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    Axis of Resistance

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    The Axis of Resistance or Front of Resistance is a term that refers to an unwritten regional alliance among mostly Shia countries and powers, such as Iran, Syria, Iraq, and Hezbollah in Lebanon. The aim of the Axis of Resistance is to combat Israel, end Western dominance in the Middle East, and defend Palestinian freedom. The term was first used in response to statements made by George W. Bush, the then President of the United States, and his deputy, John Bolton, who labeled the governments of Iran, Iraq, North Korea, Libya, Syria, and Cuba as part of an "axis of evil" in February 2002. Following this, various figures, including Seyyed Ali Khamenei, the leader of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, and Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah, the Secretary General of Hezbollah in Lebanon, along with other political and religious leaders, have used this term in their speeches.

    Conceptualization

    The Axis of Resistance or Resistance Front refers to a collection of countries and also Muslim and Shia military groups whose objective is to end Western dominance in the Middle East[1], combat Israel, and defend Palestinian freedom[2]. The governments of Iran, Syria, and Iraq, Hezbollah in Lebanon, resistance groups in Palestine such as Islamic Jihad and Hamas, as well as the Ansar Allah group in Yemen, are considered part of the Axis of Resistance[3]. The formation of the Axis of Resistance has been analyzed as being inspired by the slogans of the Islamic Revolution of Iran that emphasize resistance against global powers[4]. According to Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah, Seyyed Ali Khamenei is the heart and core of the Axis of Resistance and the Islamic Republic of Iran[5].

    The Term Axis of Resistance

    The phrase "Axis of Resistance" was first used after George W. Bush, the President of the United States, referred to Iran, Iraq, and North Korea as the "axis of evil" in February 2002 (29 January 2002), and then John Bolton, the then Deputy Secretary of State, included Syria, Libya, and Cuba in this list[6]. In response to this stance, the Libyan magazine Al-Zahf Al-Akhdar referred to those countries not as an axis of evil but as an Axis of Resistance standing against the United States[7]. Subsequently, Saeed Sa'im, the Minister of Interior of Palestine, used the term "Axis of Resistance" in an interview with Alalam TV to refer to the common political goals in the struggle against the U.S. and Israel, emphasizing that Syria, Iran, Hezbollah in Lebanon, and Hamas in Palestine form the Axis of Resistance to fight against the U.S. and Israel[8]. Furthermore, Ali Akbar Velayati, a former Iranian Foreign Minister, in August 2010, considered the resistance chain against Israel to include Iran, Syria, Hezbollah in Lebanon, the new Iraqi government, and Hamas[9]. He believed that because this chain passes through Syria, the country plays a crucial role in the resistance against Israel[10]. During a meeting between Saeed Jalili, the then Secretary of the Supreme National Security Council of Iran, and Bashar al-Assad, the President of Syria, the Axis of Resistance was discussed[11].

    Seyyed Ali Khamenei, the leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, first spoke about the Islamic Resistance Front in August 1993 during a meeting with Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah, the Secretary General of Hezbollah, considering it a response to the aggressions of Israel, which, through its acts of aggression against Lebanon, not only failed to achieve its political and military goals but also resulted in the solidarity and unity of the people[12].

    Legitimacy of Forming the Resistance Front

    From another perspective, looking at the events in Gaza after the Storm of Al-Aqsa, this situation demonstrated the legitimacy of forming the Resistance Front. Some argued that the Resistance Front in West Asia was unnecessary; it has been shown that the presence of the Resistance Front in this region is among the most vital issues and should be increasingly strengthened. Naturally, those who have a conscious awareness in this region, upon witnessing the oppression by the Zionists—which has continued for seventy years—will not remain silent or at ease but will think about resistance. The formation of the Resistance Front is to confront this ongoing, constant injustice perpetrated by the Zionist criminals against the Palestinian nation and its supporters[13].

    History

    From the Six-Day War to the Fight Against ISIS:

    The concept of the Axis of Resistance has developed in the context of the historical events of the past few decades and can be traced in the face of Israel, ISIS (in Syria and Iraq), and the presence of the United States in the Middle East[14].

    Hamas

    The identity of Israel as an occupying force and its failure to adhere to the borders defined in 1948 has led Palestinians, including the Islamic Resistance Movement Hamas, to maintain a hostile view towards Israel, threatening its existence[15].

    Hezbollah Lebanon

    The 22-day war in Gaza, which occurred in January 2009, is one example of the threats to Israel’s national security posed by Islamic resistance forces[16]. Additionally, the political-military organization Hezbollah Lebanon, a Shia group, succeeded in ending Israel's 18-year military control over parts of southern Lebanon in June 2000Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; refs with no name must have content. The confrontation between Hezbollah and Israel continued in the 33-day war, which took place from late July 2006 to late August of the same year[17].

    Syria

    Relations between Syria and Israel have been hostile since the Six-Day War in January 1967, during which Israel occupied a large part of Syria known as the Golan Heights[18]. The relationship became more antagonistic after the Iranian Revolution and particularly under the presidency of Bashar al-Assad in Syria, resulting in closer alignment among Iran, Syria, Palestinian jihadist forces, and Hezbollah[19].

    Syria and Iraq

    The seizure of significant parts of Syria and Iraq by the Salafist Islamist group ISIS transformed the Axis of Resistance into an alliance to combat military, political, economic, and social threats facing the associated countries[20]. Consequently, the Iranian government initiated military and advisory efforts in Iraq and Syria to prevent the advance of ISIS[21]. Protecting sacred sites in Iraq and Syria, including the shrine of Hazrat Zainab bint Ali (peace be upon her), has been cited as one of Iran's objectives in the region[22]. Additionally, discussions with Russia and China in support of the governments of Syria and Iraq against ISIS have been part of the efforts of the Axis of Resistance[23].

    Groups and Countries

    Iran and Syria, along with Hezbollah Lebanon, are recognized as the main pillars of the Axis of Resistance, with the Islamic Republic of Iran considered its leader[24]. The peak of collaboration within the Axis of Resistance occurred after Bashar al-Assad assumed the presidency in 2000 and subsequently during Israel’s attack on southern Lebanon in 2006 (1385 in the Iranian calendar) and its assault on Gaza in 2008. The lack of serious reaction from Middle Eastern countries to Israel’s attacks on Lebanon and Gaza contributed to the popularity of the Axis of Resistance among Muslims[25].


    The Islamic Resistance group Hamas in Palestine and Iraq are also considered part of the Axis of Resistance due to shared historical and cultural elements as well as the common threats they face[26].

    In summary, the groups that make up the Resistance Front include:

    1. Hezbollah Lebanon,
    2. Ansar Allah Yemen,
    3. Fatemiyoun Brigade Afghanistan,
    4. Hosseinioun Brigade Azerbaijan,
    5. Zainabiyoun Brigade Pakistan,
    6. Global Resistance Front,
    7. Popular Mobilization Forces (Hashd al-Shaabi) Iraq,
    8. Syrian National Defense Forces, Hamas, and Palestine, and
    9. Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) of the Islamic Republic of Iran....

    References

    1. ↑ Mohammadi-Sirat, "Olguy-e Namayesh Naqsh-e Amniyat-Afarin Shahidan Mehvar-e Moqavemat dar Rasaneh-ye Melli," p. 63
    2. ↑ Karimi, "Naqsh-e J. E. Iran dar Hoviyat-Bakhshi be Majmu'e Amniyati Mehvar-e Moqavemat," pp. 3 and 5
    3. ↑ Mohammadi-Sirat, "Olguy-e Namayesh Naqsh-e Amniyat-Afarin Shahidan MEhvar-e Moqavemat dar Rasaneh-ye Melli," p. 63
    4. ↑ Karimi, "Naqsh-e J. E. Iran dar Hoviyat-Bakhshi be Majmu'e Amniyati Mahvar-e Moqavemat," pp. 5-6
    5. ↑ "Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah: Artesh-e Israel Yek Artesh-e Hollywoodi Natavan Ast / Ayatollah Khamenei Hussein Zamān Ast," In ISNA Website.
    6. ↑ Karimi, "Naqsh-e J. E. Iran dar Hoviyat-Bakhshi be Majmu'e Amniyati Mahvar-e Moqavemat," p. 2
    7. ↑ "John Bolton: Libi, Suriyeh va Kuba Niz Bayad dar Fehrest-e Mahvar-e Shararat Gharar Girand," In ISNA Website.
    8. ↑ Karimi, "Naqsh-e J. E. Iran dar Hoviyat-Bakhshi be Majmu'e Amniyati Mahvar-e Moqavemat," p. 2
    9. ↑ Khosroshahin, "Bazdarandegi Mahvar-e Moqavemat," dar Sayt-e Roznameh Sazandegi
    10. ↑ Khosroshahin, "Bazdarandegi Mahvar-e Moqavemat," dar Sayt-e Roznameh Sazandegi
    11. ↑ Khosroshahin, "Bazdarandegi Mahvar-e Moqavemat," dar Sayt-e Roznameh Sazandegi
    12. ↑ 14. Khamenei, "Didar-e Dabir-e Kolle Jonbesh-e Hezbollah Lebanon ba Rahbar-e Enqelab," Sayt-e Daftar-e Hefz va Nashr-e Asar-e Ayatollah Khamenei
    13. ↑ https://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=55731
    14. ↑ Khamenei, "Bayanat dar Maraseme Danesh-Amookhtagi Daneshjuyan Daneshgah-e Oloum Entezami," Website of Daftar-e Hefz va Nashr-e Asar-e Ayatollah Khamenei; Basiri, "Vakavi-e Tahdidat-e Amniyati ISIS bar Mehvar-e Moqavemat va Ta'sir-e An bar Amniyat-e Melli-ye Jomhouri-ye Eslami-ye Iran," pp. 7, 11, and 13-14 and 20; Karimi, "Naqsh-e J. E. Iran dar Hoviyat-Bakhshi be Majmu'e Amniyati Mahvar-e Moqavemat," pp. 12-13
    15. ↑ 17. Karimi, "Naqsh-e J. E. Iran dar Hoviyat-Bakhshi be Majmu'e Amniyati Mahvar-e Moqavemat," p. 12
    16. ↑ Karimi, "Naqsh-e J. E. Iran dar Hoviyat-Bakhshi be Majmu'e Amniyati Mahvar-e Moqavemat," p. 12
    17. ↑ Karimi, "Naqsh-e J. E. Iran dar Hoviyat-Bakhshi be Majmu'e Amniyati Mahvar-e Moqavemat," p. 12
    18. ↑ Karimi, "Naqsh-e J. E. Iran dar Hoviyat-Bakhshi be Majmu'e Amniyati Mahvar-e Moqavemat," p. 12
    19. ↑ Karimi, "Naqsh-e J. E. Iran dar Hoviyat-Bakhshi be Majmu'e Amniyati Mahvar-e Moqavemat," p. 12
    20. ↑ Basiri, "Vakavi-e Tahdidat-e Amniyati ISIS bar Mahvar-e Moqavemat va Ta'sir-e An bar Amniyat-e Melli-ye Jomhouri-ye Eslami-ye Iran," pp. 21-22
    21. ↑ Basiri, "Vakavi-e Tahdidat-e Amniyati ISIS bar Mahvar-e Moqavemat va Ta'sir-e An bar Amniyat-e Melli-ye Jomhouri-ye Eslami-ye Iran," pp. 21-22
    22. ↑ Basiri, "Vakavi-e Tahdidat-e Amniyati ISIS bar Mahvar-e Moqavemat va Ta'sir-e An bar Amniyat-e Melli-ye Jomhouri-ye Eslami-ye Iran," pp. 21-22
    23. ↑ Basiri, "Vakavi-e Tahdidat-e Amniyati ISIS bar Mahvar-e Moqavemat va Ta'sir-e An bar Amniyat-e Melli-ye Jomhouri-ye Eslami-ye Iran," pp. 21-22
    24. ↑ Jafari-Pour, "Ta'sirat-e Mantaghei Dekhalat-e Hezbollah va Israel dar B بحران سوریه," p. 78
    25. ↑ Jafari-Pour, "Ta'sirat-e Mantaghei Dekhalat-e Hezbollah va Israel dar B بحران سوریه," p. 78
    26. ↑ Moradi, "B بحران سوریه va Amniyat-e Mantaghei Jomhouri-ye Eslami-ye Iran," pp. 129-130
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