Draft:Uthman ibn Affan: Difference between revisions
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Latest revision as of 08:21, 7 October 2026
Uthman ibn Affan was the third Caliph, who was invited to Islam by Abu Bakr ibn Abi Quhafah, then converted to Islam in the presence of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny) and was among the Emigrants to Medina – according to one narration, also among the Emigrants to Abyssinia. He first married Ruqayyah, the daughter of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny), and after her death, married Umm Kulthum, another daughter of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny).[1]
Family of Uthman
"Uthman ibn Affan ibn Abi al-Aas ibn Umayyah ibn Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf", born to a mother named "Arwa daughter of Kurayz" six years after the attack of Abraha to Mecca (Year of the Elephant).[2]
He had two kunyas: "Abu Amr" and "Abu Abdullah". He inherited the first from the pre-Islamic era; but after the birth of his son Abdullah, Muslims gave him the kunya Abu Abdullah.[3]
He had ten sons (some sources mention other numbers) and three daughters, some of whom were born from the daughters of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny), but none reached adolescence and all died in childhood.[4]
Life of Uthman
Uthman was invited to Islam by Abu Bakr and then converted to Islam in the presence of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny).[5]
It was not long before he married Ruqayyah, the daughter of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny), and after Ruqayyah's death, he married Umm Kulthum, another daughter of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny), and for this reason, he later became known as Dhul-Nurayn (Possessor of Two Lights). This title was bestowed upon him by Uthman's friends.[6]
Uthman, along with a few of the Companions – such as Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him) – who could read and write, was included among the Scribes of Revelation.[7]
According to reports from some sources, Uthman and his wife Ruqayyah were among the first individuals who migrated to Abyssinia, but after that, they returned to Mecca and again migrated to Medina along with other Muslims.
Events during the Prophet's Time
From the time of the Migration until the death of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny), Uthman did not have a prominent role among Muslims except in a few events, and no bravery or courage has been recorded from him in the battles of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny). What has been narrated from him during these days is as follows:
He – however with permission from the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) and due to the severe illness of his wife Ruqayyah – did not participate in the Battle of Badr, and on the same day that news of the Muslims' victory reached Medina, Ruqayyah passed away.[8]
In the journey of Muslims to Mecca which led to the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, the honorable Prophet of Islam sent Uthman inside Mecca for peace negotiations due to the emotional connection he had with Quraysh. After a while, news arrived that the people of Mecca had killed Uthman.
This news led Muslims to believe that they should prepare for war, so they made a pact with each other known as the Pledge of Ridwan, then news arrived that his death was only a rumor. Naturally, for this reason, he was not present at the Pledge of Ridwan either.[9]
Some consider the Pledge of Ridwan a virtue for Uthman, since they hold the view that the Pledge of Ridwan was performed to avenge Uthman's blood; but others say: Regardless of the serious mission he was entrusted with, this pledge was not formed to take revenge for Uthman's blood, rather it was formed to protect Islam against the disbelievers.
The Battle of Tabuk was among the battles that caused many hardships for Muslims, since the very long distance along with severe heat was not compatible with the facilities of Muslims of that day, so it required much help, and general Muslims, to the extent of their ability, helped the Islamic army, and since Uthman was in a better financial situation than others, he contributed more help than others.[10]
Notes
- ↑ Adapted from the article Biography of Uthman
- ↑ Ibn Athir al-Jazari, Ali ibn Muhammad, Usd al-Ghabah fi Ma'rifat al-Sahabah, Vol. 3, p. 480, Beirut, Dar al-Fikr, 1409 AH.
- ↑ Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir, Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk (Tarikh Tabari), research by Ibrahim, Muhammad Abu al-Fadl, Vol. 4, p. 419, Beirut, Dar al-Turath, 2nd ed., 1387 AH.
- ↑ Ibn Athir al-Jazari, Ali ibn Muhammad, Usd al-Ghabah fi Ma'rifat al-Sahabah, Vol. 3, p. 482, Beirut, Dar al-Fikr, 1409 AH.
- ↑ Ibn Athir al-Jazari, Ali ibn Muhammad, Usd al-Ghabah fi Ma'rifat al-Sahabah, Vol. 3, p. 481, Beirut, Dar al-Fikr, 1409 AH.
- ↑ Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Ahmad ibn Ali, Al-Isabah fi Tamyiz al-Sahabah, Vol. 2, p. 349, research by Abd al-Mawjud, Adel Ahmad, Muawwad, Ali Muhammad, Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, 1st ed., 1415 AH.
- ↑ Ibn Kathir al-Dimashqi, Ismail ibn Umar, Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah, Vol. 7, p. 145, Beirut, Dar al-Fikr, 1407 AH.
- ↑ Ibn Athir al-Jazari, Ali ibn Muhammad, Usd al-Ghabah fi Ma'rifat al-Sahabah, Vol. 3, p. 482, Beirut, Dar al-Fikr, 1409 AH.
- ↑ Ibn Abd al-Barr, Yusuf ibn Abdullah, Al-Isti'ab fi Ma'rifat al-Ashab, research by Bajawi, Ali Muhammad, Vol. 3, p. 1038, Beirut, Dar al-Jil, 1st ed., 1412 AH.
- ↑ Dhahabi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad, Tarikh al-Islam, research by Tadmiri, Umar Abd al-Salam, Vol. 3, p. 470, Beirut, Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi, 2nd ed., 1409 AH.
Beginning of the Caliphate
The second Caliph formed a six-member council consisting of Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him), Uthman ibn Affan, Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Talhah ibn Ubayd Allah, and Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas to choose his successor.
After Imam Ali (peace be upon him) did not give a commitment to follow the tradition of the two previous Caliphs, with Uthman accepting such a commitment, the Caliphate was handed over to him and he officially took the reins of the Muslims.[1]
Dissatisfaction with the Rule
Uthman acted very calmly in the first six years of his Caliphate and strove to consolidate his position, but it was in the second half of the Caliphate that changes gradually appeared in the political structure of various regions, and matters proceeded in such a way that it seemed he was essentially thinking of handing over the Caliphate to the Banu Umayya, and he was performing these actions as a prelude to making all political affairs Umayyad.
At first, he enjoyed the support of the Quraysh and strove to preserve the share of all of them. But in the second six years of the Caliphate, his work became empowering the specific Umayyad clan; this matter also aroused the anger of some of the Quraysh. Installing individuals of the Umayyad family over cities aroused much anger and gradually compelled the people to revolt against him.
During his time, many lands were conquered. Such as Caucasus, Khorasan, Kerman, Cyprus, and parts of North Africa. Thus, countless wealth and spoils poured into the center of the Caliphate, the division of which required special sensitivity; but the unfair division of spoils became one of the factors that played an effective role in the outbreak of revolt against him.
In addition, innovations and violations occurred from him, such as performing the prayer in full during travel contrary to the tradition of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) and even the Caliphs before himself, recalling the ruling of Abu al-Aas from exile where he had been exiled by the Prophet, and other cases which caused dissatisfaction and protest from the people and other Companions of the Noble Prophet (peace be upon him).
Generally, the causes of the revolt against Uthman can be categorized as follows:[2]
1. Religious innovations by Uthman.
2. Assigning governorship of cities to individuals from the Banu Umayya clan.
3. His reckless generosity to individuals of the Umayyad clan.
4. Harassment of some of the great Companions of the Messenger of God such as Abu Dharr and Ammar Yasir.
Thus, people became dissatisfied with him, and many of the great Companions began open opposition against him. Individuals such as Talha, Zubayr, Aisha, Ammar ibn Yasir, Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, Abdullah ibn Masud, Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, Jabir ibn Abdullah, and Abu Dharr and . . . .
Killing of Uthman ibn Affan
Of course, not all of these individuals believed in his killing or deemed it expedient, but in any case, they had the severest criticisms regarding his political and religious actions and behavior.
Under these conditions, Imam Ali (peace be upon him) was neither with Uthman nor did he act against him. Gradually, protests against Uthman escalated, and Uthman was forced to use force to calm them, which itself led to more conflict and confrontation.
Until a group of people from Egypt and Kufa came to Uthman as a protest. After a while, a larger group of Egyptians, whose number has been said to be between four hundred to seven hundred people, came to Medina and presented their demands. Uthman committed to paying attention to their requests. The Egyptians returned to their city, but a plot was hatched based on them being killed.
This group became aware of the situation and returned to Medina angrily. The news reached the Kufans as well. From there, two hundred people and from Basra one hundred people came to Medina and besieged Uthman, and initially asked him to resign from the government, but Uthman did not accept this situation. The efforts of Imam Ali, who was a peace mediator, also led nowhere.
Uthman was under siege for forty-nine days. During this time, he sought help from various cities. But no one went to his aid, until he was finally killed by the revolutionaries.