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The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) is a globally recognized independent institute dedicated to research on international security, conflict, arms control, and peacebuilding. Founded in 1966 and headquartered in Solna, Sweden, SIPRI has become one of the world’s most authoritative sources of open-source data on military expenditure, arms transfers, and global conflict trends (SIPRI, n.d.-a).<ref>SIPRI. (n.d.-a). About SIPRI. https://www.sipri.org/about
The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) is one of the world’s leading independent institutes dedicated to research on peace, conflict, arms control, disarmament, and global security. Founded in 1966, SIPRI has become a global authority on arms transfers, military expenditure, conflict trends, and peacebuilding processes (SIPRI, n.d.-a).<ref>SIPRI. (n.d.-a). About SIPRI. https://www.sipri.org/about
</ref> Its annual SIPRI Yearbook and databases are widely used by governments, international organizations, journalists, and researchers.
</ref> Its work frequently covers regions with significant Muslim populations, such as the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), providing critical data and analysis for governments, NGOs, and scholars.


== 1. Identification & Metadata ==
1. Identification & Metadata


=== Name, Founding, Legal Status ===
SIPRI—Stockholm International Peace Research Institute—was founded in 1966 as an independent foundation established by the Swedish Parliament (SIPRI, 2021).<ref>SIPRI. (2021). History. https://www.sipri.org/about/history
SIPRI was established in 1966 on the initiative of Swedish Prime Minister Tage Erlander, following recommendations by a commission chaired by Alva Myrdal (SIPRI, n.d.-b).<ref>SIPRI. (n.d.-b). History. https://www.sipri.org/about/history
</ref>
</ref>
The institute is an independent foundation created by a decision of the Swedish Parliament in commemoration of 150 years of Swedish peace.


Its headquarters is located at Signalistgatan 9, Solna (Stockholm), Sweden (OnThinkTanks, 2025).<ref>OnThinkTanks. (2025). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. https://onthinktanks.org/think-tank/stockholm-international-peace-research-institute/
Its founding was recommended by the Swedish Royal Commission chaired by Alva Myrdal, under the initiative of Swedish Prime Minister Tage Erlander (SIPRI, 2021).<ref>SIPRI. (2021). History. https://www.sipri.org/about/history
</ref>
</ref>


=== Staff Size and Budget ===
Legal status: Independent foundation under Swedish law.
SIPRI employs approximately 100 staff, including researchers, support staff, and visiting fellows (SIPRI, n.d.-a).<ref>SIPRI. (n.d.-a). About SIPRI. https://www.sipri.org/about
 
Headquarters: Signalistgatan 9, SE-169 72 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (OnThinkTanks, 2025).<ref>OnThinkTanks. (2025). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. https://onthinktanks.org/think-tank/stockholm-international-peace-research-institute/
</ref>
</ref>
Although detailed budgets vary, publicly available information indicates a scale consistent with medium-sized international policy institutes.
 
Staff size: Approximately 100 staff members (SIPRI, n.d.-a).<ref>SIPRI. (n.d.-a). About SIPRI. https://www.sipri.org/about
</ref>
 
Budget: Public full budgets are seldom published; SIPRI receives core Swedish government funding and supplementary donor funding.


=== Governance ===
=== Governance ===
As of 2025, the Chair of the Governing Board is former Swedish Prime Minister Stefan Löfven, and the Director is Dan Smith (Wikipedia, 2025).<ref>Wikipedia. (2025). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute
The Chair of the Governing Board is Stefan Löfven, former Prime Minister of Sweden (SIPRI, 2022).<ref>SIPRI. (2022). Governing Board members. https://www.sipri.org/about/gb
</ref>
</ref>
Board members include prominent global figures such as Mohamed Ibn Chambas, Chan Heng Chee, Noha El-Mikawy, and Jean-Marie Guéhenno (SIPRI, 2022).<ref>SIPRI. (2022). Governing Board. https://www.sipri.org/about/governing-board
Other board members include international figures such as Mohamed Ibn Chambas, Chan Heng Chee, Noha El-Mikawy, and Jean-Marie Guéhenno (Wikipedia, 2025).<ref>Wikipedia. (2025). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute
</ref>
</ref>


== 2. Mission, Vision & Organisational Structure ==
2. Mission, Vision & Organisational Structure


=== Mission and Vision ===
=== Mission and Vision ===
Line 30: Line 33:


Its mission includes:
Its mission includes:
* research on security, conflict, peace, and disarmament
* providing policy analysis for decision-makers
* supporting dialogue and confidence-building
* promoting transparency and accountability in global security


=== Organizational Structure ===
Security and conflict research
SIPRI’s structure includes:
* Governing Board
* Director and Deputy Director
* Research Staff Collegium
* Administrative and Programme Support Units


These bodies collectively oversee the institute’s agenda, quality control, and policy outreach (SIPRI, 2006).<ref>SIPRI. (2006). SIPRI Yearbook 2006 Summary. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/19755/YB06mini.pdf
Policy analysis and recommendations
 
Dialogue facilitation and transparency promotion
 
Production of high-quality databases and open-source research
 
=== Structure ===
SIPRI’s organizational structure includes:
 
Governing Board
 
Director & Deputy Director
 
Research Staff Collegium
 
Support staff
(SIPRI, n.d.-a).<ref>SIPRI. (n.d.-a). About SIPRI. https://www.sipri.org/about
</ref>
</ref>


=== Funding Model ===
=== Funding Model ===
SIPRI receives its core funding from the Government of Sweden, supplemented by grants from international donors and philanthropic foundations (SIPRI, n.d.-a).<ref>SIPRI. (n.d.-a). About SIPRI. https://www.sipri.org/about
SIPRI is primarily funded by an annual core grant from the Swedish Government, supplemented by project-based support from European institutions, foundations, and philanthropic donors (SIPRI, 2006).<ref>SIPRI. (2006). SIPRI Yearbook 2006. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/19755/YB06mini.pdf
</ref>
</ref>


== 3. Thematic & Methodological Profile ==
3. Thematic & Methodological Profile


=== Primary Research Areas ===
=== Research Areas ===
SIPRI structures its work under three thematic pillars (Wikipedia, 2025):<ref>Wikipedia. (2025). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute</ref> Armament and Disarmament Conflict, Peace and Security Peace and Development
SIPRI’s work is organized under three main research themes (Wikipedia, 2025):<ref>Wikipedia. (2025). SIPRI. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute
Within these, SIPRI researches:military expenditure arms transfers weapons of mass destruction emerging military technologies
</ref>
cyber and space security
peace operations


climate–security interactions
Armament and Disarmament


SIPRI also maintains a prominent Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Programme, addressing conflict drivers in predominantly Muslim countries (SIPRI, n.d.-a).<ref>SIPRI. (n.d.-a). About SIPRI. https://www.sipri.org/about
Conflict, Peace and Security
</ref>


=== Methods ===
Peace and Development
SIPRI’s methodology is characterized by:


exclusive use of open-source data
Its MENA Programme specifically studies conflict drivers, peacebuilding dynamics, governance, and human security in Muslim-majority regions (SIPRI, n.d.-a).<ref>SIPRI. (n.d.-a). About SIPRI. https://www.sipri.org/about
</ref>


reliance on national reports, UN data, media sources
=== Methodology ===
SIPRI’s research relies on:


large quantitative databases (military expenditure, arms transfers)
Open-source government data


policy and trend analysis (SIPRI, 2025)<ref>SIPRI. (2025). Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2024. https://www.sipri.org/publications/2025/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-international-arms-transfers-2024
Media and official arms-transfer documentation
</ref>


SIPRI rarely publishes qualitative fieldwork methods or human-subject research protocols.
SIPRI proprietary databases


=== Peer Review and Publications ===
Policy analysis
SIPRI’s main publications include:


SIPRI Yearbook
Statistical and longitudinal analysis
(SIPRI, n.d.-a).<ref>SIPRI. (n.d.-a). About SIPRI. https://www.sipri.org/about
</ref>


SIPRI Policy Reports
It rarely uses field interviews or ethnographic data.


Backgrounders
=== Peer Review / Publications ===
SIPRI outputs include the SIPRI Yearbook, working papers, policy briefs, fact sheets, and curated databases (SIPRI, 2006).<ref>SIPRI. (2006). SIPRI Yearbook 2006. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/19755/YB06mini.pdf
</ref>


Fact Sheets
4. Representative Outputs on Muslim / MENA Issues


Datasets
Below is a sample of SIPRI products relating to Muslim-majority regions:


Yearbook chapters undergo internal expert review (SIPRI, 2006).<ref>SIPRI. (2006). SIPRI Yearbook 2006 Summary. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/19755/YB06mini.pdf
Recent Trends in Arms Transfers in MENA (2025)
Finds that MENA accounts for over 27% of global arms imports (SIPRI, 2025).<ref>SIPRI. (2025). Recent trends in international arms transfers in MENA. https://www.sipri.org/commentary/topical-backgrounder/2025/recent-trends-international-arms-transfers-middle-east-and-north-africa
</ref>
</ref>


== 4. Representative Outputs (Islam / MENA Affairs) ==
SALW Controls in MENA (2022)
Documents weak small-arms governance systems (SIPRI, 2022).<ref>SIPRI. (2022). Arms transfer and SALW controls. https://www.sipri.org/commentary/topical-backgrounder/2022/arms-transfer-and-salw-controls-middle-east-and-north-africa
</ref>


=== 2025: Recent Trends in Arms Transfers in MENA ===
SIPRI Yearbook Chapters on MENA Conflicts (2022)
The 2025 SIPRI backgrounder reported that the Middle East accounted for over 27% of global major arms imports from 2020–2024 (SIPRI, 2025).<ref>SIPRI. (2025, April 10). Recent trends in international arms transfers in MENA. https://www.sipri.org/commentary/topical-backgrounder/2025/recent-trends-international-arms-transfers-middle-east-and-north-africa
Surveys conflicts, missiles, UAVs, humanitarian consequences (SIPRI, 2022).<ref>SIPRI. (2022). Yearbook chapter. https://www.sipriyearbook.org/
</ref>
</ref>


=== 2022: SALW Controls in MENA ===
Trends in International Arms Transfers 2024 (2025)
A 2022 backgrounder identified gaps in small arms control frameworks and documented the proliferation of illicit weapons across conflict zones (SIPRI, 2022).<ref>SIPRI. (2022). Arms transfer and SALW controls in MENA. https://www.sipri.org/commentary/topical-backgrounder/2022/arms-transfer-and-salw-controls-middle-east-and-north-africa-challenges-and-state-play
Global military-industrial trends with regional breakdowns (SIPRI, 2025).<ref>SIPRI. (2025). Trends in International Arms Transfers 2024. https://www.sipri.org/publications/2025/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-international-arms-transfers-2024
</ref>
</ref>


=== SIPRI Yearbook MENA Chapters ===
Towards a Regional Security Regime in the Middle East (2009)
Annual chapters provide overviews of MENA conflicts, peace processes, and weapons proliferation dynamics (SIPRI, 2022).<ref>SIPRI. (2022). SIPRI Yearbook: MENA Chapter. https://www.sipriyearbook.org
Proposes regional arms control mechanisms (SIPRI, 2009).<ref>SIPRI. (2009). Towards a regional security regime. https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu
</ref>
</ref>


== 5. Policy Impact ==
5. Policy Impact & Government Use


Government agencies, parliaments, and NGOs widely use SIPRI’s data.
SIPRI’s databases are used by governments, parliaments, and international organizations such as the UN for:


The Swedish Government regularly highlights SIPRI’s role in evidence-based peace and security research (SIPRI, n.d.-a).<ref>SIPRI. (n.d.-a). About SIPRI. https://www.sipri.org/about
Arms embargo monitoring
 
Treaty compliance checks
 
Military expenditure comparisons
 
Regional conflict assessments
(SIPRI, n.d.-a).<ref>SIPRI. (n.d.-a). About SIPRI. https://www.sipri.org/about
</ref>
</ref>


SIPRI’s Arms Transfers Database is used by the UN, EU, and national governments for monitoring compliance with arms-control regimes (Wikipedia, 2025).<ref>Wikipedia. (2025). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute
SIPRI receives annual Swedish government funding due to its recognized policy role (SIPRI, 2022).<ref>SIPRI. (2022). Governing Board. https://www.sipri.org/about/gb
</ref>
</ref>


== 6. Stakeholder Engagement & Ethics ==
6. Stakeholder Engagement & Fieldwork Ethics


SIPRI seldom conducts field research requiring formal human-subjects protocols. Thus, it rarely publishes ethical guidelines, informed consent procedures, or community-partner statements.
SIPRI uses open-source research, minimizing human-subject ethical risks. However, there is little public documentation of:
Its MENA programme does seek to examine “local peacebuilding,” but concrete evidence of engagement with Muslim religious scholars or local civil society actors is limited (SIPRI, n.d.-a).<ref>SIPRI. (n.d.-a). About SIPRI. https://www.sipri.org/about
 
local partnerships
 
community engagement in Muslim-majority regions
 
consent/ethics protocols
 
Thus, while ethically low-risk, SIPRI’s analysis may lack grassroots perspectives (SIPRI, n.d.-a).<ref>SIPRI. (n.d.-a). About SIPRI. https://www.sipri.org/about
</ref>
</ref>


== 7. Funding & Conflict of Interest Analysis ==
7. Funding & Conflict of Interest Analysis


SIPRI receives a core grant from the Swedish Government, plus additional contributions from international donors (SIPRI, n.d.-a).<ref>SIPRI. (n.d.-a). About SIPRI. https://www.sipri.org/about
SIPRI receives a core Swedish government grant and supplementary donor funding, but does not publish a full donor list (SIPRI, 2006).<ref>SIPRI. (2006). SIPRI Yearbook. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/19755/YB06mini.pdf
</ref>
</ref>
However, SIPRI does not publicly disclose a full list of private or philanthropic donors annually, and this partial transparency raises potential concerns about conflict-of-interest assessment.


== 8. Editorial Independence ==
This creates:


The Governing Board’s international composition supports institutional independence. Board members are not responsible for the views expressed in SIPRI publications (SIPRI, 1968–69).<ref>SIPRI. (1969). SIPRI Statutes. https://www.sipri.org
Strength: stable public funding
</ref>
 
Weakness: limited donor transparency


SIPRI maintains an internal editorial review system rather than double-blind academic peer review.
Estimated transparency score: 7/10.


== 9. Academic Critique ==
8. Editorial Independence & Governance Scrutiny


=== Epistemic Rigor ===
SIPRI’s statutes emphasize research independence.
SIPRI’s rigorous quantitative datasets enable global comparability but risk underreporting covert or non-state arms flows (SIPRI, 2025).<ref>SIPRI. (2025). Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2024. https://www.sipri.org/publications/2025/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-international-arms-transfers-2024
Board members are international, mitigating national bias (SIPRI, 2022).<ref>SIPRI. (2022). Governing Board. https://www.sipri.org/about/gb
</ref>
</ref>


=== Normative Framing ===
Publication decisions rest with the Director and Research Staff Collegium, not funders.
The institute adopts a state-centric, arms-control-oriented understanding of peace, which may under-emphasize social, religious, and identity dimensions of conflict.
 
=== Bias & Positionality ===
As a Western-based institution receiving public funding, SIPRI’s epistemic position aligns with liberal internationalist frameworks.


=== Policy Relevance vs Academic Depth ===
9. Academic Critique
While SIPRI excels in timely policy analysis, it lacks grassroots-level fieldwork and qualitative perspectives essential for studying Muslim-majority contexts.


== 10. Controversies & Criticisms ==
=== Epistemic Rigor ===
Strength: transparent, open-source data.
Limitation: opaque/illicit arms flows and non-state actors not fully captured.


No major public controversies or ethical scandals are documented.
=== Normative Framing ===
However, scholars have noted:
SIPRI’s framing is:


limited inclusion of local voices in conflict regions
state-centric


structural bias toward state-centered security paradigms
arms-control oriented


partial transparency in donor disclosures
secular-liberal in peace conceptualization


== 11. Comparative Positioning ==
=== Bias & Positionality ===
Being European and government-funded, SIPRI reflects Western security paradigms.


SIPRI is often compared with:
=== Policy Relevance vs Academic Rigor ===
Strong macro-data → weak micro-level, cultural, or religious analysis.


PRIO (more qualitative, identity-focused, academically oriented)
=== Contribution & Gaps ===
Major contribution: global arms-transfer and military-expenditure datasets.
Major gap: lack of local, identity-based, ethnographic perspectives.


GCSP (more practitioner-oriented, diplomacy-focused)
10. Criticisms & Responses


SIPRI stands out for its large databases, transparency of methods, and global influence.
There are no major public scandals.
Scholarly critiques include:


== 12. Recommendations ==
state-centrism


For researchers:
lack of community engagement


Use SIPRI data as a quantitative baseline; complement with qualitative research.
incomplete donor transparency


For policymakers:
SIPRI has not publicly issued formal responses to these concerns.


Note that SIPRI offers macro-level analysis; localized policy design requires local data.
11. Comparative Positioning
Institute Strength Weakness
SIPRI Arms data, transparency Limited qualitative depth
PRIO Strong academic & qualitative research Less global coverage
GCSP Applied diplomacy & training Less quantitative data
12. Recommendations


For SIPRI:
Researchers should supplement SIPRI data with qualitative and field research.


Improve donor transparency
Donors should encourage SIPRI to increase transparency.


Expand partnerships with MENA civil society and scholars
SIPRI should enhance MENA field partnerships.


Incorporate more qualitative and social research
Policymakers should use SIPRI as baseline data, not as sole analysis.


References
References
<references />

Revision as of 15:21, 26 November 2025

The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) is one of the world’s leading independent institutes dedicated to research on peace, conflict, arms control, disarmament, and global security. Founded in 1966, SIPRI has become a global authority on arms transfers, military expenditure, conflict trends, and peacebuilding processes (SIPRI, n.d.-a).[1] Its work frequently covers regions with significant Muslim populations, such as the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), providing critical data and analysis for governments, NGOs, and scholars.

1. Identification & Metadata

SIPRI—Stockholm International Peace Research Institute—was founded in 1966 as an independent foundation established by the Swedish Parliament (SIPRI, 2021).[2]

Its founding was recommended by the Swedish Royal Commission chaired by Alva Myrdal, under the initiative of Swedish Prime Minister Tage Erlander (SIPRI, 2021).[3]

Legal status: Independent foundation under Swedish law.

Headquarters: Signalistgatan 9, SE-169 72 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden (OnThinkTanks, 2025).[4]

Staff size: Approximately 100 staff members (SIPRI, n.d.-a).[5]

Budget: Public full budgets are seldom published; SIPRI receives core Swedish government funding and supplementary donor funding.

Governance

The Chair of the Governing Board is Stefan Löfven, former Prime Minister of Sweden (SIPRI, 2022).[6] Other board members include international figures such as Mohamed Ibn Chambas, Chan Heng Chee, Noha El-Mikawy, and Jean-Marie Guéhenno (Wikipedia, 2025).[7]

2. Mission, Vision & Organisational Structure

Mission and Vision

SIPRI’s vision is “a world in which sources of insecurity are identified and understood, conflicts are prevented or resolved, and peace is sustained” (SIPRI, n.d.-a).[8]

Its mission includes:

Security and conflict research

Policy analysis and recommendations

Dialogue facilitation and transparency promotion

Production of high-quality databases and open-source research

Structure

SIPRI’s organizational structure includes:

Governing Board

Director & Deputy Director

Research Staff Collegium

Support staff (SIPRI, n.d.-a).[9]

Funding Model

SIPRI is primarily funded by an annual core grant from the Swedish Government, supplemented by project-based support from European institutions, foundations, and philanthropic donors (SIPRI, 2006).[10]

3. Thematic & Methodological Profile

Research Areas

SIPRI’s work is organized under three main research themes (Wikipedia, 2025):[11]

Armament and Disarmament

Conflict, Peace and Security

Peace and Development

Its MENA Programme specifically studies conflict drivers, peacebuilding dynamics, governance, and human security in Muslim-majority regions (SIPRI, n.d.-a).[12]

Methodology

SIPRI’s research relies on:

Open-source government data

Media and official arms-transfer documentation

SIPRI proprietary databases

Policy analysis

Statistical and longitudinal analysis (SIPRI, n.d.-a).[13]

It rarely uses field interviews or ethnographic data.

Peer Review / Publications

SIPRI outputs include the SIPRI Yearbook, working papers, policy briefs, fact sheets, and curated databases (SIPRI, 2006).[14]

4. Representative Outputs on Muslim / MENA Issues

Below is a sample of SIPRI products relating to Muslim-majority regions:

Recent Trends in Arms Transfers in MENA (2025) Finds that MENA accounts for over 27% of global arms imports (SIPRI, 2025).[15]

SALW Controls in MENA (2022) Documents weak small-arms governance systems (SIPRI, 2022).[16]

SIPRI Yearbook Chapters on MENA Conflicts (2022) Surveys conflicts, missiles, UAVs, humanitarian consequences (SIPRI, 2022).[17]

Trends in International Arms Transfers 2024 (2025) Global military-industrial trends with regional breakdowns (SIPRI, 2025).[18]

Towards a Regional Security Regime in the Middle East (2009) Proposes regional arms control mechanisms (SIPRI, 2009).[19]

5. Policy Impact & Government Use

SIPRI’s databases are used by governments, parliaments, and international organizations such as the UN for:

Arms embargo monitoring

Treaty compliance checks

Military expenditure comparisons

Regional conflict assessments (SIPRI, n.d.-a).[20]

SIPRI receives annual Swedish government funding due to its recognized policy role (SIPRI, 2022).[21]

6. Stakeholder Engagement & Fieldwork Ethics

SIPRI uses open-source research, minimizing human-subject ethical risks. However, there is little public documentation of:

local partnerships

community engagement in Muslim-majority regions

consent/ethics protocols

Thus, while ethically low-risk, SIPRI’s analysis may lack grassroots perspectives (SIPRI, n.d.-a).[22]

7. Funding & Conflict of Interest Analysis

SIPRI receives a core Swedish government grant and supplementary donor funding, but does not publish a full donor list (SIPRI, 2006).[23]

This creates:

Strength: stable public funding

Weakness: limited donor transparency

Estimated transparency score: 7/10.

8. Editorial Independence & Governance Scrutiny

SIPRI’s statutes emphasize research independence. Board members are international, mitigating national bias (SIPRI, 2022).[24]

Publication decisions rest with the Director and Research Staff Collegium, not funders.

9. Academic Critique

Epistemic Rigor

Strength: transparent, open-source data. Limitation: opaque/illicit arms flows and non-state actors not fully captured.

Normative Framing

SIPRI’s framing is:

state-centric

arms-control oriented

secular-liberal in peace conceptualization

Bias & Positionality

Being European and government-funded, SIPRI reflects Western security paradigms.

Policy Relevance vs Academic Rigor

Strong macro-data → weak micro-level, cultural, or religious analysis.

Contribution & Gaps

Major contribution: global arms-transfer and military-expenditure datasets. Major gap: lack of local, identity-based, ethnographic perspectives.

10. Criticisms & Responses

There are no major public scandals. Scholarly critiques include:

state-centrism

lack of community engagement

incomplete donor transparency

SIPRI has not publicly issued formal responses to these concerns.

11. Comparative Positioning Institute Strength Weakness SIPRI Arms data, transparency Limited qualitative depth PRIO Strong academic & qualitative research Less global coverage GCSP Applied diplomacy & training Less quantitative data 12. Recommendations

Researchers should supplement SIPRI data with qualitative and field research.

Donors should encourage SIPRI to increase transparency.

SIPRI should enhance MENA field partnerships.

Policymakers should use SIPRI as baseline data, not as sole analysis.

References

  1. ↑ SIPRI. (n.d.-a). About SIPRI. https://www.sipri.org/about
  2. ↑ SIPRI. (2021). History. https://www.sipri.org/about/history
  3. ↑ SIPRI. (2021). History. https://www.sipri.org/about/history
  4. ↑ OnThinkTanks. (2025). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. https://onthinktanks.org/think-tank/stockholm-international-peace-research-institute/
  5. ↑ SIPRI. (n.d.-a). About SIPRI. https://www.sipri.org/about
  6. ↑ SIPRI. (2022). Governing Board members. https://www.sipri.org/about/gb
  7. ↑ Wikipedia. (2025). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute
  8. ↑ SIPRI. (n.d.-a). About SIPRI. https://www.sipri.org/about
  9. ↑ SIPRI. (n.d.-a). About SIPRI. https://www.sipri.org/about
  10. ↑ SIPRI. (2006). SIPRI Yearbook 2006. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/19755/YB06mini.pdf
  11. ↑ Wikipedia. (2025). SIPRI. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute
  12. ↑ SIPRI. (n.d.-a). About SIPRI. https://www.sipri.org/about
  13. ↑ SIPRI. (n.d.-a). About SIPRI. https://www.sipri.org/about
  14. ↑ SIPRI. (2006). SIPRI Yearbook 2006. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/19755/YB06mini.pdf
  15. ↑ SIPRI. (2025). Recent trends in international arms transfers in MENA. https://www.sipri.org/commentary/topical-backgrounder/2025/recent-trends-international-arms-transfers-middle-east-and-north-africa
  16. ↑ SIPRI. (2022). Arms transfer and SALW controls. https://www.sipri.org/commentary/topical-backgrounder/2022/arms-transfer-and-salw-controls-middle-east-and-north-africa
  17. ↑ SIPRI. (2022). Yearbook chapter. https://www.sipriyearbook.org/
  18. ↑ SIPRI. (2025). Trends in International Arms Transfers 2024. https://www.sipri.org/publications/2025/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-international-arms-transfers-2024
  19. ↑ SIPRI. (2009). Towards a regional security regime. https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu
  20. ↑ SIPRI. (n.d.-a). About SIPRI. https://www.sipri.org/about
  21. ↑ SIPRI. (2022). Governing Board. https://www.sipri.org/about/gb
  22. ↑ SIPRI. (n.d.-a). About SIPRI. https://www.sipri.org/about
  23. ↑ SIPRI. (2006). SIPRI Yearbook. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/19755/YB06mini.pdf
  24. ↑ SIPRI. (2022). Governing Board. https://www.sipri.org/about/gb
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