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Mahdaviyyeh Movement (1879-1898) (Mahdi Sudani): Difference between revisions
Mahdaviyyeh Movement (1879-1898) (Mahdi Sudani) (view source)
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== '''Childhood and Education''' == | == '''Childhood and Education''' == | ||
'''The leader of this broad movement, which started in 1881 AD, was Muhammad Ahmad bin Abdullah, the son of a simple carpenter or boat builder, who traveled the Nile Valley and Sudan together with his father and brothers from childhood and was completely familiar with the ways and customs of the people of that land | '''The leader of this broad movement, which started in 1881 AD, was Muhammad Ahmad bin Abdullah, the son of a simple carpenter or boat builder, who traveled the Nile Valley and Sudan together with his father and brothers from childhood and was completely familiar with the ways and customs of the people of that land''' <ref>'''1-Seyyed Ahmad Movassaghi, Contemporary Islamic Movements, Tehran: Samt, 1374, p. 247.'''</ref>. | ||
'''Muhammad Ahmed Abdallah, born on Labab Island in the Nile region of Dongola province, belonging to a Nubian family, who claimed to be a descendant of the Prophet Mohammad , moved to Karari (in the north of Omdurman).''' | '''Muhammad Ahmed Abdallah, born on Labab Island in the Nile region of Dongola province, belonging to a Nubian family, who claimed to be a descendant of the Prophet Mohammad , moved to Karari (in the north of Omdurman).''' | ||
'''He studied traditional Islamic education and at the age of seventeen became a student of Muhammad Sharif Nur-al-Daim, the sheikh of Sammanyyah Sufi sect. He learned the knowledge of the Sufis from his teacher for seven years, and later he was allowed to teach the principles of jurisprudence and become a member of the sect | '''He studied traditional Islamic education and at the age of seventeen became a student of Muhammad Sharif Nur-al-Daim, the sheikh of Sammanyyah Sufi sect. He learned the knowledge of the Sufis from his teacher for seven years, and later he was allowed to teach the principles of jurisprudence and become a member of the sect''' <ref>'''2- Mircea Eliade, The Encyclopedia of Religion, Vol. X Muhammad Ahmad, ed.by John O.Hunwick (16 Vols.; U.S.A: Macmillam, 1987) P.147'''</ref>. | ||
'''In 1870, he settled on the island of Aba (in the northern part of Kosti) in the White Nile region, along with his three brothers who were involved in the family business of boat building.''' | '''In 1870, he settled on the island of Aba (in the northern part of Kosti) in the White Nile region, along with his three brothers who were involved in the family business of boat building.''' | ||
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'''As soon as he settled there, his fame and prestige as a Sufi teacher and ascetic led him to gain significant followers among the native people of the region. His teacher Muhammad Sharif also settled near him in 1872 AD ( 1288 AH), but the quarrel between these two people had started long ago, perhaps due to Muhammad Sharif's jealousy of his student.''' | '''As soon as he settled there, his fame and prestige as a Sufi teacher and ascetic led him to gain significant followers among the native people of the region. His teacher Muhammad Sharif also settled near him in 1872 AD ( 1288 AH), but the quarrel between these two people had started long ago, perhaps due to Muhammad Sharif's jealousy of his student.''' | ||
'''Muhammad Sharif announced that Muhammad Ahmad was expelled from the Samanyyah sect, while Muhammad Ahmad declared his affiliation with the sect of Samanyyah and accused his previous Sheikh of having deviated from Sharia | '''Muhammad Sharif announced that Muhammad Ahmad was expelled from the Samanyyah sect, while Muhammad Ahmad declared his affiliation with the sect of Samanyyah and accused his previous Sheikh of having deviated from Sharia'''<ref>'''3-Ibid., P.147'''</ref>. | ||
'''In 1878, his new sheikh, al-Qorashi-wad al-Zin, died and Muhammad Ahmad was recognized as his successor. After a while, he met with khalifah Abdullah (Abdullahi) ibn Muhammad, who later became his political successor. Abdullah's interest and attachment to Mohammad Ahmad was more than that of a Sufi disciple to his teacher, he considered Mohammad Ahmad as the awaited Mahdi.''' | '''In 1878, his new sheikh, al-Qorashi-wad al-Zin, died and Muhammad Ahmad was recognized as his successor. After a while, he met with khalifah Abdullah (Abdullahi) ibn Muhammad, who later became his political successor. Abdullah's interest and attachment to Mohammad Ahmad was more than that of a Sufi disciple to his teacher, he considered Mohammad Ahmad as the awaited Mahdi.''' | ||
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'''Thoughts and imaginations assured him that eventually he would pray in Egypt, Mecca, Jerusalem and Kufa. The first step was to hit the center and heart of the Egyptian-Turkish rule in Khartoum, which was occupied after a significant massacre in January 1885.''' | '''Thoughts and imaginations assured him that eventually he would pray in Egypt, Mecca, Jerusalem and Kufa. The first step was to hit the center and heart of the Egyptian-Turkish rule in Khartoum, which was occupied after a significant massacre in January 1885.''' | ||
'''After this victory, Mahdi established his central headquarters near Omdurman, but destiny was such that he would only live for six months and it is generally believed that he died of typhus disease | '''After this victory, Mahdi established his central headquarters near Omdurman, but destiny was such that he would only live for six months and it is generally believed that he died of typhus disease''' <ref>'''4-Ibid., P. 147&148'''</ref>. | ||
'''Muhammad Ahmad bin Al-Sayyed Abdullah, A spiritual man who combined his personal attractions with religious prejudices and was determined to expel the Turkish from Sudan and return Islam to its original source of purity .''' | '''Muhammad Ahmad bin Al-Sayyed Abdullah, A spiritual man who combined his personal attractions with religious prejudices and was determined to expel the Turkish from Sudan and return Islam to its original source of purity .''' | ||
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'''When his religious fervor led to criticism of the tax collectors, the government paid more attention to him. To avoid arresting, Mahdi and some of his followers, Ansar, moved towards Kurdufan. And there he gathered a large number of soldiers, especially from Baqqara.''' | '''When his religious fervor led to criticism of the tax collectors, the government paid more attention to him. To avoid arresting, Mahdi and some of his followers, Ansar, moved towards Kurdufan. And there he gathered a large number of soldiers, especially from Baqqara.''' | ||
'''From a shelter in this area, he wrote to the sheikhs of the religious sects and obtained the active support or guarantee of neutrality of all of them, except the pro-Egyptian Khatmiyyah. Arab merchants and tribes dependent on the slave trade also responded to him. Hadandowa Beja also joined the Mahdi with the leader and commander of the Ansar, Usman Digna | '''From a shelter in this area, he wrote to the sheikhs of the religious sects and obtained the active support or guarantee of neutrality of all of them, except the pro-Egyptian Khatmiyyah. Arab merchants and tribes dependent on the slave trade also responded to him. Hadandowa Beja also joined the Mahdi with the leader and commander of the Ansar, Usman Digna'''<ref>'''5-Http:// Lcweb 2. Loc.gov'''</ref>. | ||
'''The year 1883 AD was the year of decisive victories for this movement, so that a huge force composed of British and Egyptian people under the command of British General Hicks was defeated and routed in Kurdufan after eight months of war, and General Hicks himself was killed. Even a number of Hicks army soldiers who served in Urabi Pasha's army in the battle against England and were sent to Sudan as punishment, joined the rebels.''' | '''The year 1883 AD was the year of decisive victories for this movement, so that a huge force composed of British and Egyptian people under the command of British General Hicks was defeated and routed in Kurdufan after eight months of war, and General Hicks himself was killed. Even a number of Hicks army soldiers who served in Urabi Pasha's army in the battle against England and were sent to Sudan as punishment, joined the rebels.''' | ||
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'''Mahdi Sudani, who had the ideal of freedom for Sudan and Egypt and beyond, rejected this proposal with great anger and besieged Khartoum and started his attack in January 1885 before the auxiliary forces of the Gladstone government reached them. and captured the British garrison and conquered Khartoum by killing General Gordon and other British.''' | '''Mahdi Sudani, who had the ideal of freedom for Sudan and Egypt and beyond, rejected this proposal with great anger and besieged Khartoum and started his attack in January 1885 before the auxiliary forces of the Gladstone government reached them. and captured the British garrison and conquered Khartoum by killing General Gordon and other British.''' | ||
'''This blow was so hard and unfortunate for Britain that according to the British newspaper Sunday Telegraph: Queen Victoria mourned a few days after this incident, and even years later when Sudan was again occupied by England, the impact of the first incident still remained. Because the boatman's son was the first leader to strike a blow with victory at the British Empire | '''This blow was so hard and unfortunate for Britain that according to the British newspaper Sunday Telegraph: Queen Victoria mourned a few days after this incident, and even years later when Sudan was again occupied by England, the impact of the first incident still remained. Because the boatman's son was the first leader to strike a blow with victory at the British Empire'''<ref>'''6- Contemporary Islamic movements, pp. 250 and 251'''</ref>. | ||
== '''Intellectual and political features and positions''' == | == '''Intellectual and political features and positions''' == | ||
'''The intellectual roots of the Mahdi Sudani's movement go back to the teachings of Sufism and Sufi sects with reformist and social tendencies on the one hand, especially the teachings of Imam Mohammad al-Ghazzali, and on the other hand to the teachings and theories of Sayyed Jam al-Din al-Asadabadi. Muhammad Ahmad, as is common among Africans, recognized Islam with admixtures of Sufism and was influenced by the teachings and calls of some Sufi sects.''' | '''The intellectual roots of the Mahdi Sudani's movement go back to the teachings of Sufism and Sufi sects with reformist and social tendencies on the one hand, especially the teachings of Imam Mohammad al-Ghazzali, and on the other hand to the teachings and theories of Sayyed Jam al-Din al-Asadabadi. Muhammad Ahmad, as is common among Africans, recognized Islam with admixtures of Sufism and was influenced by the teachings and calls of some Sufi sects.''' | ||
'''Due to his connection with Al-Mahdi, the successor of Muhammad bin Ali Senousi, he was probably inspired by the reform and anti-colonial movement of Senousi. In addition, Muhammad Ahmad and a number of his companions and followers were directly or indirectly influenced by Sayyed Jamal's school and movement through Egypt | '''Due to his connection with Al-Mahdi, the successor of Muhammad bin Ali Senousi, he was probably inspired by the reform and anti-colonial movement of Senousi. In addition, Muhammad Ahmad and a number of his companions and followers were directly or indirectly influenced by Sayyed Jamal's school and movement through Egypt''' <ref>'''7- Ibid; Pages 257 and 258'''</ref>. | ||
'''Mohammad Ahmad Sudani, by considering the moral and social degradation, corruption, destruction, weakness and dispersion of the Muslims of Sudan, and the injustice and oppression that has been suffered by the three groups of Egyptian rulers, local powerful people, and the British,which affected the people,so he started Jihad and armed uprising.''' | '''Mohammad Ahmad Sudani, by considering the moral and social degradation, corruption, destruction, weakness and dispersion of the Muslims of Sudan, and the injustice and oppression that has been suffered by the three groups of Egyptian rulers, local powerful people, and the British,which affected the people,so he started Jihad and armed uprising.''' | ||
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'''Therefore, another key concept in Mahdi Sudani's thought and action was Jihad, which was very important to him. He even advised his followers not to go to Hajj in that situation. In his opinion, their main enemies were the Turkish, corrupt scholars, and Europeans, who were considered the cause of all the disturbances, atrocities, and injustices.''' | '''Therefore, another key concept in Mahdi Sudani's thought and action was Jihad, which was very important to him. He even advised his followers not to go to Hajj in that situation. In his opinion, their main enemies were the Turkish, corrupt scholars, and Europeans, who were considered the cause of all the disturbances, atrocities, and injustices.''' | ||
'''Among other characteristics and positions of the Mahdi Sudani's movement was its strong anti-colonial orientation, which was clearly against England at that time. In his official manifesto, Mohammad Ahmad states that he rose up against the influence of the West and to eliminate heresies, he wants to call the Muslim people towards real Islam and implement the rules of the Quran and the Sunnah, and the first step in this way is to expel the occupying British | '''Among other characteristics and positions of the Mahdi Sudani's movement was its strong anti-colonial orientation, which was clearly against England at that time. In his official manifesto, Mohammad Ahmad states that he rose up against the influence of the West and to eliminate heresies, he wants to call the Muslim people towards real Islam and implement the rules of the Quran and the Sunnah, and the first step in this way is to expel the occupying British forces '''<ref>'''8- Ibid; Pages 259, 260 and 261.''' </ref>. | ||
== '''Achievements:''' == | == '''Achievements:''' == | ||
'''The Mahdi revolution caused the defeat of the British presence and established a new government that was stable from 1885 to 1898, and this revolution was known by the name of its leader, Muhammad Ahmad Mahdi. The leader of the revolution was born near Dangla in 1843, and after studying religious sciences, he became a member of the Sufism sect, and his fame spread throughout Sudan.''' | '''The Mahdi revolution caused the defeat of the British presence and established a new government that was stable from 1885 to 1898, and this revolution was known by the name of its leader, Muhammad Ahmad Mahdi. The leader of the revolution was born near Dangla in 1843, and after studying religious sciences, he became a member of the Sufism sect, and his fame spread throughout Sudan.''' | ||
'''Mahdi was not satisfied with the existence of political authority in Sudan and accused them of bad intentions in connection with Islam and therefore invited the people for Jihad against their colonialism and rule. The revolution started in 1881 and soon the revolution spread all over Sudan and their military equipment was increased day by day | '''Mahdi was not satisfied with the existence of political authority in Sudan and accused them of bad intentions in connection with Islam and therefore invited the people for Jihad against their colonialism and rule. The revolution started in 1881 and soon the revolution spread all over Sudan and their military equipment was increased day by day'''<ref>'''9- Abdulvahhab, Kiyali . Political Encyclopedia ( موسوعة السياسه ) .Language: Arabic , Number of volumes:7,Beirut : Arab Institute for Research & publishing ,1990,vol 3. pp. 269 and 270.'''</ref>. | ||
'''The first clash between the supporters of Mahdi and the British took place in "Qoli" and was accompanied by a complete victory of the supporters of Mahdi. In the "Shikan" war in the east of the White Nile, he was also victorious against the British forces led by Hex Pasha. After this defeat, Britain appointed "General Gordon" as its representative in Sudan with the aim of solving the problem between Mahdi supporters and the British.''' | '''The first clash between the supporters of Mahdi and the British took place in "Qoli" and was accompanied by a complete victory of the supporters of Mahdi. In the "Shikan" war in the east of the White Nile, he was also victorious against the British forces led by Hex Pasha. After this defeat, Britain appointed "General Gordon" as its representative in Sudan with the aim of solving the problem between Mahdi supporters and the British.''' | ||
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'''The followers of Mahdi continued the struggle for the freedom of Sudan and besieged the city of Khartoum and occupied it in 1885 and killed Gardon in his palace.''' | '''The followers of Mahdi continued the struggle for the freedom of Sudan and besieged the city of Khartoum and occupied it in 1885 and killed Gardon in his palace.''' | ||
'''After the fall of the capital, the Mahdi's movement covered most of Sudan and Mahdi made Omdurman the capital of the new government. After six months of this victory, Mahdi died and Khalifah Abdullahi, one of the figures of Mahdi revolution and one of his companions, became the head of Mahdi's government and this government lasted until 1898 | '''After the fall of the capital, the Mahdi's movement covered most of Sudan and Mahdi made Omdurman the capital of the new government. After six months of this victory, Mahdi died and Khalifah Abdullahi, one of the figures of Mahdi revolution and one of his companions, became the head of Mahdi's government and this government lasted until 1898'''<ref>'''10- Ibid'''</ref>. | ||
'''The Islamic state, which Mahdi was in the process of establishing, continued for fourteen years until the Egyptian and British forces won again and deposed khalifah Abdullah in 1899. The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol: 16. P.147'''<ref>'''11- The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol: 16. P.147'''</ref> | '''The Islamic state, which Mahdi was in the process of establishing, continued for fourteen years until the Egyptian and British forces won again and deposed khalifah Abdullah in 1899. The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol: 16. P.147'''<ref>'''11- The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol: 16. P.147'''</ref> | ||