Jump to content

Draft:The Great Da'i

Add links
From Wikivahdat
Revision as of 10:13, 15 June 2026 by Translationbot (talk | contribs) (ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
The Great Da'i
File:Da'i.jpg
NameHasan ibn Zid ibn Muhammad
Other NamesThe Great Da'i
Personal Details
Birth PlaceMedina
Death PlaceAmol
Death Date3 Rajab 270 AH
ReligionIslam

Hasan ibn Zid ibn Muhammad, known by the laqab of The Great Da'i, was the founder of the Alavids of Tabaristan dynasty in the 3rd century, and was among the Sayyids of Banu al-Hasan[1].


Parents

His father was Zid ibn Muhammad ibn Ismail ibn Zid ibn Hasan, from the Sadat of Banu al-Hasan residing in Medina, and his mother was the daughter of Abdullah ibn Ubaydallah al-A'raj[2].


Youth

Hasan ibn Zid also spent his youth in Medina[3]. He likely participated in the uprising of Yahya ibn Umar. After the suppression of this uprising and the intensification of anti-Alavid policies by Al-Mutawakkil, the Abbasid Caliph, the Sayyids of Hejaz and Iraq migrated to the central regions of Iran; apparently, it was around this time that Hasan ibn Zid went to Ray and settled there[4][5][6].


Leadership of the Alavids of Tabaristan

Following an uprising in Tabaristan in the year 250 AH, a group of residents, guided by one of the Alavids residing in Tabaristan, went to Ray and invited Hasan ibn Zid to accept their leadership. He subsequently went from Ray to Tabaristan, and most of the people of Tabaristan and local Daylamite princes, such as the Justanids, pledged allegiance to him in Ramadan 250 AH[7][8][9][10].


Dominion over Tabaristan

To expel the Tahirids from Tabaristan, Hasan ibn Zid first attacked Amol. After capturing Amol, he headed towards Sari, and with the capture of Sari, all of Tabaristan came under the dominion of Hasan ibn Zid[11][12][13].


Conquest of Ray

Shortly after, Hasan ibn Zid sent an army commanded by one of his relatives, who shared his name, to conquer Ray. This commander entered the city, expelled the Tahirid governor there, appointed Muhammad ibn Ja'far al-Alavi as the governor of Ray, and returned to Tabaristan himself. The rule of Muhammad ibn Ja'far did not last, and public dissatisfaction paved the way for the return of the Tahirids to Ray, but soon the commanders of Hasan ibn Zid captured Ray[14]. Thus, all of Tabaristan and a large part of Daylam and Ray came under the possession of Hasan ibn Zid[15][16].


Propagation of the Zaidi Faith

He then proceeded to propagate his faith (Zaidi) and sent his missionaries to Damavand, Firuzkuh, and the outskirts of Ray[17].

Hasan ibn Zaid's Conflict with Enemies

The expansion of Hasan ibn Zaid's territories and his popularity among the people of Kufa and Samarra alarmed the Abbasid Caliph, al-Mu'tazz. In 253 AH, to suppress Hasan ibn Zaid, he sent an army commanded by Musa ibn Bugha towards Tabaristan[18][19]. Musa ibn Bugha stationed himself in Hamadan and dispatched Muflih to seize Ray. After taking Qazvin and Ray in 255, Muflih entered Tabaristan.

Defeat of Hasan ibn Zaid

In the battle between Muflih and Hasan ibn Zaid, Hasan ibn Zaid was defeated and fled to Daylam. Muflih went to Amol and after burning the houses of the Alavids, he set out for Daylam in pursuit of Hasan ibn Zaid. At this time, Musa ibn Bugha sent a message to Muflih to stop pursuing Hasan ibn Zaid and join him in Ray. Apparently, the removal of al-Mu'tazz from the Caliphate and his death were the reasons for this decision[20][21][22].

Recapture of Ray

With the departure of Musa ibn Bugha and Muflih to Samarra in 255, Hasan ibn Zaid returned to Amol and the following year, he took Ray. He also annexed Gorgan in 257 and Qumis in 259 to his territories[23][24][25].

Yaqub Layth's Attack on Tabaristan

In 260, Hasan ibn Zaid faced an attack on Tabaristan by Yaqub Layth. Yaqub's pretext for attacking Tabaristan was the arrest of Abdullah ibn Muhammad Sijzi who had rebelled against him. Yaqub first took Ray. Apparently, Yaqub had sent a message to Hasan ibn Zaid to surrender Abdullah ibn Muhammad Sijzi. Since Hasan ibn Zaid refused, Yaqub Layth intended to battle him. At the beginning of the war, Hasan ibn Zaid fled and took refuge in the mountains of Daylam. Yaqub took Sari and Amol and went to the mountains of Daylam in pursuit of Hasan ibn Zaid. The geographical and climatic position of Daylam had made things difficult for Yaqub's soldiers. Finally, rain that fell continuously for forty days forced Yaqub to retreat[26].

Return to Tabaristan

In 261, after Yaqub's departure to Sistan, Hasan ibn Zaid returned to Tabaristan. By his order, the Alavids set fire to that city in revenge for the people of Chalūs cooperating with Yaqub[27]. At this time, the situation in Tabaristan was unstable, and in Gorgan, which was governed by Hasan ibn Zaid's brother, Muhammad, a group of Daylamis were disobeying; thus, by order of Hasan ibn Zaid, the hands and feet of a thousand Daylami men were cut off, as an example to others. He also put a group of his opponents to death in Amol[28][29]. In this way, he calmed Tabaristan and ruled there without concern until the year 266.

Khujistani's Attack on Gorgan

In this year, Ahmad ibn Abdallah al-Khujistani, one of the Saffarid commanders, attacked Gorgan. Hasan ibn Zaid, who was caught off guard, was defeated and went to Amol. At this time, Hasan Aqiqi, Hasan ibn Zaid's deputy in Sari, claimed that Hasan ibn Zaid had been killed and took allegiance from the people for himself. Hasan ibn Zaid went to Sari and killed Hasan Aqiqi[30]. Before his death, Hasan ibn Zaid chose his brother Muhammad as his successor.


Death

He died in Rajab or Shaban 270, due to illness[31][32][33].


Child

His only child was a daughter who died before the age of marriage[34][35][36].


Son-in-law

Ibn Isfandiyar[37] introduced Abu al-Husayn Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim as the son-in-law of Hasan ibn Zaid, which means the husband of his sister.


Moral Characteristics

Gardizi[38] and Ibn Athir[39] have described him as a faithful, generous, and jurist man who annually sent one thousand dinars to a pious man in Baghdad so that he would distribute it among the Alavids of the city[40]. Also, Hasan ibn Zaid paid great attention to establishing Shia rituals, including ordering that the phrase "Hayya ala khayr al-amal" be mentioned in the Adhan, prohibiting "wiping over khuffayn", and dealing harshly with Jabri and anthropomorphic views and the belief in the eternity of the Quran, and regarding this, he had sent a decree to various regions under his rule[41][42].


Zubarah's Conflict with Hasan ibn Zaid

His behavior with his opponents was also sometimes harsh [43] and he has been criticized in this regard[44][45]. In the official tradition of the Zaydiyyah, he is not recognized as an Imam[46][47]. Apparently, due to these same behaviors, a group of Zaydis of Tabaristan wrote a letter to Abu Ja'far Zubarah, the ancestor of the Banu Zubarah family of Nishapur in Medina, and while complaining about Hasan ibn Zaid's behaviors, they asked him to come there for the Imamate of the Zaydis[48]. Abu Ja'far Zubarah also went to Tabaristan, but there he faced betrayal and in the battles that ensued between him and Hasan ibn Zaid, he was defeated and went to Aba (Aveh) and settled there[49].

Physical Characteristics

Hasan ibn Zayd was physically a strong individual[50] and was known as Ḥālib/Jālib al-Ḥijārah[51]. Bayhaqi[52] has attributed this nickname, with explanations about its meanings, to Ismail ibn Hasan ibn Zayd, the ancestor of Hasan ibn Zayd.


Poetry

Al-Safadi[53], likely quoting from Al-Suli's book Akhbar al-Khulafa, introduced Hasan ibn Zayd as a poet and knowledgeable in poetry criticism, and also quoted poems from him.


Footnotes

Template:پانویس

رده:شخصیت‌ها رده:شخصیت‌های شیعه رده:تاریخ

  1. ↑ The Great Da'i
  2. ↑ Ali ibn Zid Bayhaqi, Lubab al-Ansab wa al-Alqab wa al-A'qab, vol. 1, p. 256, ed. Mehdi Rajai, Qom 1410 AH
  3. ↑ Ibn Isfandiyar, Tarikh-e Tabaristan, vol. 1, p. 94, ed. Abbas Iqbal Ashtiani, Tehran (1941 CE)
  4. ↑ Ibrahim ibn Hilal al-Sabi, Kitab al-Muntaza' min al-Juz' al-Awwal min al-Kitab al-Ma'ruf bi-al-Taji fi Akhbar al-Dawla al-Daylamiya, in Akhbar A'immat al-Zaydiya fi Tabaristan wa Daylaman wa Gilan, vol. 1, p. 18, ed. Wilferd Madelung, Beirut: German Institute for Oriental Research, 1987
  5. ↑ Ibid., p. 20
  6. ↑ Muhsin ibn Muhammad Hakim al-Jushumi, Nukhab min Kitab Jala' al-Absar, vol. 1, p. 127, quoted by Ahmad ibn Sa'd al-Din al-Musawwi in the book Tuhfat al-Abrar, in Akhbar A'immat al-Zaydiya fi Tabaristan wa Daylaman wa Gilan, ed. Wilferd Madelung, Beirut: German Institute for Oriental Research, 1987
  7. ↑ Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Tarikh (Beirut), vol. 9, p. 271
  8. ↑ Hamza ibn Hasan al-Isfahani, Tarikh Seni Muluk al-Ard wa al-Anbiya alayhim al-Salat wa al-Salam, vol. 1, p. 170, Beirut: Dar Maktabat al-Hayat, (n.d.)
  9. ↑ Hamza ibn Hasan al-Isfahani, Tarikh Seni Muluk al-Ard wa al-Anbiya alayhim al-Salat wa al-Salam, vol. 1, p. 174, Beirut: Dar Maktabat al-Hayat, (n.d.)
  10. ↑ Ibrahim ibn Hilal al-Sabi, Kitab al-Muntaza' min al-Juz' al-Awwal min al-Kitab al-Ma'ruf bi-al-Taji fi Akhbar al-Dawla al-Daylamiya, in Akhbar A'immat al-Zaydiya fi Tabaristan wa Daylaman wa Gilan, vol. 1, p. 20, ed. Wilferd Madelung, Beirut: German Institute for Oriental Research, 1987
  11. ↑ Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Tarikh (Beirut), vol. 9, p. 271-272
  12. ↑ Ibrahim ibn Hilal al-Sabi, Kitab al-Muntaza' min al-Juz' al-Awwal min al-Kitab al-Ma'ruf bi-al-Taji fi Akhbar al-Dawla al-Daylamiya, in Akhbar A'immat al-Zaydiya fi Tabaristan wa Daylaman wa Gilan, vol. 1, p. 21, ed. Wilferd Madelung, Beirut: German Institute for Oriental Research, 1987
  13. ↑ Ibn Athir, al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, vol. 7, p. 132-133
  14. ↑ Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Tarikh (Beirut), vol. 9, p. 275
  15. ↑ Ibid.
  16. ↑ al-Mas'udi, Muruj, vol. 5, p. 66 (Beirut)
  17. ↑ Ibn Isfandiyar, Tarikh-e Tabaristan, vol. 1, p. 231, ed. Abbas Iqbal Ashtiani, Tehran (1941 CE)
  18. ↑ Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Tarikh (Beirut), vol. 9, p. 370
  19. ↑ Ibid., p. 373
  20. ↑ Ibid., p. 382
  21. ↑ Ibid., p. 389
  22. ↑ Ibid., p. 406
  23. ↑ Ibid., p. 474
  24. ↑ Ibid., p. 506
  25. ↑ Ibn Athir, al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, vol. 7, p. 248
  26. ↑ Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Tarikh (Beirut), vol. 9, p. 508–509
  27. ↑ Ibn Athir, al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, vol. 7, p. 288
  28. ↑ Ibn Isfandiyar, Tarikh-e Tabaristan, vol. 1, p. 243, ed. Abbas Iqbal Ashtiani, Tehran (1320 SH)
  29. ↑ Ibn Isfandiyar, Tarikh-e Tabaristan, vol. 1, p. 247–248, ed. Abbas Iqbal Ashtiani, Tehran (1320 SH)
  30. ↑ Ibn Athir, al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, vol. 7, p. 335
  31. ↑ Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Tarikh (Beirut), vol. 9, p. 666
  32. ↑ Ibn Athir, al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, vol. 7, p. 407
  33. ↑ Abdullah ibn Isa Afandi Isfahani, Riyad al-Ulama wa Hiyyad al-Fudala, vol. 1, p. 188, ed. Ahmad Husayni, Qom 1401
  34. ↑ Abu Nasr Sahl ibn Abdullah Bukhari, Sirr al-Silsala al-Alawiyya, vol. 1, p. 26, ed. Muhammad Sadiq Bahr al-Ulum, Najaf 1381/1962
  35. ↑ Ali ibn Zayd Bayhaqi, Lubab al-Ansab wa al-Alqab wa al-A'qab, vol. 1, p. 256, ed. Mahdi Rajai, Qom 1410
  36. ↑ Abdullah ibn Isa Afandi Isfahani, Riyad al-Ulama wa Hiyyad al-Fudala, vol. 1, p. 189, ed. Ahmad Husayni, Qom 1401
  37. ↑ Ibn Isfandiyar, Tarikh-e Tabaristan, vol. 1, p. 249, ed. Abbas Iqbal Ashtiani, Tehran (1320 SH)
  38. ↑ Abd al-Hayy ibn Zahhak Gardizi, Tarikh-e Gardizi, vol. 1, p. 185, ed. Abd al-Hayy Habibi, Tehran 1363 SH
  39. ↑ Ibn Athir, al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, vol. 7, p. 407–408
  40. ↑ Ibn Isfandiyar, Tarikh-e Tabaristan, vol. 1, p. 95, which attributes this act to Muhammad ibn Zaid, ed. Abbas Iqbal Ashtiani, Tehran (1320 SH)
  41. ↑ Muhsin ibn Muhammad Hakim Jishumi, Nukhab min Kitab Jala al-Absar, vol. 1, p. 128–129, quoted by Ahmad ibn Sa'd al-Din Masuri in the book Tuhfat al-Abrar, in Akhbar A'immat al-Zaydiyya fi Tabaristan wa Daylaman wa Gilan, ed. Wilferd Madelung, Beirut: al-Ma'had al-Almani lil-Abhath al-Sharqiyya, 1987
  42. ↑ Ibn Isfandiyar, Tarikh-e Tabaristan, vol. 1, p. 240–241, ed. Abbas Iqbal Ashtiani, Tehran (1320 SH)
  43. ↑ Ibn Isfandiyar, Tarikh-e Tabaristan, vol. 1, p. 242, ed. Abbas Iqbal Ashtiani, Tehran (1320 SH)
  44. ↑ Abu Nasr Sahl ibn Abdullah Bukhari, Sirr al-Silsala al-Alawiyya, vol. 1, p. 26–27, ed. Muhammad Sadiq Bahr al-Ulum, Najaf 1381/1962
  45. ↑ Ali ibn Muhammad Umari, al-Majdi fi Ansab al-Talibiyyin, vol. 1, p. 218, ed. Ahmad Mahdavi Damghani, Qom 1380 SH
  46. ↑ Ahmad ibn Musa al-Tabari, al-Munir ala Madhhab al-Imam al-Hadi Yahya ibn al-Husayn alayhima al-Salam, vol. 1, p. 172, ed. Ali Siraj al-Din Adlan, Sa'dah, Yemen 1421/2000
  47. ↑ Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Hasani, al-Masabih, vol. 1, p. 603, ed. Abdullah Houthi, Sana'a 1423/2002
  48. ↑ Ali ibn Zayd Bayhaqi, Lubab al-Ansab wa al-Alqab wa al-A'qab, vol. 2, p. 492, ed. Mahdi Rajai, Qom 1410
  49. ↑ Ali ibn Zayd Bayhaqi, Lubab al-Ansab wa al-Alqab wa al-A'qab, vol. 2, p. 492, ed. Mahdi Rajai, Qom 1410
  50. ↑ Al-Safadi, Al-Wafi bi-l-Wafayat, vol. 12, p. 20
  51. ↑ Ibn Isfandyar, Tarikh-i Tabaristan, vol. 1, p. 94, ed. Abbas Iqbal Ashtiani, Tehran (1941)
  52. ↑ Ali ibn Zayd Bayhaqi, Lubab al-Ansab wa-l-Alqab wa-l-A'qab, vol. 1, p. 246, ed. Mahdi Raja'i, Qom 1410 AH
  53. ↑ Al-Safadi, Al-Wafi bi-l-Wafayat, vol. 12, pp. 20–22
Retrieved from "https://en.wikivahdat.com/w/index.php?title=Draft:The_Great_Da%27i&oldid=3742"