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Abdullah ibn Abbas
NameAbdullah ibn Abbas
Other NamesAbu al-Abbas, Ibn Abbas, Hibr al-Ummah, Bahr
Personal Details
Birth PlaceShi'b Abi Talib
Brith Datec. 619 CE (3 years before Hijrah)
Death PlaceTaif
Death Date68 or 69 AH (c. 687 or 688 CE)
ReligionIslam

Abdullah ibn Abbas, known as Ibn Abbas, was the cousin of the Noble Prophet of Islam. He is respected by both Shia and Sunni, and his sayings are frequently found in the exegetical and theological texts of both groups.

Ibn Abbas spent most of his life with Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him). Despite this, he was also considered a consultant and confidant of Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Caliph. He possessed numerous exegetical narrations, was a student and consultant of Imam Ali (peace be upon him). He was a Muhaddith, Mufassir, and Faqih of early Islam and among the youngest companions of the Prophet. He lived until the time of Imam Sajjad (peace be upon him) and was among the companions of the Imams (peace be upon them).


Lineage of Ibn Abbas

Abdullah ibn Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ibn Abd Manaf was the cousin of the Prophet. His mother was Lubaba daughter of Harith, and his kunya was Abu al-Abbas[1].


Birth of Ibn Abbas

There is disagreement regarding his birth date, but the famous view is that Ibn Abbas was born three years before the Hijrah in Shi'b Abi Talib[2].


Era of the Prophet

Al-Dhahabi writes: "Abdullah ibn Abbas was with the Prophet for more than thirty months[3]."

According to historical narrations, the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) prayed for Abdullah ibn Abbas; as mentioned in hadith and historical books, the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) said to Ibn Abbas: "O Allah, teach him wisdom[4]."

In another place, he said: "O Allah, bless him and spread [knowledge] from him[5]."

It has also been narrated that Noble Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) placed his blessed hand on Ibn Abbas's head and said: "O Allah, grant him wisdom and teach him interpretation[6]."

Ibn Abbas's age at the time of the Prophet's demise (peace be upon him and his progeny) is reported in historical books between 10 to 15 years[7]."


Belief in the Twelve Imams

Ata' says: "We, thirty elders of Taif, entered upon Abdullah ibn Abbas during his death illness. He had become weak. We greeted him and sat down. Ibn Abbas asked me: 'Ata', who are these?' I said: 'Sir, these are the elders of the city, including Abdullah ibn Salama ibn Hadrami al-Taifi, Imara ibn Abi al-Ajlah, and Thabit ibn Malik.'

I named them one by one, and they approached him and said: 'O cousin of the Messenger of God! You saw the Messenger of God and heard his words. What did he say regarding the disagreement of this Ummah? Some have prioritized Ali over others, and others have placed him after three men?'

Ibn Abbas sighed and said: 'I heard the Messenger of God say: "Ali is with the Truth and the Truth is with Ali. He is the Imam and successor after me; whoever holds fast to him will be saved and delivered, and whoever disobeys his command will be astray. Yes, he will shroud me and perform my ritual washing and pay my debts. He is the father of my two grandsons, Hasan and Husayn, and the 9 Imams are from the lineage of Husayn, and the Mahdi of this Ummah is from us".'

Abdullah ibn Salama ibn Hadrami said: 'O cousin of the Messenger of God! Why did you not tell us these things before?' He said: 'By God oath! I conveyed what I heard and advised you, but you do not like advisors!'

Then he said: 'O Servants of God! Fear God as one who does not take lesson from this matter should... Do something for the Hereafter before death arrives, and hold fast to the firm rope of your Prophet's progeny, for I heard him say: "Whoever holds fast to my family after me is among the saved."'

Then he wept intensely, and those present said: 'Do you weep despite this status you have relative to the Messenger of God?' He turned to me and said: 'O Ata'! I weep for two things: fear of the Resurrection and separation from friends!'

Then the people dispersed, and Ibn Abbas said to me: 'O Ata'! Take my hand and bring me to the courtyard of the house.' Then he raised his hands to the sky and said: 'O Lord! I seek nearness to You through Muhammad and the Ahl al-Bayt. O Lord! I seek nearness to You through my master Ali ibn Abi Talib.' He repeated this phrase until he fell to the ground. After waiting for an hour, we lifted him and saw that he had closed his eyes to the world[8]."


Notes

  1. ↑ Siyar A'lam al-Nubala, Vol. 3, p. 332
  2. ↑ Usd al-Ghabah, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Vol. 3, p. 193
  3. ↑ Sunan Ibn Majah, Hadith 166; Hilyat al-Awliya, Vol. 1, p. 315; Al-Tabarani, Al-Mu'jam al-Kabir, Vol. 10, p. 293, Vol. 11, p. 345; Al-Hindi, Kanz al-Ummal, Hadith 33586
  4. ↑ Kitab al-Thiqat, Vol. 3, p. 207, Vol. 1, p. 315; Sifat al-Safwah, Vol. 1, p. 323
  5. ↑ Hilyat al-Awliya, Vol. 1, p. 316. Ibn al-Jawzi in another narration from the Prophet writes: "O Allah, give him understanding in religion and teach him interpretation." Sifat al-Safwah, Vol. 1, p. 233
  6. ↑ Tarikh Khalifa ibn Khayyat, p. 117; Al-Isti'ab, Vol. 3, p. 70; Siyar A'lam al-Nubala, Vol. 3, p. 353; Shams al-Din al-Dhahabi, Al-Ibar, Vol. 1, p. 30; Al-Wafi bi-al-Wafayat, Vol. 17, p. 234
  7. ↑ Sifat al-Safwah, Vol. 1, p. 323; Usd al-Ghabah, Vol. 3, p. 193
  8. ↑ Ibn Khazzaz Qumi, Kifayat al-Athar, pp. 10–22; Abu Amr al-Kashshi, Ikhtiyar Ma'rifat al-Rijal, p. 56, No. 106; Kitab Sulaym ibn Qays al-Hilali, pp. 231–238

Scholarly Status of Ibn Abbas

In some hadiths it is stated that the Prophet, while making supplication for Ibn Abbas, asked God to teach him the knowledge of ta'wil of the Quran[1].

Ibn Abbas is the most famous interpreter of the Quran in the first Hijri century. He says: I owe the knowledge of interpretation to Ali ibn Abi Talib. What I know compared to his knowledge is like a drop compared to an ocean[2]. His scholarly status was such that among the Companions and Successors, when there was disagreement in Quranic exegesis, his word was given precedence[3].

Mujahid calls Ibn Abbas's method of interpretation the Meccan school of interpretation[4]. He was the first person to bring evidence from ancient Arab poetry to explain Quranic vocabulary[5]. Al-Dhahabi introduces him as one of the great sources of jurisprudence, hadith, and exegesis[6].

According to Al-Dhahabi and Zirikli, Ibn Abbas has narrated 1,660 hadiths[7]. Bukhari narrated 120 hadiths and Muslim 9 hadiths from him. A large part of the narrations predicting the caliphate of Banu Abbas is attributed to him[8].

Ibn Abbas has narrated from the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny), Ali (peace be upon him), Umar, Muadh ibn Jabal, and Abu Dharr[9]. Many people have narrated from him, including:

  • Ali ibn Husayn
  • Abdullah ibn Umar
  • Anas ibn Malik
  • Abu al-Tufayl
  • Abu Umamah ibn Sahl ibn Hunayf
  • Kathir ibn Abbas
  • Ali ibn Abdullah ibn Abbas
  • Ikrimah
  • Wahb ibn Munabbih
  • Urwah ibn Zubayr
  • Sa'id ibn Musayyib
  • Amr ibn Dinar
  • Mujahid
  • Ubayd ibn Umayr
  • Muhammad ibn Ka'b
  • Ubaydullah ibn Abdullah ibn Utbah
  • Sulayman ibn Yasar...[10].

Ibn Abbas's Status in Narrating Hadiths

Ibn Abbas strove greatly in seeking knowledge and collecting the hadiths of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) after his death[11]. Al-Dhahabi writes: "Ibn Abbas narrated more than 1,660 hadiths, of which Bukhari narrated 120 hadiths and Muslim only 9 hadiths from him[12]."

Death of Ibn Abbas

Ibn Abbas lived in Mecca in his later years, when he faced the battle between Abdullah ibn Zubayr and Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan. Abdullah ibn Zubayr asked for his pledge of allegiance but Ibn Abbas refused; thus Ibn Zubayr expelled him from Mecca and sent him to Ta'if[13].

There is disagreement about the date of Ibn Abbas's death, but the famous view is that Ibn Abbas passed away in the year 68 AH (687 CE) and at the age of 70 in the city of Ta'if, and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah performed funeral prayer over him and buried his body there[14].

Notes

  1. ↑ Jafri, Muqaddamatan fi Ulum al-Quran, p. 5354
  2. ↑ Ibn Abi al-Hadid, Sharh Nahj al-Balagha, 1378 AH, vol. 1, p. 19
  3. ↑ Al-Dhahabi, Al-Tafsir wa al-Mufassirun, 1407 AH, vol. 1, p. 51
  4. ↑ Nowfal Mujahid, Al-Mufassir wa al-Tafsir, 1411 AH, vol. 1, pp. 272–273
  5. ↑ Aqiqi Bakhshayishi, Tabakat Mufassiran Shia, 2008 CE, p. 792
  6. ↑ Al-Dhahabi, vol. 3, p. 331
  7. ↑ Zirikli, Al-A'lam, 1989 CE, vol. 4, p. 95
  8. ↑ Al-Baladhuri, Jumal min Ansab al-Ashraf, 1417 AH, vol. 4, p. 63
  9. ↑ Ibn Athir, Usd al-Ghabah, vol. 3, p. 188
  10. ↑ Ibn Athir, Usd al-Ghabah, 1409 AH, vol. 3, p. 188
  11. ↑ Al-Isabah, vol. 4, p. 125
  12. ↑ Siyar A'lam al-Nubala, vol. 3, p. 359
  13. ↑ Tarikh Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 110; Siyar A'lam al-Nubala, vol. 3, p. 353
  14. ↑ Sifat al-Safwah, vol. 1, p. 323
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