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Rafi' ibn Harthama
NameRafi' ibn Harthama
Other NamesIbn Numard
Personal Details
Birth PlaceBalkh, Afghanistan
Death PlaceKhwarazm
ReligionIslam

Rafi' ibn Harthama or Ibn Numard, was one of the generals of the Tahirid dynasty and the governor of Khorasan on behalf of Muhammad ibn Tahir in the year 271 AH. He gained control over Tabaristan in the year 277 AH during the era of Al-Muwaffaq of the Abbasids.


Biography

Rafi', at the time when Yaqub ibn Layth conquered Nishapur, and during the decline of the Tahirid state, joined his companions, and went with him to Sistan. Then Yaqub dismissed him, and he went to his homeland in the regions of Jay "Tamin" (Tamin is from the villages of Badghis.). Since in the year 268 AH Ahmad ibn Abdullah Khujistani was killed, his companions joined Rafi' ibn Harthama, who was one of the generals of Muhammad ibn Tahir. He was in Herat at that time, and the people appointed him as emir. Abu Talha ibn Shurayk had gone from Gorgan to Nishapur. Rafi' besieged him. Abu Talha ibn Shurayk marched from Nishapur to Merv, and there and in Herat, he delivered the khutbah in the name of Muhammad ibn Tahir. Amr ibn Layth marched an army against him and took Merv from him, and appointed Muhammad ibn Sahl ibn Hashim as governor of that city, and returned, and sent Abu Talha to Ismail ibn Ahmad Samani and asked him for help. Ismail also sent an army to aid him. He also went to Merv with that army and expelled Muhammad ibn Sahl ibn Hashim from there and delivered the khutbah in the name of Amr ibn Layth. This event was in Sha'ban of the year 271 AH. In these circumstances, Al-Mu'tamid ala Allah dismissed Amr ibn Layth from all provinces of Khorasan, and those provinces were given to Muhammad ibn Tahir by Al-Muwaffaq. Muhammad ibn Tahir was in Baghdad at this time. Muhammad gave Rafi' ibn Harthama the governorship of Khorasan on his behalf, except Transoxiana, which remained in the domain of Nasr ibn Ahmad Samani. Rafi' sent a messenger to Ismail and asked him for help to repel Abu Talha. Ismail came to his aid with four thousand soldiers. Also, Rafi' called Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Murrudhi to his aid, and all went to battle Abu Talha. Abu Talha was in Merv. This event happened in the year 272 AH, they defeated Abu Talha in Merv. He joined Amr, and Rafi' headed to Khwarazm and collected the tax of that place and returned to Nishapur[1][2].


Rafi's Loyalty to Ahmad Khujistani

Khujistani gathered twelve thousand cavalry from Herat with the intention of fighting Abu Talha (brother of Ya'mar) and reached three stages away from Nishapur, and sent his brother Abbas with a group. Abu Talha sent [forces] to confront him and killed Abbas and his cavalry were defeated. When Ahmad learned of their flight, he returned to Herat; but he did not know about the killing of his brother. He gave much wealth to find him, and no one could find him. Rafi' ibn Harthama asked for amnesty from Abu Talha, and Abu Talha granted him amnesty, and he became close and respected near him, and [Abu Talha] was assured that he would inform Ahmad Khujistani of the killing of his brother Abbas. Abu Talha sent Rafi to the cities of Bihq and Bast to collect the taxes. Rafi went and seized the leaders of the two cities and intended to join Khujistani[3][4]. Abu Talha heard news of (the betrayal) and flight of Rafi, mounted and launched a night raid with an agile group, and scattered Hali and his followers, thinking that it was Rafi. When Rafi saw that situation, he fled and was saved[5].

Conquest of Gorgan

In that year, Rafi ibn Harthama marched upon Gorgan and put an end to Muhammad ibn Zayd's governance in that region. Muhammad sought refuge in Astarabad, and Rafi besieged him, maintaining the siege for two years. The price of provisions in that land became expensive, and the situation reached a point where no food remained. The price of one mithqal of salt reached two mithqals of silver. Muhammad ibn Zayd left there secretly at night with a small group and sought refuge in Sari. Rafi sent an army to repel him, a battle occurred, and eventually Muhammad left Sari and Tabaristan[6][7]. Rustam ibn Qarin requested amnesty from Rafi, and his son "Qula" became Rafi's son-in-law. While Rafi was in Tabaristan, Ali ibn Layth, the brother of Amr ibn Layth, sought refuge with him, as his brother Amr had detained him in Kerman. He employed a trick to save himself and brought his sons, Ma'd and Layth, with him to Rafi. Rafi sent Muhammad ibn Harun to govern Chalus on his behalf; Ali ibn Kali requested amnesty and joined Muhammad ibn Harun. Suddenly, Muhammad ibn Zayd arrived and besieged them both, blocking the road to Chalus so that news of them would not reach Rafi[8][9]. When no news came from the two, he sent a spy to bring news; the spy returned and reported that Muhammad ibn Zayd had besieged them both and they remained in Chalus. This news was very unpleasant for him; he immediately launched a campaign, causing Muhammad ibn Zayd to abandon the siege and seek refuge in Daylam. Rafi also entered the borders of Daylam in pursuit of him. He conquered the entire country of Daylam until he reached the border of Qazvin, and from there returned to the city of ری and settled there[10][11].


Dismissal from the Governorship of Khurasan

Al-Mu'tadid dismissed Rafi ibn Harthama from the province and governorship of all Khurasan; the reason was that Rafi ibn Harthama had seized royal estates in Ray. Al-Mu'tadid wrote to him to relinquish those villages, as the villages and towns surrounding Ray belonged to the state; but Rafi did not accept. Rafi's companions advised him to return the state estates so that his situation would not change with a single letter and order, but he still did not accept. Al-Mu'tadid billah became angry with him and wrote to Ahmad ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Abi Dulaf to go to war with Rafi and drive him out of Ray[12][13].He also issued the charter of the governorship of Khurasan in the name of Amr ibn Layth. Ahmad ibn Abd al-Aziz went to war with Rafi in the year 279 (and defeated him, and Rafi fled to Jurjan. In the year 280, Ahmad ibn Abd al-Aziz died and Rafi returned to Ray). Ahmad ibn Abd al-Aziz died in the year two hundred and eighty AH, and Rafi returned to the dominion of Ray. Amr sent Ahmad's brothers; namely Amr ibn Abd al-Aziz and Bakr ibn Abd al-Aziz to battle Rafi. A fierce battle occurred, and Amr and Bakr fled with their armies, and a great massacre of their armies took place, and both returned to the city of اصفهان (the seat of their government). Rafi also resided in the dominion of Ray until the end of the year[14]. Then he marched upon Isfahan and captured it in the year 281, and returned to Jurjan [15].

The Story of Rafi's Murder

Rafi ibn Harthama encountered Amr ibn Layth in Khorasan, who had established himself there as governor with all his followers. Initially, Rafi sent his brother, Muhammad ibn Harthama, to Muhammad ibn Zayd and sought his assistance. Thus, he reconciled with Muhammad ibn Zayd, and the Khutbah was preached in his name in Tabaristan in the year 282, on the condition that he send four thousand soldiers from Daylam to aid him. Although there was a pact between them, Muhammad ibn Zayd did not come to his aid. When news of the reconciliation and agreement between Muhammad ibn Zayd and Rafi reached Amr ibn Layth, Amr sent a message to Muhammad ibn Zayd that he was a treacherous and deceitful man; if his work became stable, he would betray you. He also reminded him of his past deeds. Muhammad refrained from aiding him with the Daylamite army. When Amr was victorious in the war, as a reward, he ceded Tabaristan to Muhammad ibn Zayd[16][17]. Rafi's companions and slaves were scattered from around him. Also, Muhammad ibn Harun severed relations with him and joined Ismail ibn Ahmad Samani, who was in Bukhara. In the year 283, Rafi marched from Tabaristan to Nishapur. Amr ibn Layth fought him, and Rafi was defeated and went to Abivard. Amr took two sons of his brother, al-Mu'addal and Layth, the two sons of Ali ibn Layth. They had remained with Rafi after their father's death. When Rafi entered Abivard, he intended to go to Herat or Merv. Amr became informed and blocked the way for him at Sarakhs. When Rafi learned that Amr had left Nishapur, he marched through difficult paths, bottlenecks, and byways that were not suitable for army movement, and entered the city of Nishapur[18][19]. Amr ibn Layth besieged him in Nishapur. Rafi exited the city to battle Amr. Some of his commanders sought amnesty from Amr, and Rafi and his companions were defeated. Rafi sought help from Muhammad ibn Zayd (Muhammad ibn Wahb); he also rose to aid him as he had stipulated; but Amr ibn Layth warned Muhammad ibn Zayd against this. He also delayed in the matter until Rafi's companions and slaves were scattered from around him. The number of his slaves was four thousand. Rafi mounted a jamazah and fled to Khwarazm. He carried whatever wealth and supplies he had with a small group and left. When he reached the place «Ribat Jiwah», the Khwarazm Shah Abu Sa'id Durghani sent [someone] to receive him. Abu Sa'id saw that the number of his followers and guards was small, coveted his wealth, and betrayed him. He killed him on the first of Shawwal in the year 283, cut off his head, and sent it to Amr ibn Layth. Amr also sent Rafi's head to Al-Mu'tadid Billah (the Caliph)[20]. The Caliph also sent him robes of honor and banners, granted him the governorship of Transoxiana, and sent him the charter of governorship of that region. Khorasan entirely came under the governorship of Amr ibn Layth up to the banks of the Oxus River[21][22][23][24].


Footnotes

Template:Footnotes

  1. ↑ Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman, Tarikh Ibn Khaldun, Vol. 4, p. 330
  2. ↑ Ibn Athir, Ali, Al-Kamil, Vol. 7, pp. 368–369
  3. ↑ Ibn Athir, Ali, Al-Kamil, Vol. 7, p. 298
  4. ↑ Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman, Tarikh Ibn Khaldun, Vol. 4, p. 315
  5. ↑ Ibn Athir, Ali, Al-Kamil, Vol. 4, p. 315
  6. ↑ Ibn Athir, Ali, al-Kamil, vol. 7, p. 434
  7. ↑ Dhahabi, Shams al-Din, Tarikh al-Islam, vol. 20, p. 230, Beirut, Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi, 1411
  8. ↑ Ibn Athir, Ali, al-Kamil, vol. 7, p. 434
  9. ↑ Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman, Tarikh Ibn Khaldun, vol. 4, p. 345
  10. ↑ Ibn Athir, Ali, al-Kamil, vol. 7, p. 434
  11. ↑ Dhahabi, Shams al-Din, Tarikh al-Islam, vol. 20, p. 220, Beirut, Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi, 1411
  12. ↑ Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman, Tarikh Ibn Khaldun, vol. 5, p. 328
  13. ↑ Ibn Athir, Ali, al-Kamil, vol. 7, p. 457
  14. ↑ Ibn Athir, Ali, al-Kamil, vol. 7, p. 457
  15. ↑ Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman, Tarikh Ibn Khaldun, vol. 3, p. 469, translation of text, Beirut, Dar al-Fikr, 1408
  16. ↑ Ibn Athir, Ali, Al-Kamil, vol. 7, p. 458
  17. ↑ Mawali, Muhammad, Tarikh-i Sistan, edited by Malik al-Shu'ara Bahar, p. 251, by Muhammad Ramazani, Tehran, Khalaleh Khavar, 1366 SH
  18. ↑ Ibn Athir, Ali, Al-Kamil, vol. 7, p. 458
  19. ↑ Mawali, Muhammad, Tarikh-i Sistan, edited by Malik al-Shu'ara Bahar, p. 252, by Muhammad Ramazani, Tehran, Khalaleh Khavar, 1366 SH
  20. ↑ Masudi, Ali ibn Husayn, Muruj al-Dhahab, vol. 4, p. 171, Tehran, Ilmi-Farhangi, 1374 SH
  21. ↑ Ibn Athir, Ali, Al-Kamil, vol. 7, p. 459
  22. ↑ Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman, Tarikh Ibn Khaldun, vol. 5, p. 328
  23. ↑ Mawali, Muhammad, Tarikh-i Sistan, edited by Malik al-Shu'ara Bahar, p. 253, by Muhammad Ramazani, Tehran, Khalaleh Khavar, 1366 SH
  24. ↑ Dhahabi, Shams al-Din, Tarikh al-Islam, vol. 21, p. 14, Beirut, Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi, 1411 AH
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