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Template:جعبه اطلاعات شخصیت Sa'id ibn Jubayr was one of the famous figures of the early Islamic period and among the Successors; meaning he did not see the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) but met the Companions. His full name is Sa'id ibn Jubayr ibn Hisham Asadi. There is disagreement among historians regarding his kunya. Some stated his kunya as Abu Muhammad and some Abu Abdullah. Shaykh Tusi named him Abu Muhammad in his Rijal, he was a student of Abdullah ibn Abbas and his companion. He was ultimately brutally martyred by Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi on the charge of Shiism.


General Introduction

One of the famous figures of the early Islamic period who is counted among the Successors is Sa'id ibn Jubayr[1]. His full name is Sa'id ibn Jubayr ibn Hisham Asadi[2]. There is disagreement among historians regarding his kunya. Some stated his kunya as Abu Muhammad and some Abu Abdullah. Shaykh Tusi named him Abu Muhammad in his Rijal[3], but as the late Shushtari mentioned in his book, it is a mistake. The late Shushtari writes: It seems Shaykh's speech in his Rijal regarding the kunya of Sa'id, Abu Muhammad, is a whim and mistake, because Abu Muhammad is the kunya of Sa'id ibn Musayyib[4]. Therefore, according to what most historians mentioned, the kunya of Sa'id is stated as Abu Abdullah. Sa'id is among the prominent and famous interpreters in Islam and even in History of Islam quoted from Nuri it is stated that acquire interpretation from four people: Mujahid, Sa'id ibn Jubayr, Ikrima, and Dahhak, and this matter indicates the high status of Sa'id in Interpretation of the Quran. Sa'id was born in the year forty-five Hijri in Kufa; but originally he is not from Kufa and is of Abyssinian origin. In fact, he is from the mawali of Banu Walba ibn Harith from the tribe of Banu Asad. Jubayr, Sa'id's father, was originally Abyssinian and lived for a while in the Banu Asad family as a slave and with the emergence of Islam and his conversion to Islam, he gained his freedom[5]. It is narrated from Sa'id himself that Ibn Abbas asked me from which tribe are you? I said: From Banu Asad. He asked: From the Arabs or from the freedmen and dependents? I said: From the dependents. He said: Say I am from those upon whom God has bestowed favor from Banu Asad[6].


Family, Birthplace, Kunya, and Children

Sa'id ibn Jubayr ibn Hisham Asadi Kufi, known as Abu Muhammad and Abu Abdullah, was from the famous families of Kufa. He was known for asceticism, piety, night vigil, religiosity, and jurisprudence, and had considerable fame in Interpretation of the Quran; since he is considered among the students of the exegetical school of Abdullah ibn Abbas. Sa'id has narrated most of his narrations from him[7]. He was born in the year 46 AH in the city of Kufa[8]. He spent his childhood and youth there. Later he went to Medina and became among the students of Imam Sajjad (peace be upon him). His most famous kunyas are Abu Abdullah and Abu Muhammad. It is stated in the book Majalis al-Wa'izin that: Abd al-Malik and Abdullah are the children of Sa'id ibn Jubayr and have narrated from their father[9].


Education and Characteristics of Sa'id ibn Jubayr

He who actually had Abyssinian origin, had a dark complexion. He was under the protection of Banu Walbi[10], hence many historians gave him the title Walba in their writings.

In the same childhood when his talent and scientific abilities became apparent to his father, Jubayr sent him to Medina to benefit from the presence of the elders and Companions of the honorable Messenger of Islam. His first and most important teacher was Abdullah ibn Abbas and Sa'id in the presence of this honorable Companion engaged in learning Quran, exegesis, hadith, and other Islamic sciences. His progress was to the extent that Ibn Abbas preferred him over his own children. He was so expert in his work that Ibn Abbas gave him permission to narrate hadith. Ibn Sa'd writes in this regard: Ibn Abbas said to Sa'id ibn Jubayr: Narrate hadith for the people yourself. Sa'id said: With you being here? Ibn Abbas said: Is this not among the blessings of God for you that you narrate hadith in my presence if you speak correctly it is better and if you make a mistake I will teach you[11]. The scientific status of Sa'id was to the extent that Ibn Abbas said regarding him addressing the people of Kufa: You ask me while Sa'id ibn Jubayr is among you[12].

Teachers and Students

Fadl ibn Shadhan says: Sa'id ibn Jubayr was among the prominent students and one of the stars of the sky of Imamate and Wilayah of the Great Imam Ali ibn al-Husayn (AS), who was at the head of the series of the Companions of the Five[13] Imam Zayn al-Abidin.

Ja'far ibn Muhammad (al-Sadiq) said in description of Sa'id: Sa'id ibn Jubayr was on the Straight Path and followed Ali ibn al-Husayn (AS), and Imam Sajjad also praised him, and this affinity between him and the Imam caused Hajjaj to martyr him[14]. Sa'id ibn Jubayr benefited academically from the presence of Ibn Abbas for years. He was eager to acquire knowledge; he himself says: I would go to the presence of Ibn Abbas to acquire hadith, and due to the respect and awe I had for him, I would not ask anything during the lesson session. I would wait for others to ask so I could take notes; thus, I mostly listened and then wrote; to the extent that some days my notebook would fill up, and I would write on my shoe, and sometimes I used the palms of my hands as paper...[15] Sa'id's other teachers include: Adi ibn Hatim and Abu Sa'id al-Khudri.

His students include

  • Abdulmalik and Abdullah (his two sons);
  • Ya'la ibn Hakim;
  • Ya'la ibn Hilm;
  • Abu Ishaq al-Sabi'i and others who have narrated hadith from him[16].


Teaching Etiquette

Sa'id ibn Jubayr, just as he was fond of lessons and discussion himself, paid special attention to teaching knowledge to his students. He always encouraged them to understanding and comprehension, and with allusions, reminded them of the importance of knowledge. One of his students named Ayyub says: Sa'id narrated a hadith for us, and we asked him to repeat it. He said allusively: "Not every time do I milk, so drink"[17]. Meaning, I do not always milk so as to give to your thought and understanding to consume. Thus, you must be alert and take advantage of opportunities so that you do not face sorrow and pain in the future.

Umayyads and Sa'id ibn Jubayr

He spent his entire life under the domination of the Umayyads. He was born exactly during the caliphate of Muawiyah and reached youth when Ashura also occurred. Therefore, during his life, he witnessed various uprisings against the Umayyads. The uprisings that occurred during his lifetime were: the Medina Movement in the year sixty-three, the Revolt of Mukhtar in the year sixty-five, the Revolt of Mutarrif al-Thaqafi in the year seventy-seven, the Ibn Ash'ath Movement in the year eighty-one, and the revolt of Zayd ibn Ali in the year eighty-three.

Although he acquired knowledge from teachers who were practically opposed to this type of government, he was also among those who took a stance against the Umayyads. With the rise to power of Abd al-Malik Marwan and the governorship of Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi over Iraq and the oppression and tyranny of Hajjaj, he was forced to flee to other Islamic regions. Of course, before fleeing, he cooperated with Hajjaj. He was for a time the scribe of Abdullah ibn Masud, then became the scribe of Abi Burda—who was a judge; after that, due to cooperation with Ibn Ash'ath, he fled[18]. He went to Isfahan and took refuge there. Moreover, in that land, he did not abandon his scholarly works and engaged in teaching and research. However, Ibn Athir maintains that Hajjaj, after some time, chose Sa'id as the scribe and treasurer of Ibn Ash'ath's army[19]. Hajjaj had ordered Sa'id to take a letter to Ibn Ash'ath, who had revolted; but Ibn Ash'ath asked Sa'id to cooperate with him[20].

After some time, Muhammad ibn Ash'ath rebelled against Hajjaj's government, and thus Sa'id also conspired with him and participated in this revolt. Although initially Sa'id was not satisfied with this revolt, because he believed this work would entail many fitnas (strifes). In that case, blood would be shed. Forbidden acts would become permissible, and religion and world would be lost. In response, they told him: It is Hajjaj who has done things that should not be done, until finally Sa'id ibn Jubayr also joined them[21].

He joined Ibn Ash'ath's army at Dayr al-Jamajim and pledged allegiance with him. He would shout during war with the Umayyads: Fight them with determination and certainty and do not refrain from fighting them, for they are sinners and in the matter of government are tyrants and in the matter of religion are oppressors, they have humiliated the weak and abolished prayer[22]. Sa'id showed bravery in this war and fought hard[23].

But this war ended with the victory of the Umayyads and Muhammad ibn Ash'ath was also killed and his companions were scattered in every direction. By Hajjaj's order, each of Ibn Ash'ath's companions who was captured was beheaded. Sa'id went to Qazvin and spent one night in the mosque of Tut in this city[24] and from there fled to Isfahan; but Hajjaj wrote to his agent in Isfahan to arrest him. The agent did not want to harm him, so he secretly messaged him to flee and stay away from him. After that, he went to Qom and stayed in Qom for six months[25], after that he went to Azerbaijan, stayed there for a while until he became greatly exhausted and homesick, so in this situation he went to Mecca and took refuge in this city of divine security[26]. With the death of Abd al-Malik Marwan, his son Walid came to power and according to his order Khalid al-Qasri the governor of Mecca, arrested Sa'id and sent him to Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi.

Martyrdom of Sa'id ibn Jubayr

When Sa'id was brought before Al-Hajjaj, questions and answers were exchanged between them that provoked the anger of Al-Hajjaj. Al-Hajjaj first said to Sa'id: 'Did I not honor you when I came to Iraq?' Then he recounted the favors he had done for Sa'id. Sa'id said: 'Yes, that is so.' Al-Hajjaj said: 'Then what compelled you to rise against me?' He said: 'I was bound by the pledge of allegiance to Ibn al-Ash'ath, and furthermore, he made me take an oath.' Al-Hajjaj became angry and said: 'You see an obligation upon yourself for the enemy of God that you do not feel for God and the Commander of the Faithful[27].' Al-Hajjaj said: 'You have broken two pledges of allegiance to the Commander of the Faithful, (yet you claim) to be loyal to one pledge (the pledge of Abd al-Rahman), and that too the pledge of a weaver, the son of a weaver? By God, I will kill you.' Sa'id said: 'If you do so, I am Sa'id (fortunate), just as my mother named me Sa'id.' Al-Hajjaj ordered that he be beheaded[28]. Sa'id ibn Jubayr was the last person whom Al-Hajjaj killed[29]. Al-Hajjaj did not live more than a few days after Sa'id ibn Jubayr, and a cancerous ulcer developed in his stomach, and he perished from this illness. It is said that after killing Sa'id, he constantly said: 'What does Sa'id ibn Jubayr have to do with me that whenever I want to sleep, he chokes me[30]?' Al-Hajjaj died forty days after Sa'id was killed[31].

Sa'id ibn Jubayr was killed by the order of Al-Hajjaj in the month of Sha'ban of the year ninety-five AH[32]. However, there is disagreement among historians regarding his age. Some mentioned him as forty-nine years old[33], some as fifty, some fifty-one, and others fifty-eight; in any case, there is disagreement regarding his age at the time of death[34].


See also


Footnotes

Template:پانویس


Sources

رده:Personalities رده:Tabi'un

  1. ↑ Al-Zirikli, Khayr al-Din; al-A'lam Qamus Tarajim Lashhar al-Rijal wa al-Nisa min al-Arab wa al-Musta'ribin wa al-Mustashriqin, Beirut, Dar al-Ilm lil-Malayin Publications, 1989 CE, Vol. 8, p. 109.
  2. ↑ Al-Dhahabi, Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Ahmad; History of Islam and Deaths of Notables and Flags, edited by Umar Abd al-Salam Tadmuri, Beirut, Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi, 1413 AH, Vol. 6, p. 366.
  3. ↑ Shaykh Tusi, Abi Ja'far Muhammad ibn Hasan; Rijal al-Tusi, edited and introduced by Sayyid Muhammad Sadiq Al Bahr al-Ulum, Najaf, Al-Maktaba wa al-Matba'a al-Haydariya Publications, 1381 AH, p. 90.
  4. ↑ Testeri, Muhammad Taqi; Qamus al-Rijal, Qom, Islamic Publication Institute, 1417 AH, Vol. 5, p. 88 - 89.
  5. ↑ Al-Zirikli, op. cit., Vol. 3, p. 93.
  6. ↑ Ibn Sa'd, Muhammad; al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, translated by Mahmoud Mahdavi Damghani, Tehran, Farhang va Andisheh, 1374 SH, Vol. 6, p. 711.
  7. ↑ Rijal al-Kashi, Vol. 1, p. 332.
  8. ↑ Encyclopedia of Shi'ism, Vol. 1, p. 94.
  9. ↑ Majalis al-Wa'izin, Vol. 3, p. 111.
  10. ↑ Al-Zirikli, op. cit., Vol. 3, p. 93.
  11. ↑ Al-Zirikli, op. cit., Vol. 3, p. 93.
  12. ↑ Ibn Sa'd, op. cit., Vol. 6, p. 711.
  13. ↑ The Companions of the Five of the Imam consist of: Sa'id ibn Jubayr, Sa'id ibn Musayyib, Muhammad ibn Jubayr, Yahya ibn Umm Tawil, and Abu Khalid al-Kabuli.
  14. ↑ "Indeed, Sa'id ibn Jubayr followed Ali ibn al-Husayn (AS), and Ali (AS) praised him, and the reason for Hajjaj killing him was nothing but this matter, and he was upright"; (Students of the School of the Imams (AS), Vol. 2, p. 279).
  15. ↑ Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, Vol. 6, p. 268.
  16. ↑ Majalis al-Wa'izin, Vol. 3, p. 111.
  17. ↑ Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, Vol. 6, p. 269.
  18. ↑ Muqaddasi, Mutahhar ibn Tahir; Afresh va Tarikh, translated by Mohammad Reza Shafi'i Kadkani, Tehran, Agah, 1374 SH, Vol. 2, p. 923.
  19. ↑ Ibn Athir, Kamil Tarikh-e Bozorg-e Islam va Iran, translated by Abu al-Qasim Halat and Abbas Khalili, Tehran, Scientific Publications Institute, Vol. 13, p. 185.
  20. ↑ Dinawari, Ibn Qutaybah; Imamat va Siyasat (History of Caliphs), translated by Sayyid Nasir Tabatabai, Tehran, Qoqnoos, 1380 SH, p. 262.
  21. ↑ Dinawari, Ibid., p. 257.
  22. ↑ Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir; Tarikh-e Tabari, translated by Abu al-Qasim Payandeh, Tehran, Asatir Publishing, Year 1375 SH, Vol. 8, p. 3706.
  23. ↑ Ibn Khaldun, Al-Ibar Tarikh-e Ibn Khaldun, translated by Abdolmohammad Ayati, Institute for Cultural Studies and Research, 1363 SH, Vol. 2, p. 84.
  24. ↑ Ibn al-Faqih, Abu Abdullah Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Ishaq; Kitab al-Buldan, edited by Yusuf al-Hadi, Beirut, Alam al-Kutub, 1416, p. 564.
  25. ↑ Qomi, Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Hasan; Tarikh-e Qom, translated by Hasan ibn Ali ibn Hasan Abdolmalek Qomi, edited by Sayyid Jalal al-Din Tehrani, Tehran, Tus, 1361 SH, p. 38.
  26. ↑ Ibn Athir, Ibid., Vol. 13, p. 185.
  27. ↑ Ibn Sa'd, op. cit., vol. 6, p. 720.
  28. ↑ Ibn Athir, op. cit., vol. 13, p. 186.
  29. ↑ Mujmal al-Tawarikh wa al-Qisas, anonymous author (written in 520 AH), edited by Malik al-Shu'ara Bahar, Tehran, Khalaleh Khavar, n.d., p. 305.
  30. ↑ Al-Mas'udi, Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn; Muruj al-Dhahab wa Ma'adin al-Jawahir, translated by Abu al-Qasim Payandeh, Tehran, Ilmi va Farhangi, 1374 SH, vol. 2, p. 167.
  31. ↑ Al-Dinawari, Akhbar al-Tiwal, translated by Mahmoud Mahdavi Damghani, Tehran, Nashr-e Ney, p. 371.
  32. ↑ Ibn Fadl Allah al-Umari, Shihab al-Din Ahmad ibn Yahya; Masalik al-Absar fi Mamalik al-Amsar, Abu Dhabi, Al-Majma' al-Thaqafi, 1423 AH, vol. 5, p. 615.
  33. ↑ Al-Dinawari, Akhbar al-Tiwal, op. cit., p. 371.
  34. ↑ Al-Jazari, Izz al-Din ibn al-Athir Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad; Usd al-Ghabah fi Ma'rifat al-Sahabah, Beirut, Dar al-Fikr, 1409 AH, vol. 2, p. 237.
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