Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Asad Abadi
Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Asad Abadi (Arabic: السيد جمال الدين الأسدآبادي) or Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (السيد جمال الدين الافغاني) (d. 1254/1838-9 - d. 1314/1897) was a supporter of proximity of schools of thoughts who made huge efforts for unity of Muslims. He traveled to different Islamic countries. There are countless disagreements on homeland, life and attitudes of Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Asad Abadi. Mirza Rida al-Kirmani who murdered Nasir al-Din Shah was a student of Al-Asad Abadi.
Birth and Lineage
Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Asad Abadi was born in Asad Abad in 1254/1838. His father, Sayyid Safdar, and his mother, Sukayna Beygum, were descendants of Imam al-Sajjad (a). Some believed he was Afghan and some believed he was Iranian. It is claimed that Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din himself stated that he was an Afghan. Some reports mentioned that his relatives were living in Hamadan, and historical sources and documents show that he had an Iranian identification card, thus it is concluded he was Iranian. On the other hand, some reports mentioned that Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Asad Abadi did not consider himself an Iranian and Shi'ite, in order to work on unity of Islam and he could be able to interact with other Islamic sects including Sunnis. In an interview Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din stated: "I am an Afghan, the purest race of Iranian." However some believe Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Asad Abadi was born in Asad Abad or As'ad Abad in Afghanistan. He studied in Kabul and migrated to India afterwards. Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Asad Abadi stated that English called him a Russian, Sunni called him a Rafidi and Shi'ites called him a Nasibi.
Education
Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Asad Abadi started learning Qur'an from his parents when he was six years old. He also learnt basic Arabic language in his early years. Then along with his father, Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din migrated to Qazvin in 1264/1848 when they lived for four years. When he was in Najaf, he learnt Arabic Literature, Logics, fiqh and usul. In 1266/1850 he migrated to Tehran, where he studies under Al-Sayyid Muhammad Sadiq al-Tabataba'i al-Hamadani, who was the Mujtahid of the time. Before Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Asad Abadi return to Najaf in 1266/1850 he stayed in Brujerd for a while in order to have scientific discussions with scholars of the city. He studied under Al-Shaykh al-Ansari for four years in Najaf. Later he planned to travel to Bombay in India in 1270/1853-4 Some historians stated that Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Asad Abadi travel to India in 1282/1865-6 in order to build relationships between Islamic governments and nations; this plan was led by the Ottoman Sultan. First he talked with Madhat Pasha and asked him to send letters to India, Baluchistan and Afghanistan.
Travels
After the travel of Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Asad Abadi to India, his life and personality changed drastically. He became familiar with the problems of Shi'ite Muslims in India and proposed unity of Muslims and condemnation of colonization as the solution which will lead to development of Shi'ites. Then he started traveling to other Muslim and European countries where he stayed for a short while and preached his thoughts.
Freemasonry
Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Asad Abadi became hugely influential among young Egyptians around 1871–1873. He continued his cultural and media-related activities and engaged in Freemasonry system in Egypt in order to develop his political theories and plans. In 1875 he requested to join the Freemasonry in Cairo. According to a letter from a member of the Eastern Lodge, he was recommended to be the head of the Lodge. As it is said Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Asad Abadi was immediately accepted as a member. When Edward VII, the King of England, joined Freemasonry and the Italian Lodge welcomed him warmly, Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din decided to leave them to show his discontent.
Journals
Shafiq: When Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Asad Abadi traveled to Hyderabad, the center of all exiled Indians, in 1296/1879 He started publishing a journal called Mu'alim Shafiq in Persian and Urdu. Urwata al-Wuthqa: Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Asad Abadi travelled to Paris in 1301/1883-4 and he published Urwata al-Wuthqa Journal there.
In Egypt
Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din stayed in Egypt for eight years from 1288–1296/1871-2-1879 and he engaged in political and scientific activities:
Scientific Conferences
Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din officially started teaching in Egypt where key figures attended his classes including Al-Shaykh Muhammad 'Abdu, Al-Shaykh 'Abd al-Karim Salman, Al-Shaykh Ibrahim al-Qani, Al-Shaykh Sa'id Zughlul and Al-Shaykh Ibrahim al-Halbawi. Without a doubt Al-Shaykh Muhammad 'Abdu was the notable student of Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din, who accompanied him and later promoted Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din's thoughts. However Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din's students were not only Muslims, Ya'qub Sunu' was Jew and Louie Sabunchi, Adib Ishaq and Shabali Shamil were Christian students of him. It is said Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din evolved Egyptian Literature as it was aristocratic work praising the Kings and Emirs and it changed to works for people.
Al-Watani Party
Foundation Al-Watani party was one of the significant actions taken by Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din in Egypt. It became successful by means of huge efforts made by Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din and his students. According to Lord Cromer, an English counselor in Egypt, due to activities of Al-Watani Party the influence of England was reduced by 45% in Egypt and business trades between the two countries was also reduced by 35%. In addition, Du'at Nasara center stated that after 35 years of promoting Christianity all over Africa, comparing to Al-Watani's activities, their supporters are one to sixteen in comparison. One of the Nazarene preachers in Cairo was surprised to see expansion and influence of Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din's thoughts in Al-Watani Party. However, colonizers were terrified of the situation and the influence of Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din in Egypt. They tried their best to stop intellectual and political activities of Al-Watani Party and finally after about nine months they closed the Party's office. In 1296/1879 Towfiq Pasha ordered to arrest Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din and sent him back to Iran. Beforehand they kept Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din in Suez Harbor for a while in order to prevent people from joining him to learn religious teachings.
In India
After leaving Egypt, instead of staying in Iran, Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din preferred to travel to India and stay in Hyderabad, where he continued his activities. He gave speeches to young people, cooperated with media, founded a secret community called "al-'Urwa" and showed his disagreement with Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan.
Opposing Materialism
Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din noticed materialistic attitudes of Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan while he was staying in India and he decided to oppose them. It was obvious that Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan was a supporter of traditional Wahhabism. After the famous uprising in 1858, Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din decided to form a mixed religion of Islam, consisting of different Islamic sects, which was close to Christianity in order to bring closeness between the English and Muslims in India. According to his idea the instinctive similarity between Islam and Christianity was evolutionary natural ethics, which has lost its supernatural element. This idea inspired Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din to write the book "Natscheria" written in Farsi and then translated to Urdu. Later it was translated into French by Muhammad 'Abdu with the help of 'Arif Abu Turab. In this book Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din rejected materialism and brought reasons to prove that it deteriorate humanity while religion improves human virtues. He also criticized materialist-esque thoughts of Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan. After rejecting the philosophy of materialistic thoughts, Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din introduced influential religion's role in civilization and progress.
Influence of Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din's Reformist Thoughts in Iran
A Letter to Mirza Shirazi
When Nasir al-Din Shah granted tobacco concession to a British company, Shi'ite religious scholars protested against it. Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din and his student, Mirza Rida al-Kirmani, were fiercely opposing this event. Although Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din was exiled, he made huge efforts to cancel tobacco concession. He sent letters to Mirza al-Shirazi to inform him about Nasir al-Din Shah's misdeeds and encouraged him to oppose tobacco concession. He also sent letters to other religious scholars to use tobacco concession to remove Shah and its regime from office. In his letter to Mirza al-Shirazi, Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din called Nasir al-Din Shah a weak-willed and evil man who is not able to defend public interests and granted tobacco concession to enemies of people. He also mentioned eight treacheries of Nasir al-Din Shah which damaged financial properties of country and they were granted to foreigners. Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din encouraged Mirza al-Shirazi to break his silence and make a crucial decision to oppose Shah.
Letter to Religious Leaders
In his letter to religious leaders in Iran, Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din clearly asked them to remove Shah and oppose his regime: "Oh, knowledgeable men, do not hesitate a second about removing Shah from his office who has usurp power wrongly. Nasir al-Din Shah's deeds are wrong and his orders are cruel. After putting people in misery and poverty, now Nasir al-Din Shah wants to grant an Islamic country to foreigners. I am going to tell you again that ministers, military chiefs, classes of society are running out of patience and they are waiting for you to take action."
Works
The majority of Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din's works are Taqrirs (consent) which are all inscribed by others. Most of them are published by Kolbeh Shuruq in collaboration with Islamic Research Center for International Conference of Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Asad Abadi in Tehran. The notable works of Sayyid Jamal al-Din are: Rasail fi al-falsafa wa al-Irfan: This collection includes six Risala on Irfan (mysticism) and Philosophy which are mainly inscribed by Muhammad 'Abdu. Mura' al-Arifin, Al-Waridat, Al-Qada'i wa al-Qadr, Al-Falsafa al-tarbiya wa falsafa al-Sana'a, Al-'Ilm wa ta'thira fi al-Irada wa al-Ikhtiyar and Arabic translation of Natscheria. Political and Historical Letters and Documents: a large number of Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din's letters which were sent to cities like Tehran, Kermanshah, Baghdad, Basra, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Istanbul, Paris and London are available; their contents are mostly critical and political. This book includes fifty letters and historical documents in Turkish, Persian and Arabic. Collection of Rasa'il and Articles: It includes more than thirty Risalas and letters which are written by Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din himself and some are stated by him and Muhammad Hasan Aqa Amin al-Darb al-Thani wrote them. It also contains a number of stories told by Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din which are published by Abu al-fadl Qasemi for the first time. Its original and handwritten version is kept in the Library of Parliament of Iran. Al-Rasail wa al-maqalat: It is a collection of twenty two articles and Risalas in Arabic such as Risala on al-Mahdiya, Al-Sharq wa al-Sharafayn, Al-Rad ala Reynan. A number of them are recently published in Al-Yawm al-Thabi' Journal in Paris and Al-'Alam Journal in London. History of Iran and History of Afghanistan: It is written by Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Asad Abadi himself. Al-Urwat al-Wuthqa: It was a journal published in Paris. Its first volume was published on 13th March 1884 and its 18th and last volume was published in October 1884. Muhammad 'Abdu was the Chief Editor of this Journal. The collection of Al-Urwat al-Wuthqa was published in different countries including Iran, Lebanon, Iraq, Egypt and Europe, by different publishers. Diya' al-Khafiqin: Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din wrote a number of articles in this journal. It was published by Kolbeh Shuruq in collaboration with Islamic Research Center. After releasing five volumes it was banned to get published in England.
Political Thoughts
Morteza Motahhari in his book, A Brief Analysis on Islamic Movements in Recent Century, mentioned the problems of Islamic societies as: • Autocracy of monarchs; • Ignorance of Muslims and lagging behind modern science and civilization; • Dispersion of superstitions among Muslims' thoughts and having distance with the original Islamic thoughts; • Separation among Muslims due to religious and non-religious issues; • Western colonization in Islamic countries. Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din also proposed solutions for the mentioned issues: • Fighting against autocracy through raising awareness among people; • Regarding political opposition as a religious duty; • Acquiring modern science and technology; • Eliminating superstitions and going back to the original Islamic thoughts and beliefs; • Fighting against cultural; • Political and economic colonization; • Unity of Muslims; • Reviving Jihad; • Having self-confidence against the west. He insisted that Muslims should forget their differences in the aspect of religious sects or denominations and they have to tolerate each other for the sake of goodness of Islam and unity of Muslims. Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din advised Muslims to learn and achieve modern technology and knowledge while they are loyal to their religious and ethical values. He was mostly concerned about the differences and disunity among Muslims as well as Muslim rulers.
Demise
Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Asad Abadi passed away at the age of sixty in March 1897 in Istanbul. He was buried in cemetery of grand figures. Later the government of Afghanistan asked Ottomans to send his remains to be buried in Kabul, which was accepted by them. Al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din's remains were buried in Kabul University where a huge mausoleum was erected there for him in the time of Muhammad Zahir Shah.
In Other's Perspective
Imam al-Khomeini regarded al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din as a decent man who made huge efforts but did not reach the expected result due to lack of influence among people and religious leaders. Muhammad 'Abdu described al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din as a knowledgeable and insightful person who could understand the situation of religion and society. As he said: He was a grand theologian who inspired poets and revived intellectuals to seek their ways out of darkness. Muhammad Iqbal Lahuri regarded al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din as an insightful person in Islamic countries who used up his fruitful experience to link the past to the future. Sayyid 'Ali Husayni Khamenei said al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din was the man who stimulated the idea of retuning to Islamic government and the system of Islam. He was the first one who explained colonization to Muslims, his activities and political fights are incomparable to his likes in that time. Morteza Motahhari stated that al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Asad Abadi has deeply inspired informative movements of the past century and he brought awareness to Islamic countries.