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Houari Boumédiène
File:Houari Boumédiène.jpg
NameBoumédiène, Houari
Other NamesMohammad Ben Ibrahim Boukharouba
Personal Details
Birth PlaceHeliopolis, Guelma Province, Algeria
ReligionIslam

Houari Boumédiène (pseudonym of Mohammad Ben Ibrahim Boukharouba) was one of the leaders of the Algerian revolution and the president of this country from 1344–1357 SH / 1965–1978. He also held positions such as Minister of Defense and Vice President.


Birth and Education

He was born in 1304 SH in a village near Guelma, a suburb of Constantine (Qustantinah) in Algeria.[1]. He completed the first stage of his education in Quranic schools and a French school in Constantine. Afterwards, he returned to his birthplace and worked as a teacher.


Struggle Activities

Like many people of Algeria, Boukharouba turned to fighting French colonialism with nationalist beliefs. His struggles peaked with participation in the "Sétif Uprising" in 1324 SH / 1945 and the Algerian War of Independence (1333–1341 SH / 1954–1962). In 1324 SH / 1945, he joined the "Algerian People's Party" led by Messali Hadj. In 1331 SH / 1952, to avoid serving in the French army, he left his homeland for Cairo[2]. He studied religious sciences at Al-Azhar University in Egypt and Zitouna in Tunisia[3] and in 1334 SH / 1955 secretly returned to Algeria and engaged in armed struggle against French colonizers alongside the mujahideen of the Algerian Army of Liberation in the Oranie region (western Algeria). From then on, he was nicknamed "Houari Boumédiène". From 1336 SH / 1957, Boumédiène gradually climbed the ranks of the Army of Liberation and in 1339 SH / 1960 reached the position of Chief of Staff of the Army of Liberation[4].


Boumédiène After Algerian Independence

After Algeria's independence in 1341 SH / 1962, Boumédiène supported Ahmed Ben Bella in forming the government[5]. In the first independent Algerian government, led by Ben Bella, Boumédiène was appointed to the positions of Minister of Defense and Commander-in-Chief, Head of the National Revolutionary Council, and First Vice President[6]. On 29 Khordad 1344 / 19 June 1965, Colonel Boumédiène removed Ben Bella through a military coup. After the coup, the Revolutionary Council, composed of military figures and led by Colonel Boumédiène, took control[7]. During the coup, Boumédiène removed Ben Bella's associates from important state positions. In fact, the coup was the result of political actions that began with the dismissal of the Minister of Interior Ahmed Medeghri, a supporter of Boumédiène, and its success was due to Ben Bella's authoritarian policies which caused him to lose the support of many Algerian politicians and ministers[8].


Formation of Government

On 19 Tir 1344 / 10 July 1965, Boumédiène formed a twenty-member government in which he held the positions of Prime Minister, Minister of Defense, and Head of the Revolutionary Council. The goals of the new government were: re-establishment of revolutionary principles; remediation and compensation for damages caused by Ben Bella's individual tyranny; ending internal conflicts; creating a real socialist society based on a sound economy; continuation of non-aligned foreign policy; and support for liberation and independence movements[9].


Coup Against Boumédiène and Its Results

With Boumédiène's rise to power, the influence and authoritative presence of the military expanded in all sections and in the country's structure[10]. However, the failed coup by Colonel Taher Zbiri in 1346 SH / 1967 led Boumédiène to rely on a coalition of experienced administrative specialists and expert military advisors instead of relying on military support[11]. After the failure of Zbiri's coup, factional conflicts in Algeria subsided, internal security was established, and henceforth no active opposition to the government emerged[12] [13] [14].


Achievements of Boumédiène's Government

In the years 1347–1350 SH / 1968–1971, the government structure took shape and the state economy developed. Boumédiène implemented the model of state cooperatives and state investment. The peak of this stage was his success in nationalizing the oil and gas industries in 1350 SH / 1971[15], the Algerian government, with the aim of socialistizing the country, took control of almost all economic investments. Boumédiène's firm belief was that only with a coherent and centralized decision-making system could one overcome the adverse economic effects of the eight-year war of independence and extensive factional conflicts[16][17]. For the country's development, Boumédiène emphasized changing the material infrastructure of society through rapid industrial growth[18]. The "industrial equipment" policy was pursued in the form of a preliminary three-year plan and two four-year development programs (totaling from 1346 SH / 1967 to 1356 SH / 1974)[19][20] [21].


Adverse Effects of Boumédiène's Economic Policies

Boumédiène's economic strategies were not as successful in the long term as he expected. Until the mid-1970s, extensive state intervention caused inefficiency in the public sector, and the country's foreign debts added to the worsening situation[22] [23] [24].

Foreign Policy of the Boumédiène Government

In terms of foreign policy, following the death of Jamal * Abdel Nasser (1349 SH/1970), Boumédiène's influence gradually increased in the Arab world and the Third World, and Algeria, with its revolutionary past and active foreign policy, was considered one of the prominent countries of the Third World[25].

The most fundamental change in this country's foreign policy, following the fall of Ben Bella, was support for Pan-Arabism * (Arab Union). In line with this policy, following the Arab-Israeli War in 1346 SH/1967, Algeria joined the "Rejectionist Front *" (Jabhat al-Rafd) and opposed any negotiations for peace with Israel.

Boumédiène also supported the Palestine Liberation Organization.

During the Ramadan War (Mehr 1352/October 1973) between the Arabs and Israel, Algeria was active on the diplomatic front (Asadi, vol. 1, p. 170). Boumédiène encouraged African countries to sever relations with Israel to thereby place Israel in political isolation[26].

In Azar 1356/December 1977, Algeria, by signing the Tripoli Declaration, condemned Egypt's efforts to negotiate with Israel and severed its political relations with Egypt[27].

Boumédiène steered Algeria towards adopting a policy of neutrality * in international relations, while remaining committed to consensus on issues of interest to Third World countries[28].

In the 1970s, possessing strong diplomatic delegations, Algeria was recognized as one of the founders of the "Group of 77" and a promoter of the "New International Economic Order" plan within the framework of the United Nations[29] [30][31].

At the summits of the Organization of African Unity and the Fourth Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement (1352 SH/1973 in Algeria), Boumédiène played a significant role in creating coordination among Arab-African countries[32] and was elected chairman of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1356 SH/1977[33].

The Most Tense Issue in Boumédiène's Government Foreign Policy

The most tense issue in the foreign policy of Boumédiène's government was the Western Sahara issue. Algeria's material and moral support for the Polisario * caused a deterioration in this country's relations with Morocco and Mauritania. In 1354 SH/1976, Algeria recognized the "Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic", and Morocco and Mauritania severed their political relations with Algeria[34][35].

Also, during Boumédiène's rule and through his mediation and initiative, the Algiers Agreement (on 15 Esfand 1353) for resolving disputes between Iran and Iraq was signed between the two countries[36].


Arab Identity in Boumédiène's Government

During Boumédiène's leadership, the return to Arab identity in Algeria gained strength, and the Francophone (French-speaking) faction failed to dominate the ruling body[37]. Unlike Ben Bella, Boumédiène, despite a secular policy, fundamentally respected the Arab-Islamic heritage and considered Islam a spiritual path with a socio-political program that is more advanced than other religions in the struggle for human Freedom.

He called himself a Muslim socialist[38]. Boumédiène seriously pursued the "Arabization policy" of Algeria and for this purpose established the "Ministry of Original Education and Religious Affairs" in 1349 SH/1970. The implementation of this policy provided a favorable environment for religious scholars to propagate and promote Islamic teachings throughout Algeria[39]. In 1355 SH/1976, the "National Charter" was approved following publication and a referendum. This charter emphasized Algeria's irrevocable and irreversible commitment to socialism, and in it, the dominant role of the National Liberation Front was revived. In Aban/November of the same year, the principles contained in the National Charter, as the new constitution, passed public approval in a referendum. The new constitution declared Islam as the official religion, the form of government as a republic, and the economic model as socialist. In Azar/December of the same year, Boumédiène was elected in the Algerian presidential elections, obtaining 99% of the votes[40][41]).


Death

Boumédiène died of blood cancer on 6 Dey 1357/27 December 1978[42].

Sources

Mortaza Asadi, World of Islam, Tehran 1366-1369 SH;

Iran. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Relations of Iran in the Year 1353, Tehran [1354 SH];

Contemporary History of Arab Countries, written by D. R. Fublikov... [and others], translated by Mohammad Hossein Ruhani, Tehran 1367 SH;

Hamid Rasikh, "The Military in the Crisis of the 90s in Algeria", Foreign Policy Journal, Vol. 11, No. 4 (Winter 1376);

Mahmoud Sarigh al-Qalam, The International System and the Issue of Western Sahara, Tehran 1374 SH;

Ahmad Akkash, Foreign Capital, Economic Freedom, The Experience of Algeria, translated by Masoud Mohammadi, Tehran 1363 SH;

Carl Farson, State Capitalism in Algeria: A Study of Economic, Social, and Political Developments in Algeria Before and After Independence, translated by Piruz Alf, Tehran 1358 SH;

Javid Ghorban Oghli, "The Association of Ulama and Its Role in Reviving the Islamic Identity of Algeria", African Studies, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter 1373);

Antonio Cassese, International Law in a Divided World, translated by Mortaza Kalantarian, Tehran 1370 SH;

Joseph Cuoq, Muslims of Africa, translated by Asadollah Alavi, Mashhad 1373 SH;

Encyclopedia of Politics, ed. Abd al-Wahhab Kayyali, Beirut 1979-1994;

Abdolreza Hushang Mahdavi, Foreign Policy of Iran During the Pahlavi Era 1300-1357, Tehran 1373 SH;

Mahfoud Bennoune, The Making of Contemporary Algeria 1830-1987, Cambridge 1988;

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Middle East and North Africa, ed. Trevor Mostyn, Cambridge 1988;

Locksley Edmondson, "Africa and the Developing Regions", in General History of Africa, VIII, ed. Ali A. Mazrui, Paris 1993;

Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East, eds. Reeva S. Simon, Philip Mattar, and Richard W. Bulleit, New York 1996, s.v.

"Boumediene, Houari" (by Dirk Vandewalle); John Ruedy, Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation, Bloomington 1992.


Sources

Encyclopedia of the World of Islam

Footnotes

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رده:شخصیت‌ها

  1. ↑ Encyclopedia of the Contemporary Middle East, under the entry
  2. ↑ Ruddy, p. 182
  3. ↑ Ruddy, ibid.; Encyclopedia of Politics, under "Houari Boumédiène
  4. ↑ Encyclopedia of the Contemporary Middle East; Ruddy, ibid.
  5. ↑ Asadi, vol. 1, p. 151; Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Middle East and North Africa p. 305
  6. ↑ Encyclopedia of Politics, ibid.
  7. ↑ History of Contemporary Arab Countries, p. 604–605
  8. ↑ Asadi, vol. 1, p. 154; Ruddy, p. 207; Encyclopedia of Politics, ibid.
  9. ↑ Encyclopedia of Politics; Asadi, ibid.
  10. ↑ Rasekh, p. 1053
  11. ↑ Encyclopedia of the Contemporary Middle East, ibid.
  12. ↑ Asadi, vol. 1, p. 156;
  13. ↑ Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Middle East and North Africa, p. 304
  14. ↑ Cook, p. 96
  15. ↑ Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Middle East and North Africa, ibid.; Parsons, p. 43)
  16. ↑ Encyclopedia of the Contemporary Middle East, ibid.
  17. ↑ Akkash, p. 129
  18. ↑ Parsons, p. 70
  19. ↑ Parsons, p. 45–46
  20. ↑ Bennoun, p. 129–138
  21. ↑ Encyclopedia of the Contemporary Middle East, ibid.
  22. ↑ Encyclopedia of the Contemporary Middle East, ibid.
  23. ↑ Bennoun, p. 309
  24. ↑ Parsons, p. 85–86
  25. ↑ Sariʿ al-Qalam, p. 78
  26. ↑ Edmondson, p. 852
  27. ↑ Asadi, vol. 1, p. 171
  28. ↑ Encyclopedia of the Contemporary Middle East, ibid.
  29. ↑ Sariʿ al-Qalam, ibid.
  30. ↑ Rudi, p. 211, 213
  31. ↑ Cassese, p. 413
  32. ↑ Edmondson, ibid.
  33. ↑ Sariʿ al-Qalam, ibid.
  34. ↑ Asadi, ibid.
  35. ↑ See Sariʿ al-Qalam, p. 79–80 and elsewhere
  36. ↑ Mahdavi, p. 399; Iran. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, p. 75
  37. ↑ Qurban Oghli, p. 81
  38. ↑ Farson, p. 91
  39. ↑ Cook, p. 98–103
  40. ↑ Rudi, p. 210
  41. ↑ Asadi, vol. 1, p. 157–158
  42. ↑ Rudi, p. 231
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