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Draft:Abu al-Fadl al-Tha'ir fi Allah

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Abu al-Fadl al-Tha'ir fi Allah
nameAbu al-Fadl (Abu Talib) Ja'far ibn Muhammad
Personal details
religionIslam

al-Tha'ir fi Allah Abu al-Fadl (Abu Talib) Ja'far ibn Muhammad was a Zaidi Alid ruler of Hawsam in the first half of the fourth century AH[1].


Brief Introduction

No information is available regarding his date of birth or the early years of his life. He was the grandson of Husayn al-Sha'ir[2], brother of Hasan al-Utrush, a Zaidi sayyid [3] known as Sayyid Abyad, who, prior to the conquest of Amol and Tabaristan by the Ziyarids, resided in Hawsam (Rudsar) and devoted himself to teaching and spreading Islam among the Gilakis and Daylamites. Following the collapse of the Zaidi Alids' rule in Tabaristan in 320 AH, al-Tha'ir established Hawsam as his base[4][5] and ruled there for three decades. Makan Kakuyi (a Daylamite amir, d. 329 AH), after being defeated by Mardavij, the first Ziyarid amir (d. 323 AH), fled to Daylam and in 320 AH sought al-Tha'ir's assistance to reconquer Tabaristan; together they launched an attack on Tabaristan. Balqasam ibn Banjin repelled their assault; Makan fled to Nishapur, while al-Tha'ir returned to Daylam and re-established himself in Hawsam[6][7][8][9]. In 337 AH, the Ustandar (governor) of Ruyan—whose name remains unknown—formed an alliance with al-Tha'ir. Following this alliance, the Ustandar brought al-Tha'ir to Chalus and installed him as ruler, whereupon the people pledged obedience to him [10]. When news of this reached Hasan ibn Buya (d. 366 AH), he dispatched Ibn al-Amid with an army accompanied by his nephew, Ali ibn Kama, to confront them. The combined forces of the Ustandar and al-Tha'ir defeated the Buyid army in the region of Tamangada [11]. The Ustandar and al-Tha'ir then proceeded to Amol; however, shortly thereafter, discord arose between them, leading the Ustandar to abandon al-Tha'ir. Unable to remain in Amol without the Ustandar's support, al-Tha'ir returned to Gilan and settled in Siyah Kaleh Rud, in the village of Miandeh, a dependency of Hawsam[12][13] [14].


Seeking Refuge with al-Tha'ir

In 338 AH, Vushmgir the Ziyarid, engaged in warfare to conquer Tabaristan, sought refuge with al-Tha'ir. al-Tha'ir and Vushmgir marched to Tabaristan and gained control over it. Vushmgir left al-Tha'ir in Amol while he himself departed with his troops to Gorgan. Shortly thereafter, contrary to his agreement with al-Tha'ir, Vushmgir turned against him, proclaimed the khutba in the name of Nuh ibn Nasr al-Samani, and dispatched Shiraj ibn Layla and Wardanshah to Amol to expel al-Tha'ir. They killed al-Tha'ir's close associates, and Muhammad ibn Wahri/Dahri, one of al-Tha'ir's trusted confidants, allied with them, leaving al-Tha'ir isolated. Prior to the battle, al-Tha'ir fled to Daylam [15][16][17].


Seeking Refuge with Hasan ibn Buya

In 341 AH, he once again attempted to conquer Tabaristan. This time, he sought refuge with Hasan ibn Buya, who consequently ceded Tabaristan to al-Tha'ir. Thus, al-Tha'ir established himself in Amol and sent his sons, Zayd and Reza, to Sari. His dominion over Amol did not last long; Vushmgir launched an attack, expelled him from Amol, and captured his sons. al-Tha'ir corresponded with Vushmgir to secure their release and succeeded in freeing one of them. In 342 AH, when Vushmgir set out to battle Hasan ibn Buya, he received al-Tha'ir in Tabaristan and released his other son[18]. According to al-Sabi [19], thereafter al-Tha'ir never returned to Tabaristan. In 345 AH, he traveled to Azerbaijan to visit Marzuban ibn Muhammad and subsequently returned to Hawsam[20]. The motive for this journey remains unclear; however, given that one of his servants named Umayr had rebelled against him and been joined by a group of Gilakis, it is probable that al-Tha'ir sought Marzuban's assistance. According to Ibn Isfandiyar[21], as a result of Umayr's rebellion, the people of Gilan turned away from al-Tha'ir, rallied around Umayr, pledged allegiance to him, and plundered al-Tha'ir's possessions[22][23].


Death

Towards the end of al-Tha'ir's life, two of his sons passed away, and he himself died in 350 AH in Hawsam. He was buried in Miandeh, located thirty kilometers east of Hawsam[24]; his tomb remains there to this day. Following al-Tha'ir's death, two of his sons, Abu al-Hasan Mahdi, entitled al-Qa'im bi-l-Haqq, and Abu al-Qasim Husayn, successively assumed rulership. Abu al-Hasan died in 351 AH after ruling for one year[25]. After him, Abu al-Qasim Husayn ibn Ja'far succeeded his brother and adopted his father's laqab, namely al-Tha'ir fi Allah. He was captured during a battle with Lankar, son of Vushmgir. Lankar blinded him in one eye and sent him to Vushmgir, who imprisoned him. Some time later, Bisutun the Ziyarid released him from captivity; however, he was subsequently killed in battle against Abu Muhammad Nasir, another Alid[26][27]. When Lahijan, in the sixth century AH, became the center of Zaidi learning in eastern Gilan, succeeding Hawsam, a branch of this family was active there.

Footnotes

Template:Footnotes

  1. ↑ al-Tha'ir
  2. ↑ Tarikh-e Tabaristan
  3. ↑ Ibn Inaba, 'Umdat al-Talib fi Ansab, vol. 1, pp. 310–311
  4. ↑ Zahir al-Din ibn Nasir al-Din Mar'ashi, Tarikh-e Tabaristan, vol. 1, p. 225
  5. ↑ Subsequent entry
  6. ↑ Ibrahim ibn Hilal al-Sabi, Kitab al-Muntaza' min al-Juz' al-Awwal min al-Kitab al-Ma'ruf bi-l-Taji fi Akhbar al-Dawla al-Daylamiyya, vol. 1, pp. 38–39
  7. ↑ Miskawayh, vol. 1, p. 276
  8. ↑ Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, vol. 8, pp. 197–198
  9. ↑ Ibn Khaldun, vol. 4, p. 557
  10. ↑ Muhammad ibn Hasan Awliya Allah, Tarikh-e Ruyan, vol. 1, p. 116
  11. ↑ 128: Tamanga, Zahir al-Din ibn Nasir al-Din Mar'ashi, vol. 1, p. 38, Tarikh-e Tabaristan
  12. ↑ Muhammad ibn Hasan Awliya Allah, Tarikh-e Ruyan, vol. 1, p. 116
  13. ↑ Zahir al-Din ibn Nasir al-Din Mar'ashi, Tarikh-e Tabaristan, vol. 1, p. 38
  14. ↑ Samuel Miklos Stern, "The coins of A ¦mul", in Coins and documents from the medieval Middle East, London 1986, p. 230
  15. ↑ Ibn Isfandiyar, Tarikh-e Tabaristan, vol. 1, pp. 300–301
  16. ↑ Zahir al-Din ibn Nasir al-Din Mar'ashi, Tarikh-e Tabaristan, vol. 1, pp. 129–130
  17. ↑ Muhammad Mahdavi Lahijani, Rijal-e Do Hezar Saleh-ye Gilan, vol. 1, pp. 128–129
  18. ↑ Ibrahim ibn Hilal al-Sabi, Kitab al-Muntaza' min al-Juz' al-Awwal min al-Kitab al-Ma'ruf bi-l-Taji fi Akhbar al-Dawla al-Daylamiyya, vol. 1, pp. 39–40
  19. ↑ Ibrahim ibn Hilal al-Sabi, Kitab al-Muntaza' min al-Juz' al-Awwal min al-Kitab al-Ma'ruf bi-l-Taji fi Akhbar al-Dawla al-Daylamiyya, vol. 1, pp. 39–40
  20. ↑ Madelung, 1967, p. 46
  21. ↑ Ibn Isfandiyar, Tarikh-e Tabaristan, vol. 1, p. 106
  22. ↑ Muhammad ibn Hasan Awliya Allah, Tarikh-e Ruyan, vol. 1, p. 116
  23. ↑ Zahir al-Din ibn Nasir al-Din Mar'ashi, Tarikh-e Tabaristan, vol. 1, p. 226
  24. ↑ Zahir al-Din ibn Nasir al-Din Mar'ashi, Tarikh-e Tabaristan, vol. 1, pp. 226–227
  25. ↑ Ibrahim ibn Hilal al-Sabi, Kitab al-Muntaza' min al-Juz' al-Awwal min al-Kitab al-Ma'ruf bi-l-Taji fi Akhbar al-Dawla al-Daylamiyya, vol. 1, p. 40
  26. ↑ Ibrahim ibn Hilal al-Sabi, Kitab al-Muntaza' min al-Juz' al-Awwal min al-Kitab al-Ma'ruf bi-l-Taji fi Akhbar al-Dawla al-Daylamiyya, vol. 1, p. 40
  27. ↑ Madelung, 1975, pp. 219–220
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