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  • 10:39, 17 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Islam (Created page with "'''Islam''' ({{lang-ar|الإسلام|al-’Islām}}) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder and the final prophet and messenger of God (Allah). Adherents of Islam, called Muslims, believe that the Quran is the verbatim word of God as revealed to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel. Muslims...")
  • 10:29, 17 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Political Islam (Created page with "{{Short description|Political ideologies and movements derived from Islam}} {{Infobox ideology | name = Political Islam | native_name = {{lang|ar|الإسلام السياسي}} | image = 300px | caption = A collection of flags used by various Islamist movements. | school_tradition = Islamism, Islamic fundamentalism, Islamic democracy, Islamic socialism | region = Muslim world | leaders = {{hlist|Hassan al-Banna...")
  • 10:25, 17 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Islamic thought (Created page with "{{Short description|Intellectual traditions and philosophical discourse within Islam}} {{Infobox philosophy | name = Islamic Thought | native_name = {{lang|ar|الفكر الإسلامي}} | image = 300px | caption = A folio from the 11th-century Blue Quran, representing the centrality of scripture in Islamic intellectual tradition. | region = Muslim world | language = Primarily Arabic, Persian, Turkish lan...")
  • 09:58, 17 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Middle East (Created page with "{{Short description|Transcontinental region centered on Western Asia and Egypt}} {{Infobox region | name = Middle East | native_name = {{hlist|{{lang|ar|الشرق الأوسط}}|{{lang|fa|خاورمیانه}}|{{lang|tr|Orta Doğu}}}} | image = 300px | caption = The Middle East, a geopolitical region spanning parts of Western Asia and North Africa. | area_km2 = ~7,250,000 | population = ~490 million | population_ref = <r...")
  • 09:51, 17 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Sunni–Shia relations (Created page with "{{Short description|Major religious and political division within Islam}} {{Infobox religious conflict | width = 300px | conflict = Sunni–Shia Divide | partof = Islamic schisms | image = 300px | caption = Approximate distribution of Sunni and Shia Muslims worldwide. Sunni majority. Shia majority. | date = Emerged c. 632 CE after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad | place = Throughout the Muslim world | cause...")
  • 09:31, 17 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Vali Nasr (Created page with "{{Short description|Iranian-American academic and former diplomat (born 1960)}} {{Infobox person | name = Vali Nasr | image = Vali Nasr, 2015 (cropped).jpg | alt = A middle-aged man with glasses and short dark hair, wearing a suit and tie. | caption = Nasr in 2015 | birth_name = Seyed Vali Reza Nasr | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|12|20}} | birth_place = Tehran, Iran | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = Iranian, American | alma mater = Tufts Universi...")
  • 13:13, 16 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future (Created page with "'''The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future''' is a 2006 book by Iranian-American scholar Vali Nasr. The work examines the modern political significance of the Sunni–Shia divide and argues that sectarian identity has become a central force shaping the politics of the Middle East.<ref name="Nasr2006">{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Vali |title=The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future |p...")
  • 15:22, 15 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs moved page Muhammad to Muhammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh
  • 11:54, 15 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Islamic studies (Created page with " '''Islamic studies''' is an academic field dedicated to the study of Islam, including its theology, law, history, culture, and contemporary developments. The discipline encompasses the examination of religious texts, social structures, political movements, and cultural practices among Muslim communities worldwide (Esposito, 2002).<ref>Esposito, J. L. (2002). ''What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam''. Oxford University Press. https://global.oup.com/academic/product...")
  • 11:24, 15 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page John L. Esposito and Critiques of His Thought (Created page with "'''John L. Esposito''' (born 1940) is an American scholar of Islamic studies and contemporary Islamic thought. He is widely recognized for his work on political Islam, Islamic history, and interfaith dialogue. Esposito's scholarship emphasizes the diversity of Islam and Muslims worldwide and seeks to promote accurate understanding in both academic and public spheres (Esposito, 2023).<ref>Esposito, J. L. (2023). John L. Esposito. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica...")
  • 10:58, 15 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page John L. Esposito (Created page with "'''John L. Esposito''' (born 1940) is an American scholar of Islamic studies and contemporary Islamic thought. He is widely recognized for his work on political Islam, Islamic history, and interfaith dialogue. Esposito's scholarship emphasizes the diversity of Islam and Muslims worldwide and seeks to promote accurate understanding in both academic and public spheres (Esposito, 2023).<ref>Esposito, J. L. (2023). John L. Esposito. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica...")
  • 09:34, 15 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Khadija bint Khuwaylid (Created page with "'''Khadījah bint Khuwaylid''' (c. 555 – 619 CE) '''Khadījah bint Khuwaylid ibn Asad''' (Arabic: خديجة بنت خويلد) was the '''first wife of Muhammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh''' and the '''first person to convert to Islam''' (Esposito, 2023).<ref>Esposito, J. L. (2023). Khadījah. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Khadijah</ref> She is widely revered across all Islamic traditions as a model of faith, moral integr...")
  • 09:21, 15 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Muhammad (Created page with "'''Muhammad''' ''Prophet of Islam'' (c. 570 – 632 CE) '''Muhammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh''' (Arabic: محمد بن عبد الله) is regarded by Muslims as the '''final prophet and messenger of God (Allah)'''. Muslims believe that he received and conveyed the '''Qur’an''', Islam’s sacred scripture, through divine revelation delivered by the angel Gabriel (Jibrīl) (Esposito, 2023).<ref>Esposito, J. L. (2023). Muhammad. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. https://www.bri...")
  • 15:28, 10 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs moved page Fatima to Fatima bint Muhammad (AS)
  • 14:55, 10 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Fatima (Created page with "''Fatima bint Muhammad''' (Arabic: فَاطِمَة بِنْت مُحَمَّد, c. 605/615 – 632 CE), commonly known as '''Fatima al-Zahra''', was the youngest daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his first wife, Khadija bint Khuwaylid. She is venerated by all Muslims, with a status of particular spiritual and historical significance in Shia Islam, where she is considered an infallible figure and the mother of the Imams. Her marriage to Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muh...")
  • 09:04, 10 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Muhibb al-Din al-Khatib (Created page with "'''Muhibb al-Din al-Khatib''' (1886-1969) was a prominent Syrian Arab nationalist, journalist, and a leading Sunni polemicist against '''Shia Islam''' and the '''taqrib''' movement. A staunch defender of a '''Salafi'''-oriented orthodoxy, he used his editorial control over publications like the journal ''al-Fath'' and the ''al-Matba’a al-Salafiyya'' in Cairo to disseminate anti-Shia literature <ref>Commins, D. (1990). ''Islamic Reform: Politics and Social Change in Lat...")
  • 09:00, 10 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Nikah mut'ah (Created page with "'''Mut'a''', or temporary marriage, is a form of time-bound matrimonial contract in Islamic law. Its permissibility is derived from a '''Qur’anic verse (4:24)''' which mentions a "reward" given to women, interpreted by Shia scholars as sanctioning fixed-term marriage <ref>Haeri, S. (1989). ''Law of Desire: Temporary Marriage in Shi’i Iran''. Syracuse University Press.</ref>. In this contract, the duration and dowry are specified in advance, dissolving automatically u...")
  • 08:57, 10 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Succession to Muhammad (Created page with "The '''Succession to Muhammad''', known as the ''Saqifa'' event, is the foundational historical and theological rift between Sunni and Shia Islam. Following the Prophet Muhammad’s death in 632 CE, an immediate crisis emerged over the leadership of the nascent '''Muslim community (Ummah)'''. A gathering resulted in the selection of '''Abu Bakr''' as the first '''caliph (khalifa)''', a decision based on communal consensus <ref>Hazleton, L. (2009). ''After the Prophet: Th...")
  • 08:53, 10 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Jamāʿat al-Taqrīb Bayn al-Madhāhib al-Islāmiyya (Created page with "The '''Jamāʿat al-Taqrīb Bayn al-Madhāhib al-Islāmiyya''' (Society for the Rapprochement of Islamic Schools of Thought) was founded in Cairo in 1947 as the central institution of the 20th-century Islamic ecumenical movement. Its establishment signaled a shift from informal calls for '''Muslim unity''' to a structured, scholarly effort aimed at bridging the historical divide between '''Sunni and Shia''' Islam <ref>Rizk, Y. (2013). Modern Islamic Ecumenism: A Historic...")
  • 15:08, 9 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs moved page Islamic History to Islamic history
  • 14:48, 9 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Imamate in Shia doctrine (Created page with "The '''Imamate in Shia doctrine''' is a fundamental theological tenet that distinguishes Shia Islam. It refers to the belief in a divinely appointed, sinless (''ma‘sum''), and infallible leader (Imam) who succeeds the Prophet Muhammad in all functions except receiving revelation <ref>Momen, M. (1985). ''An Introduction to Shi‘i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi‘ism''. Yale University Press.</ref>. For '''Twelver Shiism''', this line began with Imam ''...")
  • 14:07, 9 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Islamic Ecumenism (Taqrīb): Historical Definitions and Evolution (Created page with "'''Islamic Ecumenism (Taqrīb): Historical Definitions and Evolution''' '''Introduction: The Pursuit of Unity in a Diverse Tradition''' The narrative of Islam is deeply marked by its theological, juridical, and political diversity. Yet, running parallel to the history of sectarian division is a significant, though often overlooked, tradition of '''intra-faith dialogue''' and the pursuit of reconciliation. This modern conceptual strand is broadly termed '''Islamic ecume...")
  • 14:23, 8 December 2025 Peysepar talk contribs created page Takfir (Created page with "'''Takfīr''' refers to pronouncing another Muslim an unbeliever, often deepening sectarian conflict. Modern Taqrīb movements consistently reject takfīr as an obstacle to unity and a driver of extremism (Brunner, 2004). <ref>Brunner, R. (2004). Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century. Brill.</ref> ==References==")
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