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    The '''Amman Message''' ({{lang-ar|رسالة عمان}}) is a statement calling for tolerance and unity in the [[Muslim world]] that was issued on 9 November 2004 (27th of [[Ramadan (calendar month)|Ramadan]] 1425 [[Islamic calendar#Numbering the years|AH]]) by [[Abdullah II of Jordan|King Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein]] of [[Jordan]].<ref name="J47">"[http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/iraq-iran-gulf/jordan/047-jordans-9-11-dealing-with-jihadi-islamism.aspx Jordan's 9/11: Dealing With Jihadi Islamism]", Crisis Group Middle East Report N°47, 23 November 2005</ref> Subsequently, a three-point ruling was issued by 200 [[ulama|Islamic scholars]] from over 50 countries, focusing on issues of defining who is a [[Muslim]], excommunication from [[Islam]] (''[[takfir]]''), and principles related to delivering religious opinions (''[[Fatwa|fatāwa]]'').<ref name="TB">"[http://www.britishembassy.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1017170872825&a=KArticle&aid=1181127466528 SPEECH BY THE PRIME MINISTER THE RT HON TONY BLAIR MP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002326/http://www.britishembassy.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket%2FXcelerate%2FShowPage&c=Page&cid=1017170872825&a=KArticle&aid=1181127466528 |date=2007-09-27 }}" (04/06/07), British Embassy in Bahrain</ref>
    The '''Amman Message''' (lang-ar|رسالة عمان) is a statement calling for tolerance and unity in the Muslim world that was issued on 9 November 2004 (27th of Ramadan (calendar month)|Ramadan 1425 Islamic calendar#Numbering the years|AH) by Abdullah II of Jordan|King Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein of Jordan.<ref name="J47">"[http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/iraq-iran-gulf/jordan/047-jordans-9-11-dealing-with-jihadi-islamism.aspx Jordan's 9/11: Dealing With Jihadi Islamism]", Crisis Group Middle East Report N°47, 23 November 2005</ref> Subsequently, a three-point ruling was issued by 200 ulama|Islamic scholars from over 50 countries, focusing on issues of defining who is a Muslim, excommunication from Islam (''takfir''), and principles related to delivering religious opinions (''Fatwa|fatāwa'').<ref name="TB">"[http://www.britishembassy.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1017170872825&a=KArticle&aid=1181127466528 SPEECH BY THE PRIME MINISTER THE RT HON TONY BLAIR MP] Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002326/http://www.britishembassy.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket%2FXcelerate%2FShowPage&c=Page&cid=1017170872825&a=KArticle&aid=1181127466528 |date=2007-09-27 " (04/06/07), British Embassy in Bahrain</ref>


    ==Content==
    ==Content==
    The Amman Message was delivered in [[Amman]], Jordan, as a [[Ramadan]] sermon by Chief Justice Sheikh Iz-al-Din al-Tamimi in the presence of [[Abdullah II of Jordan|King Abdullah II]] and a number of Muslim scholars.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Embassy of Jordan - Washington, DC |url=http://www.jordanembassyus.org/new/pr/pr11092004.shtml |title=Jordan issues the 'Amman Message' on Islam |access-date=2007-08-15| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070816204118/http://www.jordanembassyus.org/new/pr/pr11092004.shtml| archive-date= 16 August 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> According to a report issued by the [[International Crisis Group]], "The sermon stressed the need to re-emphasise Islam's core values of compassion, mutual respect, tolerance, acceptance and freedom of religion."<ref name="J47"/> The next year, in July 2005, an Islamic convention brought together 200 Muslim scholars from over 50 countries who issued a three-point declaration (later known as 'Three Points of the Amman Message').<ref name="TB"/> This declaration focused on:<ref>[http://ammanmessage.com/ The Amman Message summary] - Official website</ref>
    The Amman Message was delivered in Amman, Jordan, as a Ramadan sermon by Chief Justice Sheikh Iz-al-Din al-Tamimi in the presence of Abdullah II of Jordan|King Abdullah II and a number of Muslim scholars.<ref>cite web |publisher=Embassy of Jordan - Washington, DC |url=http://www.jordanembassyus.org/new/pr/pr11092004.shtml |title=Jordan issues the 'Amman Message' on Islam |access-date=2007-08-15| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070816204118/http://www.jordanembassyus.org/new/pr/pr11092004.shtml| archive-date= 16 August 2007 | url-status= live</ref> According to a report issued by the International Crisis Group, "The sermon stressed the need to re-emphasise Islam's core values of compassion, mutual respect, tolerance, acceptance and freedom of religion."<ref name="J47"/> The next year, in July 2005, an Islamic convention brought together 200 Muslim scholars from over 50 countries who issued a three-point declaration (later known as 'Three Points of the Amman Message').<ref name="TB"/> This declaration focused on:<ref>[http://ammanmessage.com/ The Amman Message summary] - Official website</ref>


    #The recognition of eight legal schools of [[sharia]]/[[fiqh]] (''[[Madhhab|madhāhib]]'') and the varying [[schools of Islamic theology]] viz.<ref name="3Points">[http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=91&Itemid=74 The Three Points of The Amman Message V.1] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202045430/http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=91&Itemid=74 |date=February 2, 2013 }}</ref><ref>Petra News Agency. [http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public/Arabic.aspx?Site_ID=2&Page_ID=5407&Lang=1 Summary of the Amman Message (In Arabic)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409062023/http://petra.gov.jo/Public/Arabic.aspx?Site_ID=2&Page_ID=5407&Lang=1 |date=2016-04-09 }}</ref>
    #The recognition of eight legal schools of sharia/fiqh (''Madhhab|madhāhib'') and the varying schools of Islamic theology viz.<ref name="3Points">[http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=91&Itemid=74 The Three Points of The Amman Message V.1] webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202045430/http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=91&Itemid=74 |date=February 2, 2013 </ref><ref>Petra News Agency. [http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public/Arabic.aspx?Site_ID=2&Page_ID=5407&Lang=1 Summary of the Amman Message (In Arabic)] Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409062023/http://petra.gov.jo/Public/Arabic.aspx?Site_ID=2&Page_ID=5407&Lang=1 |date=2016-04-09 </ref>
    ##[[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Hanafi]]
    ##Sunni Islam|Sunni Hanafi
    ##Sunni [[Maliki]]
    ##Sunni Maliki
    ##Sunni [[Shafi'i]]
    ##Sunni Shafi'i
    ##Sunni [[Hanbali]]
    ##Sunni Hanbali
    ##[[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jaʿfari]]
    ##Shia Islam|Shia Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jaʿfari
    ##Shia [[Zaidiyyah|Zaydi]]
    ##Shia Zaidiyyah|Zaydi
    ##[[Ẓāhirī]]
    ##Ẓāhirī
    ##[[Ibadi]]
    ##Ibadi
    #*Forbade declaring an apostate anyone who is a follower of:<ref name="3Points" />
    #*Forbade declaring an apostate anyone who is a follower of:<ref name="3Points" />
    ##the [[Ash'ari|Ashʿari]]/[[Maturidi]] creed  
    ##the Ash'ari|Ashʿari/Maturidi creed  
    ##real Tasawwuf ([[Sufism]])
    ##real Tasawwuf (Sufism)
    ##true Salafi thought  
    ##true Salafi thought  
    #The forbiddance from pronouncing disbelief ([[takfir]]) upon (or excommunicating) others recognized as Muslims
    #The forbiddance from pronouncing disbelief (takfir) upon (or excommunicating) others recognized as Muslims
    #The stipulations placed as preconditions to the issuing of religious edicts, intended to prevent the circulation of illegitimate edicts
    #The stipulations placed as preconditions to the issuing of religious edicts, intended to prevent the circulation of illegitimate edicts


    Explaining why the message was issued, King Abdullah stated: "[W]e felt that the Islamic message of tolerance was being subjected to a fierce and unjust attack from some in the West who do not understand Islam's essence, and others who claim to be associated with Islam and hide behind Islam to commit irresponsible deeds."<ref>{{cite web |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1150885839539&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=King Abdullah calls to end extremism |access-date=2007-08-15}}</ref>
    Explaining why the message was issued, King Abdullah stated: "[W]e felt that the Islamic message of tolerance was being subjected to a fierce and unjust attack from some in the West who do not understand Islam's essence, and others who claim to be associated with Islam and hide behind Islam to commit irresponsible deeds."<ref>cite web |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1150885839539&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=King Abdullah calls to end extremism |access-date=2007-08-15</ref>


    ==Conference and declarations==
    ==Conference and declarations==
    Following are conferences and declarations:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=section&id=5&Itemid=34|title=AmmanMessage.com – The Official Site|website=ammanmessage.com}}</ref>
    Following are conferences and declarations:<ref>cite web|url=http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=section&id=5&Itemid=34|title=AmmanMessage.com – The Official Site|website=ammanmessage.com</ref>
    * The International Islamic Conference: True Islam and Its Role in Modern Society, (Amman, 27-29 Jumada II 1426 ah / 4–6 July 2005 ce)
    * The International Islamic Conference: True Islam and Its Role in Modern Society, (Amman, 27-29 Jumada II 1426 ah / 4–6 July 2005 ce)
    * Forum of Muslim 'Ulama' and Thinkers, ([[Mecca]], 5-7 Sha'ban 1426 ah / 9–11 September 2005 ce)
    * Forum of Muslim 'Ulama' and Thinkers, (Mecca, 5-7 Sha'ban 1426 ah / 9–11 September 2005 ce)
    * First International Islamic Conference Concerning the Islamic Schools of Jurisprudence and the Modern Challenges, ([[Al al-Bayt University]], 13-15 Shawwal ah /15–17 November 2005 ce)
    * First International Islamic Conference Concerning the Islamic Schools of Jurisprudence and the Modern Challenges, (Al al-Bayt University, 13-15 Shawwal ah /15–17 November 2005 ce)
    * The Third Extraordinary Session of the Organization of the Islamic Conference, (5-6 Dhu'l-Qa'da 1426 ah / 7–8 December 2005 ce)
    * The Third Extraordinary Session of the Organization of the Islamic Conference, (5-6 Dhu'l-Qa'da 1426 ah / 7–8 December 2005 ce)
    * The Second International Conference of the Assembly for Moderate Islamic Thought and Culture, (25-27 1 Rabi' 1427 ah / 24–26 April 2006 ce)
    * The Second International Conference of the Assembly for Moderate Islamic Thought and Culture, (25-27 1 Rabi' 1427 ah / 24–26 April 2006 ce)
    * The International Islamic Fiqh Academy Conference Seventeenth Session, (Amman, 28 Jumada I - 2 Jumada II 1427 ah / 24–28 June 2006 ce)
    * The International Islamic Fiqh Academy Conference Seventeenth Session, (Amman, 28 Jumada I - 2 Jumada II 1427 ah / 24–28 June 2006 ce)
    * Muslims of Europe Conference, ([[Istanbul]], 1–2 July 2006 ce)
    * Muslims of Europe Conference, (Istanbul, 1–2 July 2006 ce)
    * The ninth session of the council of the Conference of Ministers of Religious Endowments and Islamic Affairs, ([[Kuwait]], 20-21 1426 AH / 22–23 November 2005 CE)
    * The ninth session of the council of the Conference of Ministers of Religious Endowments and Islamic Affairs, (Kuwait, 20-21 1426 AH / 22–23 November 2005 CE)
    * Amman Message in the Eyes of Others: Dialogue, Moderation, Humanity, (The [[Hashemite University]], September 20–21, 2006)
    * Amman Message in the Eyes of Others: Dialogue, Moderation, Humanity, (The Hashemite University, September 20–21, 2006)


    ==Fatwas and endorsements==
    ==Fatwas and endorsements==
    Following is the list of some of the many individuals and organizations who have issued ''[[fatwas]]'' and endorsements in relation to the Amman Message (as per official website listing):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=82&Itemid=60|title=AmmanMessage.com – The Official Site|website=ammanmessage.com|language=en|access-date=2009-11-17}}</ref>
    Following is the list of some of the many individuals and organizations who have issued ''fatwas'' and endorsements in relation to the Amman Message (as per official website listing):<ref>cite web|url=http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=82&Itemid=60|title=AmmanMessage.com – The Official Site|website=ammanmessage.com|language=en|access-date=2009-11-17</ref>
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    {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
    {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
    |-
    |-
    ! Sr No || Name || Title || Country || Sect || Fiqh || Endorsing Fatwa || Website || Image  
    ! Sr No || Name || Title || Country || Sect || Fiqh || Endorsing Fatwa || Website || [[Image  
    |-
    |-
    | 1 || [[Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy]] || Grand [[Imam]] of [[Al-Azhar University]] || {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egypt]] || [[Sunni]] || [[Shafiʿi]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=56&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [https://web.archive.org/web/20080302181836/http://www.alazhar.org/ Official Website] ||  
    | 1 || Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy || Grand Imam of Al-Azhar University || flagicon|Egypt Egypt || Sunni || Shafiʿi ||   Fatwa] || Official Website ||  
    |-
    |-
    | 2 || [[Ali Gomaa]] || [[Grand Mufti]] of [[Egypt]] || {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egypt]] || [[Sunni]] || [[Shafiʿi]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [https://web.archive.org/web/20080530080642/http://alimamalallama.com/news.php?cat_id=2] || [[Image:Ali Gomaa.JPG|166x166px]]
    | 2 || Ali Gomaa || Grand Mufti of Egypt || flagicon|Egypt Egypt || Sunni || Shafiʿi ||   Fatwa ||[[Image:Ali Gomaa.JPG|166x166px]]
    |-
    |-
    | 3 || [[Ali Bardakoğlu]] || [[President (corporate title)|President]] of [[Presidency of Religious Affairs|The Grand Council for Religious Affairs]], [[Turkey]] || {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey]] || [[Sunni]] || [[Hanafi]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=78&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [https://web.archive.org/web/20061005013412/http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/english/default.asp Official Website] || [[Image:Ali Bardakoğlu 2009.jpg|166x166px]]
    | 3 || Ali Bardakoğlu || President (corporate title)|President of Presidency of Religious Affairs|The Grand Council for Religious Affairs, Turkey || flagicon|Turkey Turkey || Sunni || Hanafi ||   Fatwa] ||[[Image:Ali Bardakoğlu 2009.jpg|166x166px]]
    |-
    |-
    | 4 || [[Ahmed Kuftaro]] || [[Grand Mufti]] of [[Syria]] || {{flagicon|Syria}} [[Syria]] || [[Sunni]] || [[Shafiʿi]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=77&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [http://kuftaro.org/ Official Website] || [[Image:الشيخ أحمد كفتارو.jpg|166x166px]]
    | 4 || Ahmed Kuftaro || Grand Mufti of Syria || flagicon|Syria Syria || Sunni || Shafiʿi ||   Fatwa] ||   Official Website || [[Image:الشيخ أحمد كفتارو.jpg|166x166px]]
    |-
    |-
    | 5 || [[Said Abd Al-Hafiz Al-Hijjawi]] || [[Grand Mufti]] of [[Jordan]] || {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Jordan]] || [[Sunni]] || [[Shafiʿi]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=76&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || - ||  
    | 5 || Said Abd Al-Hafiz Al-Hijjawi || Grand Mufti of Jordan || flagicon|Jordan Jordan || Sunni || Shafiʿi || Fatwa|| - ||  
    |-
    |-
    | 6 || [[Nuh Ha Mim Keller]] || Islamic Scholar of [[Jordan]] || {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Jordan]] || [[Sunni]] || [[Shafiʿi]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=76&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || - ||  
    | 6 || Nuh Ha Mim Keller || Islamic Scholar of Jordan || flagicon|Jordan Jordan || Sunni || Shafiʿi || Fatwa || - ||  
    |-
    |-
    | 7 || [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]] || Director of the Sunna and Sira Council || {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egypt]]<br>{{flagicon|Qatar}} [[Qatar]] || [[Sunni]] || [[Hanafi]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=74&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [https://web.archive.org/web/19970601093642/http://www.qaradawi.net/ Official Website] ||[[Image:Qaradawinn.jpg|166x166px]]
    | 7 || Yusuf al-Qaradawi || Director of the Sunna and Sira Council || flagicon|Egypt Egypt<br>flagicon|Qatar Qatar || Sunni || Hanafi || Fatwa] || Official Website ||[[Image:Qaradawinn.jpg|166x166px]]
    |-
    |-
    | 8 || [[Abdullah bin Bayyah]] || Vice President of the [[International Union of Muslim Scholars]] || {{flagicon|Mauritania}} [[Mauritania]] || [[Sunni]] || [[Maliki]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [http://www.binbayyah.net/ Official Website] || [[Image:BinBayyah.jpg|166x166px]]  
    | 8 || Abdullah bin Bayyah || Vice President of the International Union of Muslim Scholars || flagicon|Mauritania Mauritania || Sunni || Maliki || Fatwa] || Official Website || [[Image:BinBayyah.jpg|166x166px ]]
    |-
    |-
    | 9 || [[Muhammad Taqi Usmani]] || Vice President of the [[International Islamic Fiqh Academy, Jeddah|Islamic Fiqh Academy]] || {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]] || [[Sunni]] || [[Hanafi]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=72&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || - ||[[Image:Mufti_Taqi_Usmani.jpg|166x166px]]  
    | 9 || Muhammad Taqi Usmani || Vice President of the International Islamic Fiqh Academy, Jeddah|Islamic Fiqh Academy || flagicon|Pakistan Pakistan || Sunni || Hanafi || Fatwa] || - ||[[Image:Mufti_Taqi_Usmani.jpg|166x166px]]  
    |-
    |-
    | 10 || Sayyid Shaykh [[Nazim Al-Haqqani]] || Deceased leader of the [[Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order]] || {{flagicon|Northern Cyprus}} [[Northern Cyprus]] || [[Sunni]] || [[Hanafi]] || - || [http://www.saltanat.org/ Official Website] ||
    | 10 || Sayyid Shaykh Nazim Al-Haqqani || Deceased leader of the Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order || flagicon|Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus || Sunni || Hanafi || - || Official Website ||
    |-
    |-
    | 11 || [[Abdullah al-Harari]] || Founder of the [[Al-Ahbash]] || {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Ethiopia]] || [[Sunni]] || [[Shafiʿi]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=71&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [http://www.shaykhabdullah.com/ Official Website] ||
    | 11 || Abdullah al-Harari || Founder of the Al-Ahbash || flagicon|Ethiopia Ethiopia || Sunni || Shafiʿi || Fatwa] || Official Website ||
    |-
    |-
    | 12 || [[Muhammad Tahir ul-Qadri]] || Founding Leader of [[Minhaj-ul-Quran]] International, [[Chief Executive]] of [[Minhaj International University]] || {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]] || [[Sunni]] || [[Hanafi]] || - || [http://www.tahir-ul-qadri.com/ Official Website] || [[Image:Muhammad Tahir-Ul-Qadri - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2011.jpg|166x166px]]  
    | 12 || Muhammad Tahir ul-Qadri || Founding Leader of Minhaj-ul-Quran International, Chief Executive of Minhaj International University || flagicon|Pakistan Pakistan || Sunni || Hanafi || - || Official Website|| [[Image:Muhammad Tahir-Ul-Qadri - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2011.jpg|166x166px ]]
    |-
    |-
    | 13 || [[Habib Ali al-Jifri]] || Founding Leader of Tabah Foundation in [[Abu Dhabi]], Member of [[Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought]] in [[Amman]] || {{flagicon|Yemen}} [[Yemen]] || [[Sunni]] || [[Shafiʿi]] || - || [http://www.alhabibali.com/ Official Website] || [[Image:HabibAli.jpg|166x166px]]  
    | 13 || Habib Ali al-Jifri || Founding Leader of Tabah Foundation in Abu Dhabi, Member of Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought in Amman || flagicon|Yemen Yemen || Sunni || Shafiʿi || - || Official Website || [[Image:HabibAli.jpg|166x166px]]  
    |-
    |-
    | 14 || [[Habib Umar bin Hafiz]] || Founding Leader and the dean of [[Dar al-Mustafa]] in [[Tarim, Yemen]] || {{flagicon|Yemen}} [[Yemen]] || [[Sunni]] || [[Shafiʿi]] || - || [http://www.alhabibomar.com/ Official Website] || [[Image:Habib umar bin hafiz.jpg|166x166px]]  
    | 14 || Habib Umar bin Hafiz || Founding Leader and the dean of Dar al-Mustafa in Tarim, Yemen || flagicon|Yemen Yemen || Sunni || Shafiʿi || - || Official Website || [[Image:Habib umar bin hafiz.jpg|166x166px]]
    |-
    |-
    | 15 || [[Ali Khamenei|Ali Hosseini Khamenei]] || [[Grand Ayatollah]], [[Supreme Leader]] of [[Iran]] || {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Iran]] || [[Shia]] || [[Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [http://www.leader.ir/ Official Website] || [[Image:Seyyed Ali Khamenei.jpg|166x166px]]  
    | 15 || Ali Khamenei|Ali Hosseini Khamenei || Grand Ayatollah, Supreme Leader of Iran || flagicon|Iran Iran || Shia || Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari || Fatwa] || Official Website || [[Image:Seyyed Ali Khamenei.jpg|166x166px]]
    |-
    |-
    | 16 || [[Muhammad Saeed al-Hakim]] || [[Grand Ayatollah]] || {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Iraq]] || [[Shia]] || [[Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=68&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [http://www.alhakeem.com/ Official Website] || [[Image:Muhammed Saied Al-Hakeem.JPG|166x166px]]  
    | 16 || Muhammad Saeed al-Hakim || Grand Ayatollah || flagicon|Iraq Iraq || Shia || Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari || Fatwa || Official Website || [[Image:Muhammed Saied Al-Hakeem.JPG|166x166px]]
    |-
    |-
    | 17 || [[Mohammad Ishaq Al-Fayyad]] || [[Grand Ayatollah]] || {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Iraq]] || [[Shia]] || [[Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=67&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [https://web.archive.org/web/20080315201238/http://www.alfayadh.net/ Official Website] || [[Image:Eshaq fayyaz.jpg|166x166px]]  
    | 17 || Mohammad Ishaq Al-Fayyad || Grand Ayatollah || flagicon|Iraq Iraq || Shia || Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari || Fatwa || Official Website || [[Image:Eshaq fayyaz.jpg|166x166px]]
    |-
    |-
    | 18 || [[Bashir Najafi (Ayatollah)|Basheer Hussain Najafi]] || [[Grand Ayatollah]] || {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Iraq]] || [[Shia]] || [[Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=66&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [http://www.alnajafy.org/ Official Website] || [[Image:Grand Ayatollah Bashir al-Najafi (cropped).jpg|166x166px]]  
    | 18 || Bashir Najafi (Ayatollah)|Basheer Hussain Najafi || Grand Ayatollah || flagicon|Iraq Iraq || Shia || Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari || Fatwa] || Official Website ||[[Image:Grand Ayatollah Bashir al-Najafi (cropped).jpg|166x166px]]  
    |-
    |-
    | 19 || [[Hussein Esmaeel al-Sadr]] || [[Grand Ayatollah]] || {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Iraq]] || [[Shia]] || [[Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=65&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [http://www.lankarani.org/ Official Website] || [[Image:Ayatollah Esmael Al Sadr.jpg|166x166px]]  
    | 19 || Hussein Esmaeel al-Sadr || Grand Ayatollah || flagicon|Iraq Iraq || Shia || Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari || Fatwa] || Official Website || [[Image:Ayatollah Esmael Al Sadr.jpg|166x166px ]]
    |-
    |-
    | 20 || [[Fazel Lankarani]] || [[Grand Ayatollah]] || {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Iran]] || [[Shia]] || [[Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=64&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [http://www.lankarani.org/ Official Website] || [[Image:Mf-jf (cropped).jpg|166x166px]]  
    | 20 || Fazel Lankarani || Grand Ayatollah || flagicon|Iran Iran || Shia || Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari || Fatwa] || Official Website || [[Image:Mf-jf (cropped).jpg|166x166px]]  
    |-
    |-
    | 21 || [[Mohammad-Ali Taskhiri|Muhammad Ali Al-Taskhiri]] || [[Grand Ayatollah]] <br /> [[General Secretary]] of [[Forum for Proximity of the Islamic Schools of Jurisprudence]] || {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Iran]] || [[Shia]] || [[Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=63&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [http://www.lankarani.org/ Official Website] || [[Image:Ayatollah Mohammad Ali Taskhiri by Tasnimnews 03.jpg|166x166px]]  
    | 21 || Mohammad-Ali Taskhiri|Muhammad Ali Al-Taskhiri || Grand Ayatollah <br /> General Secretary of Forum for Proximity of the Islamic Schools of Jurisprudence || flagicon|Iran Iran || Shia || Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari || Fatwa] || Official Website] || [[Image:Ayatollah Mohammad Ali Taskhiri by Tasnimnews 03.jpg|166x166px]]
    |-
    |-
    | 22 || [[Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah]] || [[Grand Ayatollah]] || {{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Lebanon]] || [[Shia]] || [[Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=62&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [http://www.bayynat.org/ Official Website] || [[Image:Sayed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah.jpg|166x166px]]  
    | 22 || Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah || Grand Ayatollah || flagicon|Lebanon Lebanon || Shia || Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari || Fatwa] || Official Website || [[Image:Sayed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah.jpg|166x166px]]
    |-
    |-
    | 23 || [[Muhammad bin Muhammad Ismail Al-Mansur]] <br /> and <br /> [[Humud bin Abbas Al-Mu'ayyad]] || Shaykh|| {{flagicon|Yemen}} [[Yemen]] || [[Shia]] || [[Zaidiyyah]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=60&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [http://www.lankarani.org/ Official Website] ||
    | 23 || Muhammad bin Muhammad Ismail Al-Mansur <br /> and <br /> Humud bin Abbas Al-Mu'ayyad || Shaykh|| flagicon|Yemen Yemen || Shia || Zaidiyyah || Fatwa] || Official Website ||
    |-
    |-
    | 24 || [[Ibrahim bin Muhammad Al-Wazir]] || General Secretary, The Islamic Unification and Works Movement, Yemen || {{flagicon|Yemen}} [[Yemen]] || [[Shia]] || [[Zaidiyyah]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=59&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [http://www.lankarani.org/ Official Website] ||  
    | 24 || Ibrahim bin Muhammad Al-Wazir || General Secretary, The Islamic Unification and Works Movement, Yemen || flagicon|Yemen Yemen || Shia || Zaidiyyah || Fatwa] || Official Website ||  
    |-
    |-
    | 25 || [[Shaikh Ahmed bin Mohammed al-Khalili|Ahmad bin Hamad Al-Khalili]] || [[Mufti]] of the [[Sultanate of Oman]] || {{flagicon|Oman}} [[Oman]] || [[Ibadi]] || - || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=58&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [http://www.lankarani.org/ Official website] || [[Image:أحمد بن حمد بن سليمان الخليلي Ahmed bin Hamad al-Khalili 01 (cropped).jpg|166x166px]]  
    | 25 || Shaikh Ahmed bin Mohammed al-Khalili|Ahmad bin Hamad Al-Khalili || Mufti of the Sultanate of Oman || flagicon|Oman Oman || Ibadi || - || Fatwa] || Official website || [[Image:أحمد بن حمد بن سليمان الخليلي Ahmed bin Hamad al-Khalili 01 (cropped).jpg|166x166px]]  
    |-
    |-
    | 26 || [[Ali Sistani|Ali Hosseini Sistani]] || [[Grand Ayatollah]] || {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Iraq]] || [[Shia]] || [[Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=69&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [https://web.archive.org/web/20170906231651/http://www.sistani.org/ Official Website] || [[Image:Al-Sayyid Ali al-Husseini al-Sistani.jpg|166x166px]]  
    | 26 || Ali Sistani|Ali Hosseini Sistani || Grand Ayatollah || flagicon|Iraq Iraq || Shia || Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari || Fatwa || Official Website || [[Image:Al-Sayyid Ali al-Husseini al-Sistani.jpg|166x166px]]  
    |-
    |-
    | 27 || [[Aga Khan IV|Karīm al-Hussaynī]] || [[Aga Khan|The Āgā Khān IV]], [[Imam]] of the [[Shia]] [[Nizari Ismaili|Imami]] [[Nizari Ismailis]] || {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]] || [[Shia]] || [[Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari]] ([[Nizari Ismaili]] branch) || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=57&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [https://m.ismaili.imamat/ Official Website] || [[Image:Agha-Khan-IV.jpg|166x166px]]  
    | 27 || Aga Khan IV|Karīm al-Hussaynī || Aga Khan|The Āgā Khān IV, Imam of the Shia Nizari Ismaili|Imami Nizari Ismailis || flagicon|Portugal Portugal || Shia || Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari  (Nizari Ismaili branch) || Fatwa] || Official Website] || [[Image:Agha-Khan-IV.jpg|166x166px]]  
    |}
    |}


    ==Reception==
    ==Reception==
    [[Tony Blair]], while [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]], gave a speech in which he praised the Amman message and the gathering of numerous scholars, commenting, "This was a clear message that Islam is not a monolithic faith, but one made up of a rich pattern of diversity, albeit all flowing from the same fount."<ref name="TB"/>
    Tony Blair, while Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, gave a speech in which he praised the Amman message and the gathering of numerous scholars, commenting, "This was a clear message that Islam is not a monolithic faith, but one made up of a rich pattern of diversity, albeit all flowing from the same fount."<ref name="TB"/>


    Despite the ecumenical nature of the Amman Message, since it was issued there has been a marked decline in [[Shia-Sunni relations]] as a result of increased sectarian conflict in such countries as Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Bahrain and Yemen.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Volpi|editor1-first=Frederic|title=Political Civility in the Middle East|date=11 Jun 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317977810|page=150}}<!--|access-date=12 May 2015--></ref>
    Despite the ecumenical nature of the Amman Message, since it was issued there has been a marked decline in Shia-Sunni relations as a result of increased sectarian conflict in such countries as Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Bahrain and Yemen.<ref>cite book|editor1-last=Volpi|editor1-first=Frederic|title=Political Civility in the Middle East|date=11 Jun 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317977810|page=150<!--|access-date=12 May 2015--></ref>


    ==Criticism==
    ==Criticism==
    Suhail Nakhouda, writing in the Amman-based ''[[Islamica Magazine|Islamica]]'', stated that the Amman message did little to effectively address ongoing problems: "There is no water, no pavements; the economy is bad, and many young people are out of work. Peoples' lives, as well as the images they see, stay the same." Nakhouda stated that King Abdullah's message was likely to be dampened by his lifestyle, which he claims is the subject of criticism.<ref name="J47"/>
    Suhail Nakhouda, writing in the Amman-based ''Islamica Magazine|Islamica'', stated that the Amman message did little to effectively address ongoing problems: "There is no water, no pavements; the economy is bad, and many young people are out of work. Peoples' lives, as well as the images they see, stay the same." Nakhouda stated that King Abdullah's message was likely to be dampened by his lifestyle, which he claims is the subject of criticism.<ref name="J47"/>


    ==Notes==
    ==Notes==

    Latest revision as of 07:25, 28 February 2021

    The Amman Message (lang-ar|رسالة عمان) is a statement calling for tolerance and unity in the Muslim world that was issued on 9 November 2004 (27th of Ramadan (calendar month)|Ramadan 1425 Islamic calendar#Numbering the years|AH) by Abdullah II of Jordan|King Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein of Jordan.[1] Subsequently, a three-point ruling was issued by 200 ulama|Islamic scholars from over 50 countries, focusing on issues of defining who is a Muslim, excommunication from Islam (takfir), and principles related to delivering religious opinions (Fatwa|fatāwa).[2]

    Content

    The Amman Message was delivered in Amman, Jordan, as a Ramadan sermon by Chief Justice Sheikh Iz-al-Din al-Tamimi in the presence of Abdullah II of Jordan|King Abdullah II and a number of Muslim scholars.[3] According to a report issued by the International Crisis Group, "The sermon stressed the need to re-emphasise Islam's core values of compassion, mutual respect, tolerance, acceptance and freedom of religion."[1] The next year, in July 2005, an Islamic convention brought together 200 Muslim scholars from over 50 countries who issued a three-point declaration (later known as 'Three Points of the Amman Message').[2] This declaration focused on:[4]

    1. The recognition of eight legal schools of sharia/fiqh (Madhhab|madhāhib) and the varying schools of Islamic theology viz.[5][6]
      1. Sunni Islam|Sunni Hanafi
      2. Sunni Maliki
      3. Sunni Shafi'i
      4. Sunni Hanbali
      5. Shia Islam|Shia Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jaʿfari
      6. Shia Zaidiyyah|Zaydi
      7. Ẓāhirī
      8. Ibadi
      • Forbade declaring an apostate anyone who is a follower of:[5]
      1. the Ash'ari|Ashʿari/Maturidi creed
      2. real Tasawwuf (Sufism)
      3. true Salafi thought
    2. The forbiddance from pronouncing disbelief (takfir) upon (or excommunicating) others recognized as Muslims
    3. The stipulations placed as preconditions to the issuing of religious edicts, intended to prevent the circulation of illegitimate edicts

    Explaining why the message was issued, King Abdullah stated: "[W]e felt that the Islamic message of tolerance was being subjected to a fierce and unjust attack from some in the West who do not understand Islam's essence, and others who claim to be associated with Islam and hide behind Islam to commit irresponsible deeds."[7]

    Conference and declarations

    Following are conferences and declarations:[8]

    • The International Islamic Conference: True Islam and Its Role in Modern Society, (Amman, 27-29 Jumada II 1426 ah / 4–6 July 2005 ce)
    • Forum of Muslim 'Ulama' and Thinkers, (Mecca, 5-7 Sha'ban 1426 ah / 9–11 September 2005 ce)
    • First International Islamic Conference Concerning the Islamic Schools of Jurisprudence and the Modern Challenges, (Al al-Bayt University, 13-15 Shawwal ah /15–17 November 2005 ce)
    • The Third Extraordinary Session of the Organization of the Islamic Conference, (5-6 Dhu'l-Qa'da 1426 ah / 7–8 December 2005 ce)
    • The Second International Conference of the Assembly for Moderate Islamic Thought and Culture, (25-27 1 Rabi' 1427 ah / 24–26 April 2006 ce)
    • The International Islamic Fiqh Academy Conference Seventeenth Session, (Amman, 28 Jumada I - 2 Jumada II 1427 ah / 24–28 June 2006 ce)
    • Muslims of Europe Conference, (Istanbul, 1–2 July 2006 ce)
    • The ninth session of the council of the Conference of Ministers of Religious Endowments and Islamic Affairs, (Kuwait, 20-21 1426 AH / 22–23 November 2005 CE)
    • Amman Message in the Eyes of Others: Dialogue, Moderation, Humanity, (The Hashemite University, September 20–21, 2006)

    Fatwas and endorsements

    Following is the list of some of the many individuals and organizations who have issued fatwas and endorsements in relation to the Amman Message (as per official website listing):[9]

    Sr No Name Title Country Sect Fiqh Endorsing Fatwa Website [[Image
    1 Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy Grand Imam of Al-Azhar University Egypt Egypt Sunni Shafiʿi Fatwa] Official Website
    2 Ali Gomaa Grand Mufti of Egypt Egypt Egypt Sunni Shafiʿi Fatwa File:Ali Gomaa.JPG
    3 Ali Bardakoğlu President of Presidency of Religious Affairs|The Grand Council for Religious Affairs, Turkey Turkey Turkey Sunni Hanafi Fatwa] File:Ali Bardakoğlu 2009.jpg
    4 Ahmed Kuftaro Grand Mufti of Syria Syria Syria Sunni Shafiʿi Fatwa] Official Website File:الشيخ أحمد كفتارو.jpg
    5 Said Abd Al-Hafiz Al-Hijjawi Grand Mufti of Jordan Jordan Jordan Sunni Shafiʿi Fatwa -
    6 Nuh Ha Mim Keller Islamic Scholar of Jordan Jordan Jordan Sunni Shafiʿi Fatwa -
    7 Yusuf al-Qaradawi Director of the Sunna and Sira Council Egypt Egypt
    flagicon|Qatar Qatar    		 Sunni Hanafi Fatwa] Official Website File:Qaradawinn.jpg
    8 Abdullah bin Bayyah Vice President of the International Union of Muslim Scholars Mauritania Mauritania Sunni Maliki Fatwa] Official Website File:BinBayyah.jpg
    9 Muhammad Taqi Usmani Islamic Fiqh Academy Pakistan Pakistan Sunni Hanafi Fatwa] - File:Mufti Taqi Usmani.jpg
    10 Sayyid Shaykh Nazim Al-Haqqani Deceased leader of the Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus Sunni Hanafi - Official Website
    11 Abdullah al-Harari Founder of the Al-Ahbash Ethiopia Ethiopia Sunni Shafiʿi Fatwa] Official Website
    12 Muhammad Tahir ul-Qadri Founding Leader of Minhaj-ul-Quran International, Chief Executive of Minhaj International University Pakistan Pakistan Sunni Hanafi - Official Website File:Muhammad Tahir-Ul-Qadri - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2011.jpg
    13 Habib Ali al-Jifri Founding Leader of Tabah Foundation in Abu Dhabi, Member of Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought in Amman Yemen Yemen Sunni Shafiʿi - Official Website File:HabibAli.jpg
    14 Habib Umar bin Hafiz Founding Leader and the dean of Dar al-Mustafa in Tarim, Yemen Yemen Yemen Sunni Shafiʿi - Official Website File:Habib umar bin hafiz.jpg
    15 Ali Hosseini Khamenei Grand Ayatollah, Supreme Leader of Iran Iran Iran Shia Jafari Fatwa] Official Website File:Seyyed Ali Khamenei.jpg
    16 Muhammad Saeed al-Hakim Grand Ayatollah Iraq Iraq Shia Jafari Fatwa Official Website File:Muhammed Saied Al-Hakeem.JPG
    17 Mohammad Ishaq Al-Fayyad Grand Ayatollah Iraq Iraq Shia Jafari Fatwa Official Website File:Eshaq fayyaz.jpg
    18 Basheer Hussain Najafi Grand Ayatollah Iraq Iraq Shia Jafari Fatwa] Official Website File:Grand Ayatollah Bashir al-Najafi (cropped).jpg
    19 Hussein Esmaeel al-Sadr Grand Ayatollah Iraq Iraq Shia Jafari Fatwa] Official Website File:Ayatollah Esmael Al Sadr.jpg
    20 Fazel Lankarani Grand Ayatollah Iran Iran Shia Jafari Fatwa] Official Website File:Mf-jf (cropped).jpg
    21 Muhammad Ali Al-Taskhiri Grand Ayatollah
    General Secretary of Forum for Proximity of the Islamic Schools of Jurisprudence    		 Iran Iran Shia Jafari Fatwa] Official Website] File:Ayatollah Mohammad Ali Taskhiri by Tasnimnews 03.jpg
    22 Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah Grand Ayatollah Lebanon Lebanon Shia Jafari Fatwa] Official Website File:Sayed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah.jpg
    23 Muhammad bin Muhammad Ismail Al-Mansur
    and
    Humud bin Abbas Al-Mu'ayyad    		 Shaykh Yemen Yemen Shia Zaidiyyah Fatwa] Official Website
    24 Ibrahim bin Muhammad Al-Wazir General Secretary, The Islamic Unification and Works Movement, Yemen Yemen Yemen Shia Zaidiyyah Fatwa] Official Website
    25 Ahmad bin Hamad Al-Khalili Mufti of the Sultanate of Oman Oman Oman Ibadi - Fatwa] Official website File:أحمد بن حمد بن سليمان الخليلي Ahmed bin Hamad al-Khalili 01 (cropped).jpg
    26 Ali Hosseini Sistani Grand Ayatollah Iraq Iraq Shia Jafari Fatwa Official Website File:Al-Sayyid Ali al-Husseini al-Sistani.jpg
    27 Karīm al-Hussaynī The Āgā Khān IV, Imam of the Shia Nizari Ismaili|Imami Nizari Ismailis Portugal Portugal Shia Jafari (Nizari Ismaili branch) Fatwa] Official Website] File:Agha-Khan-IV.jpg


    Reception

    Tony Blair, while Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, gave a speech in which he praised the Amman message and the gathering of numerous scholars, commenting, "This was a clear message that Islam is not a monolithic faith, but one made up of a rich pattern of diversity, albeit all flowing from the same fount."[2]

    Despite the ecumenical nature of the Amman Message, since it was issued there has been a marked decline in Shia-Sunni relations as a result of increased sectarian conflict in such countries as Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Bahrain and Yemen.[10]

    Criticism

    Suhail Nakhouda, writing in the Amman-based Islamica Magazine|Islamica, stated that the Amman message did little to effectively address ongoing problems: "There is no water, no pavements; the economy is bad, and many young people are out of work. Peoples' lives, as well as the images they see, stay the same." Nakhouda stated that King Abdullah's message was likely to be dampened by his lifestyle, which he claims is the subject of criticism.[1]

    Notes

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Jordan's 9/11: Dealing With Jihadi Islamism", Crisis Group Middle East Report N°47, 23 November 2005
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "SPEECH BY THE PRIME MINISTER THE RT HON TONY BLAIR MP Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002326/http://www.britishembassy.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket%2FXcelerate%2FShowPage&c=Page&cid=1017170872825&a=KArticle&aid=1181127466528 |date=2007-09-27 " (04/06/07), British Embassy in Bahrain
    3. ↑ cite web |publisher=Embassy of Jordan - Washington, DC |url=http://www.jordanembassyus.org/new/pr/pr11092004.shtml |title=Jordan issues the 'Amman Message' on Islam |access-date=2007-08-15| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070816204118/http://www.jordanembassyus.org/new/pr/pr11092004.shtml%7C archive-date= 16 August 2007 | url-status= live
    4. ↑ The Amman Message summary - Official website
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 The Three Points of The Amman Message V.1 webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202045430/http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=91&Itemid=74 |date=February 2, 2013
    6. ↑ Petra News Agency. Summary of the Amman Message (In Arabic) Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409062023/http://petra.gov.jo/Public/Arabic.aspx?Site_ID=2&Page_ID=5407&Lang=1 |date=2016-04-09
    7. ↑ cite web |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1150885839539&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=King Abdullah calls to end extremism |access-date=2007-08-15
    8. ↑ cite web|url=http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=section&id=5&Itemid=34%7Ctitle=AmmanMessage.com – The Official Site|website=ammanmessage.com
    9. ↑ cite web|url=http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=82&Itemid=60%7Ctitle=AmmanMessage.com – The Official Site|website=ammanmessage.com|language=en|access-date=2009-11-17
    10. ↑ cite book|editor1-last=Volpi|editor1-first=Frederic|title=Political Civility in the Middle East|date=11 Jun 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317977810|page=150
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