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Created page with "= International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) = The '''International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)''' is a leading global think tank specializing in defence, security, and strategic studies. Founded in 1958, it has become internationally recognized for its analyses of military capabilities, geopolitical trends, and regional security dynamics.<ref name="IISSAbout">{{cite web |title=About IISS |url=https://www.iiss.org |publisher=International Institute..."
 
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= International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) =
The '''International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)''' is a global think tank specialising in defence, security, and strategic policy. Founded in 1958, it has become a key reference source for governments, militaries, and analysts focusing on global strategy (International Institute for Strategic Studies, n.d.-a). <ref>International Institute for Strategic Studies. (n.d.-a). About IISS. https://www.iiss.org</ref>
 
The '''International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)''' is a leading global think tank specializing in defence, security, and strategic studies. Founded in 1958, it has become internationally recognized for its analyses of military capabilities, geopolitical trends, and regional security dynamics.<ref name="IISSAbout">{{cite web |title=About IISS |url=https://www.iiss.org |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies |access-date=25 November 2024}}</ref>


== Overview ==
== Overview ==
The institute is known for its flagship publications, including ''The Military Balance'', ''Survival'', the ''Adelphi'' series, and ''Strategic Comments'', as well as for hosting high-level security dialogues in Asia and the Middle East.
The IISS produces several high-profile publications and hosts major annual security dialogues that attract global political and military leaders (International Institute for Strategic Studies, n.d.-d). <ref>International Institute for Strategic Studies. (n.d.-d). Shangri-La and Manama Dialogues. https://www.iiss.org</ref>


== Identification and Metadata ==
== Identification and Metadata ==
'''Official name:''' International Institute for Strategic Studies   
'''Official name:''' International Institute for Strategic Studies   
'''Acronym:''' IISS   
'''Acronym:''' IISS   
'''Founded:''' 1958 by Michael Howard, Denis Healey, and Alastair Buchan<ref name="IISSAbout" />   
'''Founded:''' 1958 by Michael Howard, Denis Healey, and Alastair Buchan (International Institute for Strategic Studies, n.d.-a). <ref>International Institute for Strategic Studies. (n.d.-a). About IISS. https://www.iiss.org</ref>   
'''Legal status:''' UK-registered charity; private company limited by guarantee   
'''Status:''' UK-registered charity and private company limited by guarantee   
'''Headquarters:''' Arundel House, 6 Temple Place, London  
'''HQ:''' Arundel House, 6 Temple Place, London
'''Regional offices:''' Washington, D.C.; Singapore; Manama; Berlin<ref name="IISSAbout" />   
'''Offices:''' Washington, D.C.; Singapore; Manama; Berlin (International Institute for Strategic Studies, n.d.-a). <ref>International Institute for Strategic Studies. (n.d.-a). About IISS. https://www.iiss.org</ref>   
'''Staff size:''' Estimated 100–250 (2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=International Institute for Strategic Studies |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/international-institute-for-strategic-studies |publisher=Crunchbase |access-date=25 November 2024}}</ref>   
'''Staff size:''' Estimated 100–250 (Crunchbase, 2024). <ref>Crunchbase. (2024). International Institute for Strategic Studies. https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/international-institute-for-strategic-studies</ref>   
'''Budget:''' £25.03 million income (2023)<ref name="IISSAR">{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.iiss.org |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies |access-date=25 November 2024}}</ref>
'''Budget:''' £25.03 million income for 2023 (International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2023). <ref>International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2023). Annual report and financial statements. https://www.iiss.org</ref>


=== Governance ===
=== Governance ===
The IISS Board of Trustees is chaired by Bill Emmott and includes high-profile figures such as Caroline Atkinson, Hakeem Belo-Osagie, John Brennan (former CIA Director), and Florence Parly (former French Minister of the Armed Forces).<ref name="IISSAR" />
The Board of Trustees includes Bill Emmott (Chair), Caroline Atkinson, Hakeem Belo-Osagie, John Brennan, and Florence Parly (International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2023). <ref>International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2023). Annual report and financial statements. https://www.iiss.org</ref>
Numerous former staff and trustees have held senior government or diplomatic roles.


== Mission, Vision and Structure ==
== Mission, Vision and Organisational Structure ==
The IISS states its mission is to serve as a “primary source of accurate, objective information on international strategic issues” and asserts that it “owes no allegiance to any government or political organisation.”<ref name="IISSAbout" />
The IISS states its mission is to provide “accurate, objective information on international strategic issues” and claims independence from governments and political organisations (International Institute for Strategic Studies, n.d.-a). <ref>International Institute for Strategic Studies. (n.d.-a). About IISS. https://www.iiss.org</ref>


=== Organisational Structure ===
=== Organisational Structure ===
The institute is divided into thematic divisions:
The IISS is structured into divisions including:
* Defence and Military Analysis   
* Defence and Military Analysis   
* Geo-economics and Strategy   
* Geo-economics and Strategy   
* Regional Security (Middle East, Asia, Europe, Americas)   
* Regional Security (Middle East, Asia, Europe, Americas)   
* Conflict, Security and Development  
* Conflict and Security   
* Consulting and Advisory Services   
* Advisory and Consulting Services   


=== Funding Model ===
=== Funding ===
IISS receives funding from:
Funding sources include governments, corporations, philanthropic foundations, and membership fees (International Institute for Strategic Studies, n.d.-c). <ref>International Institute for Strategic Studies. (n.d.-c). Funding and governance. https://www.iiss.org</ref>
* governments
* corporations
* philanthropic foundations
* membership subscriptions 
* events and conferences 


Major corporate donors include Airbus, BAE Systems, Lockheed Martin, and Raytheon.<ref>{{cite web |title=IISS Funding and Governance |url=https://www.iiss.org |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies |access-date=25 November 2024}}</ref> 
Major donors include defence corporations such as BAE Systems, Airbus, Lockheed Martin, and Raytheon (“International Institute for Strategic Studies,” n.d.). <ref>International Institute for Strategic Studies. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies</ref>
Past transparency studies (e.g., Transparify) have rated IISS as relatively opaque compared with other think tanks.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Institute for Strategic Studies |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 November 2024}}</ref>


== Thematic and Methodological Profile ==
== Thematic and Methodological Profile ==
IISS specializes in defence policy, regional security, military inventories, conflict dynamics, non-proliferation, and geopolitical analysis. Research on Muslim-majority countries is primarily focused on:
The IISS focuses on defence policy, military capabilities, conflict dynamics, and geopolitical change (International Institute for Strategic Studies, n.d.-b). <ref>International Institute for Strategic Studies. (n.d.-b). Publications. https://www.iiss.org</ref>
 
Research on Muslim-majority regions includes:
* Middle East geopolitics   
* Middle East geopolitics   
* Islamist militancy   
* political Islam and militancy   
* defence spending and procurement  
* Gulf defence spending   
* Türkiye’s defence industrialisation   
* Türkiye’s defence industrialisation   
* Gulf regional security 
=== Methods ===
Methods include:
* policy analysis 
* open-source intelligence (OSINT) 
* expert interviews 
* defence-economics modelling 
* case studies and scenario analysis 


IISS publishes both peer-reviewed (e.g., ''Survival'') and non-peer-reviewed materials (e.g., policy briefs, Strategic Comments).<ref>{{cite web |title=IISS Publications |url=https://www.iiss.org |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies |access-date=25 November 2024}}</ref>
Methods include policy analysis, open-source intelligence, case studies, interviews, and scenario forecasting (International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2022). <ref>International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2022). The defence policy and economics of the Middle East and North Africa. https://www.iiss.org</ref>


== Publications and Outputs on Islam / Muslim Affairs ==
== Publications and Outputs (Evidence Log) ==


=== Representative Outputs ===
=== Representative Outputs on Islam / Muslim Affairs ===


# '''''The Defence Policy and Economics of the Middle East and North Africa'' (2022).'''   
# '''The Defence Policy and Economics of the Middle East and North Africa (2022)'''   
Summary: Analysis of defence budgets, procurement trends, and regional military competition.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Defence Policy and Economics of the Middle East and North Africa |url=https://www.iiss.org/globalassets/media-library... |publisher=IISS |date=2022}}</ref>
Focus: defence spending and security dynamics in MENA (IISS, 2022). <ref>International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2022). The defence policy and economics of the Middle East and North Africa. https://www.iiss.org</ref>


# '''''Adapting Security: Türkiye’s Foreign Policy and Defence Industrialisation'' (2024).'''   
# '''Adapting Security: Türkiye’s Foreign Policy and Defence Industrialisation (2024)'''   
Examines Türkiye’s growing defence industry and its foreign-policy implications.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adapting Security |url=https://www.iiss.org/globalassets/media-library... |publisher=IISS |date=2024}}</ref>
Examines Türkiye's industrial and geopolitical transformation (IISS, 2024a). <ref>International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2024a). Adapting security. https://www.iiss.org</ref>


# '''''From Client to Competitor: The Rise of Türkiye’s Defence Industry'' (2024).'''   
# '''From Client to Competitor: The Rise of Türkiye’s Defence Industry (2024)'''   
Analyses Türkiye's transition to major defence exporter.<ref>{{cite web |title=From Client to Competitor |url=https://www.iiss.org/globalassets/media-library... |publisher=IISS |date=2024}}</ref>
Analyses Türkiye’s rise as a defence exporter (IISS, 2024b). <ref>International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2024b). From client to competitor. https://www.iiss.org</ref>


# '''''Turbulence in the Eastern Mediterranean'' (Strategic Dossier).'''   
# '''Turbulence in the Eastern Mediterranean'''   
Regional tensions involving Muslim-majority states; uses scenario modelling.<ref>{{cite web |title=Turbulence in the Eastern Mediterranean |url=https://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-dossiers |publisher=IISS}}</ref>
Focuses on regional conflict dynamics (IISS, n.d.). <ref>International Institute for Strategic Studies. (n.d.). Turbulence in the Eastern Mediterranean. https://www.iiss.org</ref>


# '''''Tactics before Strategy: Understanding Today’s Middle East'' (2018).'''   
# '''Tactics before Strategy: Understanding Today’s Middle East (2018)'''   
Argues Middle East strategy suffers from short-term tactical decision-making.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tactics before Strategy |url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/2018/10/todays-middle-east |publisher=IISS |date=2018}}</ref>
Argues tactical approaches dominate strategic thinking (IISS, 2018). <ref>International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2018). Tactics before strategy. https://www.iiss.org</ref>


Most reports are publicly accessible, though underlying datasets are usually not available.
Most outputs are public; underlying data are generally not disclosed.


== Policy Impact ==
== Policy Impact ==
IISS has high policy salience. Its events include:
IISS hosts the Shangri-La Dialogue and Manama Dialogue, used by defence ministers and military chiefs globally (International Institute for Strategic Studies, n.d.-d). <ref>International Institute for Strategic Studies. (n.d.-d). Shangri-La and Manama Dialogues. https://www.iiss.org</ref>
* '''Shangri-La Dialogue''' (Asia) 
* '''Manama Dialogue''' (Middle East)


These forums are attended by heads of state, defence ministers, and military leaders.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shangri-La and Manama Dialogues |url=https://www.iiss.org |publisher=IISS}}</ref>
Its ''Military Balance'' is cited by defence ministries, NATO, and parliaments (International Institute for Strategic Studies, n.d.-b). <ref>International Institute for Strategic Studies. (n.d.-b). Publications. https://www.iiss.org</ref>


IISS’s ''Military Balance'' is referenced by defence ministries, NATO, and the EU.<ref name="IISSAbout" />
The 2024 Manama Dialogue featured direct policy references to IISS analysis (IISS, 2024c). <ref>International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2024c). Manama Dialogue 2024 plenary session. https://www.iiss.org</ref>


Government citations and uses include:
== Stakeholder Engagement and Ethics ==
* ministerial speeches at IISS events 
Engagement with Muslim communities is limited; the institute primarily interacts with state elites. Most research is desk-based, reducing the need for fieldwork ethics protocols.
* parliamentary references to ''The Military Balance'' 
* commissioned advisory work 
* contributions to regional security dialogues (e.g., Manama Dialogue 2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=Manama Dialogue 2024 Plenary |url=https://www.iiss.org |publisher=IISS |date=2024}}</ref>


== Stakeholder Engagement and Research Ethics ==
== Funding and Conflict of Interest ==
Engagement with Muslim communities is limited, as IISS focuses on state-level actors rather than civil society or religious institutions. Much research is desk-based, reducing requirements for fieldwork consent protocols.
Reliance on defence-industry donors may pose conflicts of interest when analysing arms procurement (Egeland & Tarqi, 2022). <ref>Egeland, K., & Tarqi, A. (2022). No such thing as a free donation? https://www.ceasefire.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Tarqi_pdf_nw_conflicts_of_interest.pdf</ref>


The organisation has not been prominently associated with research-ethics controversies relating to Muslim communities.
Transparency has historically been rated low by Transparify (“International Institute for Strategic Studies,” n.d.). <ref>International Institute for Strategic Studies. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies</ref>


== Funding and Conflict of Interest Analysis ==
== Editorial Independence ==
Major funders include defence corporations and Western governments. Potential conflicts of interest arise in areas where donor industries overlap with research topics (e.g., arms procurement).<ref>{{cite report |title=No Such Thing as a Free Donation? |author=Egeland, K.; Tarqi, A. |url=https://www.ceasefire.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Tarqi_pdf_nw_conflicts_of_interest.pdf |date=2022}}</ref>
Board members include former defence and intelligence officials, raising questions about independence (IISS, 2023). <ref>International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2023). Annual report and financial statements. https://www.iiss.org</ref>
 
Transparency remains moderate; although financial statements are published, details on donor influence remain limited.<ref name="IISSAR" />
 
== Editorial Independence and Governance ==
Board membership includes former senior defence and intelligence officials, raising questions about the boundary between research and state security priorities. While IISS states it maintains full editorial independence,<ref name="IISSAbout" /> external transparency assessments suggest room for improvement.<ref>{{cite web |title=IISS Transparency |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies |website=Wikipedia}}</ref>


== Academic Critique ==
== Academic Critique ==


=== Epistemic Rigour ===
=== Epistemic Rigour ===
IISS excels in defence-technical analysis but often offers limited methodological transparency, hindering replicability.<ref>Egeland & Tarqi (2022)</ref>
Limited methodological transparency affects replicability (Egeland & Tarqi, 2022). <ref>Egeland, K., & Tarqi, A. (2022). No such thing as a free donation?. https://www.ceasefire.ca</ref>


=== Normative Framing ===
=== Normative Framing ===
Coverage of Muslim-majority regions often emphasises security, conflict, and militarism rather than socio-economic or cultural dimensions.
Coverage often emphasises security risks in Muslim regions.


=== Bias and Positionality ===
=== Bias and Positionality ===
Close ties to defence sectors and Western governments may influence research priorities and problem framing.
Funding patterns and elite networks may influence analytical framing.


=== Policy Relevance vs. Academic Rigor ===
=== Policy Relevance vs Rigor ===
Outputs are policy-oriented, timely, and concise, but often lack theoretical depth typical of academic research.
Policy timeliness often outweighs academic depth.


=== Ethical Considerations ===
=== Ethical Issues ===
Given the elite focus and minimal fieldwork, issues such as local researcher safety or community-based ethical review are rarely addressed.
Minimal engagement with vulnerable groups; focus on elite actors.


=== Contribution to Knowledge ===
=== Contributions ===
IISS contributes notably to military and strategic knowledge but less to human security, religious studies, or socio-political analyses of Muslim societies.
Strong in defence analysis, less developed in social-scientific study of Muslim societies.


== Controversies ==
== Controversies ==
Criticisms include:
Criticisms include:
* opaque funding (Transparify)  
* opaque donor disclosure  
* defence-industry influence concerns  
* defence-industry influence   
* limited methodological transparency   
* insufficient methodological transparency   


IISS has responded by publishing annual audited accounts and expanded donor disclosures.<ref name="IISSAR" />
IISS has responded by publishing annual accounts (IISS, 2023). <ref>International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2023). Annual report and financial statements. https://www.iiss.org</ref>


== Comparative Positioning ==
== Comparative Positioning ==
Compared with peers:
Compared with peers:
* '''Chatham House''' – broader thematic range; more transparent  
* '''Chatham House''' – more transparent, broader thematic scope  
* '''Carnegie Endowment''' – deeper academic analysis; more inclusive regional research   
* '''Carnegie Endowment''' – more academically rigorous, deeper regional research   
* '''CSIS''' – similarly policy-driven, but with more public transparency on donors  
* '''CSIS''' – similar policy orientation, more transparent donor reporting  


IISS is stronger in military-technical expertise and defence inventory analysis.
IISS excels in military-technical analysis.


== Recommendations ==
== Recommendations ==
=== For Researchers ===
=== For Researchers ===
* Advocate for data transparency and open methods  
* Promote methodological transparency   
* Engage with Muslim civil-society actors  
* Increase engagement with Muslim civil society   
* Incorporate interdisciplinary approaches   
* Use interdisciplinary approaches   


=== For Policymakers ===
=== For Policymakers ===
* Use IISS outputs alongside independent academic sources  
* Cross-validate IISS findings  
* Require more explicit conflict-of-interest disclosures   
* Require conflict-of-interest disclosures   
* Encourage methodological transparency in commissioned work  
* Encourage open-data practices  


== References ==
== References ==
<references />
<references />
[[Category:English Wikivahdat]]
[[category:Think tanks]]

Latest revision as of 15:08, 29 November 2025

The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) is a global think tank specialising in defence, security, and strategic policy. Founded in 1958, it has become a key reference source for governments, militaries, and analysts focusing on global strategy (International Institute for Strategic Studies, n.d.-a). [1]

Overview

The IISS produces several high-profile publications and hosts major annual security dialogues that attract global political and military leaders (International Institute for Strategic Studies, n.d.-d). [2]

Identification and Metadata

Official name: International Institute for Strategic Studies Acronym: IISS Founded: 1958 by Michael Howard, Denis Healey, and Alastair Buchan (International Institute for Strategic Studies, n.d.-a). [3] Status: UK-registered charity and private company limited by guarantee HQ: Arundel House, 6 Temple Place, London Offices: Washington, D.C.; Singapore; Manama; Berlin (International Institute for Strategic Studies, n.d.-a). [4] Staff size: Estimated 100–250 (Crunchbase, 2024). [5] Budget: £25.03 million income for 2023 (International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2023). [6]

Governance

The Board of Trustees includes Bill Emmott (Chair), Caroline Atkinson, Hakeem Belo-Osagie, John Brennan, and Florence Parly (International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2023). [7]

Mission, Vision and Organisational Structure

The IISS states its mission is to provide “accurate, objective information on international strategic issues” and claims independence from governments and political organisations (International Institute for Strategic Studies, n.d.-a). [8]

Organisational Structure

The IISS is structured into divisions including:

  • Defence and Military Analysis
  • Geo-economics and Strategy
  • Regional Security (Middle East, Asia, Europe, Americas)
  • Conflict and Security
  • Advisory and Consulting Services

Funding

Funding sources include governments, corporations, philanthropic foundations, and membership fees (International Institute for Strategic Studies, n.d.-c). [9]

Major donors include defence corporations such as BAE Systems, Airbus, Lockheed Martin, and Raytheon (“International Institute for Strategic Studies,” n.d.). [10]

Thematic and Methodological Profile

The IISS focuses on defence policy, military capabilities, conflict dynamics, and geopolitical change (International Institute for Strategic Studies, n.d.-b). [11]

Research on Muslim-majority regions includes:

  • Middle East geopolitics
  • political Islam and militancy
  • Gulf defence spending
  • Türkiye’s defence industrialisation

Methods include policy analysis, open-source intelligence, case studies, interviews, and scenario forecasting (International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2022). [12]

Publications and Outputs (Evidence Log)

Representative Outputs on Islam / Muslim Affairs

  1. The Defence Policy and Economics of the Middle East and North Africa (2022)

Focus: defence spending and security dynamics in MENA (IISS, 2022). [13]

  1. Adapting Security: Türkiye’s Foreign Policy and Defence Industrialisation (2024)

Examines Türkiye's industrial and geopolitical transformation (IISS, 2024a). [14]

  1. From Client to Competitor: The Rise of Türkiye’s Defence Industry (2024)

Analyses Türkiye’s rise as a defence exporter (IISS, 2024b). [15]

  1. Turbulence in the Eastern Mediterranean

Focuses on regional conflict dynamics (IISS, n.d.). [16]

  1. Tactics before Strategy: Understanding Today’s Middle East (2018)

Argues tactical approaches dominate strategic thinking (IISS, 2018). [17]

Most outputs are public; underlying data are generally not disclosed.

Policy Impact

IISS hosts the Shangri-La Dialogue and Manama Dialogue, used by defence ministers and military chiefs globally (International Institute for Strategic Studies, n.d.-d). [18]

Its Military Balance is cited by defence ministries, NATO, and parliaments (International Institute for Strategic Studies, n.d.-b). [19]

The 2024 Manama Dialogue featured direct policy references to IISS analysis (IISS, 2024c). [20]

Stakeholder Engagement and Ethics

Engagement with Muslim communities is limited; the institute primarily interacts with state elites. Most research is desk-based, reducing the need for fieldwork ethics protocols.

Funding and Conflict of Interest

Reliance on defence-industry donors may pose conflicts of interest when analysing arms procurement (Egeland & Tarqi, 2022). [21]

Transparency has historically been rated low by Transparify (“International Institute for Strategic Studies,” n.d.). [22]

Editorial Independence

Board members include former defence and intelligence officials, raising questions about independence (IISS, 2023). [23]

Academic Critique

Epistemic Rigour

Limited methodological transparency affects replicability (Egeland & Tarqi, 2022). [24]

Normative Framing

Coverage often emphasises security risks in Muslim regions.

Bias and Positionality

Funding patterns and elite networks may influence analytical framing.

Policy Relevance vs Rigor

Policy timeliness often outweighs academic depth.

Ethical Issues

Minimal engagement with vulnerable groups; focus on elite actors.

Contributions

Strong in defence analysis, less developed in social-scientific study of Muslim societies.

Controversies

Criticisms include:

  • opaque donor disclosure
  • defence-industry influence
  • insufficient methodological transparency

IISS has responded by publishing annual accounts (IISS, 2023). [25]

Comparative Positioning

Compared with peers:

  • Chatham House – more transparent, broader thematic scope
  • Carnegie Endowment – more academically rigorous, deeper regional research
  • CSIS – similar policy orientation, more transparent donor reporting

IISS excels in military-technical analysis.

Recommendations

For Researchers

  • Promote methodological transparency
  • Increase engagement with Muslim civil society
  • Use interdisciplinary approaches

For Policymakers

  • Cross-validate IISS findings
  • Require conflict-of-interest disclosures
  • Encourage open-data practices

References

  1. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies. (n.d.-a). About IISS. https://www.iiss.org
  2. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies. (n.d.-d). Shangri-La and Manama Dialogues. https://www.iiss.org
  3. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies. (n.d.-a). About IISS. https://www.iiss.org
  4. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies. (n.d.-a). About IISS. https://www.iiss.org
  5. ↑ Crunchbase. (2024). International Institute for Strategic Studies. https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/international-institute-for-strategic-studies
  6. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2023). Annual report and financial statements. https://www.iiss.org
  7. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2023). Annual report and financial statements. https://www.iiss.org
  8. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies. (n.d.-a). About IISS. https://www.iiss.org
  9. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies. (n.d.-c). Funding and governance. https://www.iiss.org
  10. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies
  11. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies. (n.d.-b). Publications. https://www.iiss.org
  12. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2022). The defence policy and economics of the Middle East and North Africa. https://www.iiss.org
  13. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2022). The defence policy and economics of the Middle East and North Africa. https://www.iiss.org
  14. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2024a). Adapting security. https://www.iiss.org
  15. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2024b). From client to competitor. https://www.iiss.org
  16. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies. (n.d.). Turbulence in the Eastern Mediterranean. https://www.iiss.org
  17. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2018). Tactics before strategy. https://www.iiss.org
  18. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies. (n.d.-d). Shangri-La and Manama Dialogues. https://www.iiss.org
  19. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies. (n.d.-b). Publications. https://www.iiss.org
  20. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2024c). Manama Dialogue 2024 plenary session. https://www.iiss.org
  21. ↑ Egeland, K., & Tarqi, A. (2022). No such thing as a free donation? https://www.ceasefire.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Tarqi_pdf_nw_conflicts_of_interest.pdf
  22. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies
  23. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2023). Annual report and financial statements. https://www.iiss.org
  24. ↑ Egeland, K., & Tarqi, A. (2022). No such thing as a free donation?. https://www.ceasefire.ca
  25. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2023). Annual report and financial statements. https://www.iiss.org
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