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Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century: The Azhar and Shiism between Rapprochement and Restraint is a 2004 academic monograph by German historian of Islam Rainer Brunner. Published by Brill Publishers, the book examines twentieth-century efforts at Sunni–Shiʿi rapprochement (taqrīb) with a particular focus on Al-Azhar University and its engagement with Twelver Shiʿism. The study is widely regarded as a foundational work in the field of modern intra-Islamic relations.

The book analyzes theological debates, institutional initiatives, and political contexts that shaped ecumenical discourse between Sunni and Shiʿi scholars from the late nineteenth century through the latter half of the twentieth century. Continue ...

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• The Sunna and Shi'a in History: Division and Ecumenism in the Muslim Middle East is a 2011 edited academic volume published by Palgrave Macmillan. The book is edited by Ofra Bengio and Meir Litvak and examines the historical development of relations between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims from the early Islamic period to the contemporary Middle East. The volume emphasizes both patterns of division and periods of coexistence and ecumenical engagement, offering a historically grounded and interdisciplinary perspective on sectarian relations in Islamic societies. Continue ...