts such as Jihad, Ijtihad, Emigration, Imamate and Leadership.''' | '''Fighting polytheism and heresies and deviations, returning to monotheism and pure religion and true Islam free from the heresies of perverts and oppressors, following the Qur'an and implementing Islamic rulings through the establishment of an Islamic government, the unity of Muslims and the fight against European and British colonialists and invaders, free Making Sudan, Egypt and the Islamic world from foreign rule, spreading religion throughout the world and relying and emphasizing principles and concepts such as Jihad, Ijtihad, Emigration, Imamate and Leadership.''' | ||