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Da'i Saghir
NameDa'i Saghir
Other NamesDa'i Saghir
Personal Details
Birth PlaceMedina
Death PlaceSari
ReligionIslam

Hassan ibn Qasim ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Abd al-Rahman Shajri ibn al-Qasim ibn al-Hasan ibn Zayd al-Amir ibn al-Hasan al-Sibt ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib, known as Da'i Saghir; was the fourth Amir of the Alavids of Tabaristan after Nasir al-Haqq Utrush. The rule of Hassan ibn Qasim lasted from 304 to 316 AH for a period of twelve years. Initially, he was one of the commanders of Nasir al-Haqq Utrush and commanded the Alavids army in retaking the government of Tabaristan from the Samanids [1]. Following the deterioration of his relationship with Nasir al-Haqq, he claimed the Imamate and exiled Nasir al-Haqq. This marked the beginning of wars between Hassan ibn Qasim and the sons of Nasir al-Haqq (particularly Abu al-Qasim Ja'far). He was eventually killed by Mardavij Ziyar, and his death led to the decline of the Alavids of Tabaristan government[2].

Hassan ibn Qasim was born in Medina around 262–264 AH[3][4]. Apparently, his family migrated to Daylam after the formation of the Alavid state in Tabaristan. After the death of Da'i Kabir (the first Alavid ruler of Tabaristan), disputes between his brother Muhammad ibn Zayd (the second Alavid ruler of Tabaristan) and his son-in-law Ahmad ibn Muhammad weakened the Alavids until the Samanids attacked the Alavid territory and captured Gorgan, Sari, Amol, and Chalus[5][6]. After Muhammad ibn Zayd died, Nasir al-Haqq Utrush twice (in 288 and 290 AH) attempted to retake Tabaristan with the help of Justan and Firuzan but failed, until he was able to raise an army again with the help of Hassan ibn Qasim and the people of Daylam and Gilan. Hassan ibn Qasim commanded the Alavid army in the uprising against the Samanids and the Battle of Burroud Chalus and the capture of Sari (301 AH)[7]. After defeating the Samanid army, he killed many of them who had taken refuge in Chalus Castle and destroyed the castle. With the capture of Amol and Sari, the Alavid government in Tabaristan was revived[8][9] and Nasir al-Haqq Utrush, titled Nasir Kabir, became the third ruler of the Alavids of Tabaristan. Thereafter, he entrusted the execution of rulings, commands, and prohibitions to Hassan ibn Qasim. Nasir al-Haqq was from the Husaynid Sayyids; however, Da'i Kabir and his brother Muhammad ibn Zayd and his son-in-law Abu al-Hasan Ahmad were from the Hasanid Sayyids[10].


Claim to the Imamate

Hassan ibn Qasim's capabilities and the inclination of many army leaders and elders such as Herusfandan (who later joined Nasir al-Haqq and his sons), Lisham ibn Wardrad, and Khosrowfiruz towards him[11] caused him to claim the Imamate himself, and following the deterioration of his relations with Nasir al-Haqq, he exiled him to Larijan Castle. After some time, with the intervention of Layli ibn Nu'man—one of the commanders loyal to Nasir al-Haqq who, after his death, became the commander of Hassan ibn Qasim's army—Nasir al-Haqq was released from exile. After this incident, Hassan ibn Qasim went to Daylam with some of his close associates[12]. Then he claimed the Imamate there[13].


Reconciliation with Nasir al-Haqq

These events led to a group of scholars and statesmen, by the order of Abu al-Hasan Ahmad (one of the sons of Nasir al-Haqq; known as Sahib al-Jaysh), to mediate between the two dignitaries to prevent schism among the Alavids. At the suggestion of this group, it was decided that Hassan ibn Qasim should again be chosen as the commander-in-chief of Nasir al-Haqq's army. With both parties accepting this proposal, Hassan ibn Qasim returned to Amol. Afterwards, at the suggestion of Abu al-Hasan Ahmad, Nasir al-Haqq gave his granddaughter in marriage to Hassan ibn Qasim and appointed him as the governor of Gorgan, and sent his other son, Abu al-Qasim Ja'far, with him to repel the Samanid armies, but Abu al-Qasim Ja'far left him alone in Gorgan and went to Sari. Due to his obstructionism, Hassan ibn Qasim was besieged and after some resistance, was defeated in 304 AH and retreated to Amol and from there went to Daylam[14].

Imamate over the Zaydis

Nasir al-Kabir passed away on 25 Sha'ban 304 AH. According to his will, his son Abu al-Hasan Ahmad and the Daylamite chiefs summoned Hasan ibn Qasim to Amol and entrusted the government to him on Wednesday, 24 Ramadan of the same year[15]. Hasan ibn Qasim was titled "Da'i ila al-Haqq" and "Da'i Saghir" from this time[16]. Abu al-Qasim Jafar, who objected to the Da'i's appointment, departed for Ray and joined Muhammad Sa'luk, the Samanid governor of Ray. However, Abu al-Hasan Ahmad remained loyal to his son-in-law (Da'i Saghir) according to his father's will. The Da'i's justice and fairness heralded stable and calm conditions in the regions under his control. In addition to governance, he attended to grievances and spent time on jurisprudence and knowledge[17][18]. In 306 AH, Gorgan was once again captured by the Alavids, and poets composed verses congratulating this victory, but in Dhu al-Hijjah of the same year, Abu al-Qasim Jafar, with the help of Samanid commanders and troops, attacked Gorgan, and it fell into the hands of the Samanids. The Da'i and Abu al-Hasan Ahmad also retreated to Tamisha. After the retreat, the Da'i returned to Amol, but Abu al-Hasan Ahmad and his forces remained in Tamisha[19].


Defeat and Captivity

Abu al-Qasim Jafar, who had gained nothing from the capture of Gorgan, joined Abu al-Hasan Ahmad along with his companions. They defeated Da'i Saghir in a coup in 307 AH. The Da'i was forced to seek refuge with Ispahbad Muhammad ibn Sharyar of the Qarinvand dynasty, but he arrested the Da'i and sent him to Ali ibn Wahsudan al-Jastani (the powerful deputy of the Abbasid Caliph in Ray), and he imprisoned the Da'i in Alamut Castle[20][21]. Abu al-Qasim Jafar and Abu al-Hasan Ahmad also went to Gorgan with their armies and engaged in battle with the Samanids.


Recapture of the Government

Following the murder of Ali ibn Wahsudan –by Muhammad ibn Musafir–,[22][23] Da'i Saghir was released from prison with the help of Khosrow Firuz Daylami and went to Daylam, and in Jumada al-Thani 307 AH, he came to Amol, then to Sari, and from there went to Gorgan and defeated Jafar and Ahmad. Jafar fled to Gilan via Damghan and Ray, but the Da'i made peace with Ahmad (his father-in-law) and made him a partner in the government[24]. The Da'i also entrusted the government of Gorgan to Layla ibn Nu'man Gilani (commander of the Alavid army)[25]. Layla ibn Nu'man was referred to by the titles "al-Mu'ayyad al-Din Allah al-Muntasir li Al Rasul Allah"[26].


Capture of Damghan and Conquest of Nishapur

The weakness of the Samanid government and the turmoil in Khorasan led Da'i Saghir to task Layla ibn Nu'man Gilani with conquering that region. After capturing Damghan, Layla ibn Nu'man entered Nishapur in Dhu al-Hijjah 308 AH and delivered the khutbah in the Da'i's name, but in Rabi' al-Awwal 309 AH, he was defeated by the Samanid army in Tus and was killed by Hamuyah[27], the commander-in-chief of the army of Nasr II Samani. Following this defeat, some Gil and Daylamite chiefs decided to kill the Da'i and appoint Ahmad in his place, but the Da'i became aware and killed them in Gorgan[28][29]. Among them was Herusfandan; who had previously helped the Da'i in the coup against Nasir al-Kabir but afterwards joined Nasir al-Haqq and his sons. (Mardavij Ziyar was his nephew).


Second Defeat by the Sons of Nasir al-Haqq

In the year 310 AH, Samanid troops under the command of Simjur al-Dawati took Gorgan from the Da'i and Ahmad[30], but the Da'i recaptured Gorgan later that same year, and Ahmad was appointed to the governorship of that region.

Ahmad, who had become fearful of the Da'i's power, attacked Amol but was defeated and joined his brother. At that time, Abu al-Qasim Jafar had gathered an army in Gilan and, with the support of Gil and Daylamite commanders (Asfar ibn Shiruya and Makan ibn Kaki), was preparing to attack Tabaristan. He invaded Tabaristan in Jumada al-Ula 311 AH, defeated the Da'i, and captured Amol[31]. After the defeat, the Da'i took refuge in the mountains. Two months later, in Rajab 311 AH, Abu al-Hasan Ahmad passed away. Abu al-Qasim Jafar also passed away in Dhu al-Qa'dah 312 AH after a short period of rule. After the death of the two brothers, the people of the region pledged allegiance to Abu Ali al-Nasir, the son of Abu al-Hasan Ahmad. Around the same time, Hasan ibn Qasim (Da'i Saghir) went from the mountains to Gilan and chose seclusion.

Retaking the Government from Abu Ali al-Nasir

Following the death of Abu al-Qasim Ja'far, his supporting leaders, Asfar ibn Shiruya and Makan ibn Kaki, exhibited different policies towards each other. Asfar ibn Shiruya supported Abu Ali al-Nasir, and conflict arose between them and Makan. Makan was defeated and fled. Since the idea of dominating Gorgan and Tabaristan never left his mind, he exchanged several letters with Da'i Saghir, who had settled in the mountains, to regain طبرستان from the claimants with his help. Da'i did not accept this invitation, and Makan went to war against Abu Ali al-Nasir and Asfar ibn Shiruya alone and was defeated by them. In early 314 AH, Makan gathered an army along with his cousin Hasan ibn Firuzan. This time, at Makan's request, Da'i accompanied him and went with him to Amol[32] and they took the government from Abu Ali al-Nasir. Asfar ibn Shiruya also joined the Samanids after being defeated by Da'i and Makan.


Capture of Ray, Qazvin, Abhar, and Zanjan

In 314 AH, Nasr II Samani came to Tabaristan to completely eliminate the threat of Da'i Saghir, but Da'i's agents blocked the roads so effectively and destroyed roads and bridges that Amir Nasr remained besieged and found release only by paying 30,000 dinars to Da'i and accepting this humiliation. In the final years of the Alavid government, Da'i and Makan marched on Ray and took it from the hands of the Samanids and Muhammad Sa'luk (Samanid governor of Ray). Until 316 AH, Qazvin, Abhar, and Zanjan also came under Alavid control.


End of Da'i's Life, End of the Alavid Government of Tabaristan

At a time when Da'i and Makan were busy expanding the territory of the Alavid government, Asfar ibn Shiruya, by order of Nasr II Samani, came to Gorgan with an army of Samanid soldiers from Khurasan and captured it in the name of the Samanid king. Then he summoned a commander from among the Daylamite leaders named Mardavij ibn Ziyar and accompanied him as commander-in-chief. These two amirs captured Tabaristan with each other's help. Upon hearing news of the capture of Tabaristan, Da'i decided to return, but Makan refused to accompany him. Da'i, hoping for the support of the people of Amol, set out for Tabaristan with a small army to confront Asfar ibn Shiruya, but the people of Amol did not support Da'i due to the fatwa of Abu al-Abbas Faqih[33][34][35].

Eventually, Da'i was killed by Mardavij ibn Ziyar in رمضان 316 AH while standing for prayer. With Da'i's death, coins were minted and the khutbah was read in the name of the Abbasid Caliph and the Samanid Amir, and the Alavid government of Tabaristan came to an end[36][37]. It should not be left unsaid that Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn Hasan, known as Abu Abdallah Da'i (d. 360 AH)—who was the result of the marriage of Hasan ibn Qasim to the daughter of Firuz Daylami—later established a Zaydi emirate in Tabaristan[38].


Footnotes

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رده:شخصیت‌ها رده:شخصیت‌های شیعه رده:تاریخ

  1. ↑ Hassan ibn Qasim
  2. ↑ Encyclopædia Iranica
  3. ↑ See Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., Supplement 5–6, under entry: Year 262–263
  4. ↑ Natiq bi-al-Haqq, al-Ifadah fi Tarikh al-A'immah al-Sadah, pp. 61–62
  5. ↑ Ibn Athir, vol. 7, p. 434
  6. ↑ Ibn Isfandiyar, Tarikh-e Tabaristan, vol. 1, pp. 253–254
  7. ↑ Ibid., p. 269
  8. ↑ Hamzah Isfahani, Tarikh Suni Muluk al-Ard wa al-Anbiya, p. 175
  9. ↑ Ibn Isfandiyar, Tarikh-e Tabaristan, vol. 1, p. 269
  10. ↑ Dehkhoda Dictionary
  11. ↑ Ibn Isfandiyar, Tarikh-e Tabaristan, vol. 1, p. 274
  12. ↑ Natiq bi-al-Haqq, al-Ifadah fi Tarikh al-A'immah al-Sadah, p. 58
  13. ↑ Ibrahim Sabi, al-Taji fi Akhbar al-Dawlah al-Daylamiyah, pp. 30–31
  14. ↑ Ibn Isfandiyar, Tarikh-e Tabaristan, vol. 1, p. 275
  15. ↑ Natiq bil-Haqq, al-Ifadah fi Tarikh al-A'imah al-Sadah, p. 61
  16. ↑ Ibn Isfandiyar, Tarikh-e Tabarestan, p. 275
  17. ↑ Natiq bil-Haqq, al-Ifadah fi Tarikh al-A'imah al-Sadah, p. 61
  18. ↑ Ibn Isfandiyar, Tarikh-e Tabarestan, vol. 1, pp. 276–277
  19. ↑ Ibid., pp. 276–277, 281
  20. ↑ Ibn Athir, vol. 8, p. 74
  21. ↑ Ibn Isfandiyar, Tarikh-e Tabarestan, vol. 1, p. 281
  22. ↑ Juwayni, vol. 3, Qazvini annotations, pp. 442–443
  23. ↑ Ali Masudi, Muruj al-Dhahab wa Ma'adin al-Jawhar, vol. 5, p. 265
  24. ↑ Ibn Isfandiyar, Tarikh-e Tabarestan, vol. 1, pp. 274, 281–283
  25. ↑ Ibn Athir, vol. 8, pp. 79–80
  26. ↑ Ibid., pp. 124–125
  27. ↑ Ibid., vol. 7, p. 281
  28. ↑ Ibn Isfandiyar, Tarikh-e Tabarestan, vol. 1, p. 278
  29. ↑ Ibn Athir, vol. 8, pp. 124–125, 189–190
  30. ↑ Ibid., pp. 130–131
  31. ↑ Ibn Isfandiyar, Tarikh-e Tabarestan, vol. 1, pp. 284–286
  32. ↑ Ibid., pp. 286–292
  33. ↑ Ali Masudi, Muruj al-Dhahab wa Ma'adin al-Jawhar, vol. 5, p. 216
  34. ↑ Sabi, al-Taji fi Akhbar al-Dawla al-Daylama, p. 37
  35. ↑ Ibn Isfandiyar, Tarikh-e Tabaristan, vol. 1, pp. 286–289, 292
  36. ↑ Hamza Isfahani, Tarikh Seni Moluk al-Ard wa al-Anbiya, p. 153
  37. ↑ Ibrahim Sabi, al-Taji fi Akhbar al-Dawla al-Daylama, pp. 37–38
  38. ↑ Natiq bi-al-Haqq, al-Ifada fi Tarikh al-A'imma al-Sada, pp. 64–74
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