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'''Gaza''' (in Arabic: غزة) '''(not to be confused with the Gaza Strip)''' is an Arab city in the Gaza Strip that came under the control of the Hamas group after a conflict with the Fatah movement. In the 2005 Gaza municipal elections, Hamas won a decisive vote. | {{City information box | ||
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'''Gaza''' (in Arabic: غزة) '''(not to be confused with the Gaza Strip)''' is an Arab city in the [[Gaza Strip]] that came under the control of the [[Hamas]] group after a conflict with the Fatah movement. In the 2005 Gaza municipal elections, Hamas won a decisive vote. | |||
Gaza actually plays a central role in the events of Palestine. This role was created for this city by the Palestinian movement in the second half of the 80s. Israel, during its 38-year occupation of the Gaza Strip, built bases and military and security facilities and Zionist settlements in this area. Also, Israel attacked Gaza several times and massacred women and children, but each time was forced to retreat due to the resistance power of Palestine. | Gaza actually plays a central role in the events of Palestine. This role was created for this city by the Palestinian movement in the second half of the 80s. Israel, during its 38-year occupation of the Gaza Strip, built bases and military and security facilities and Zionist settlements in this area. Also, Israel attacked Gaza several times and massacred women and children, but each time was forced to retreat due to the resistance power of Palestine. | ||
The Gaza Strip has small and large cities, including Gaza City. The Gaza Strip borders Egypt to the south, Israel to the east and north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. Any entry and exit of ships to the Gaza Strip is prohibited and the Israeli navy prevents the passage of ships to Gaza. The way to enter goods into Gaza is through the Rafah crossing in the south of Gaza on the Egypt border and five crossings on the Israeli border. In addition, in the south of Gaza, some people import goods from Egypt into the Gaza Strip by digging tunnels. | The Gaza Strip has small and large cities, including Gaza City. The Gaza Strip borders Egypt to the south, Israel to the east and north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. Any entry and exit of ships to the Gaza Strip is prohibited and the Israeli navy prevents the passage of ships to Gaza. The way to enter goods into Gaza is through the Rafah crossing in the south of Gaza on the [[Egypt]] border and five crossings on the Israeli border. In addition, in the south of Gaza, some people import goods from Egypt into the Gaza Strip by digging tunnels. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
Strategically located on the Mediterranean coast, ancient Gaza was a bustling trade center and a stopover for caravans between Egypt and Syria. The city was conquered by Egypt in the 15th century BC. The Palestinians settled in the area centuries later and Gaza became one of the five main cities of the region. | Strategically located on the Mediterranean coast, ancient Gaza was a bustling trade center and a stopover for caravans between Egypt and [[Syria]]. The city was conquered by Egypt in the 15th century BC. The Palestinians settled in the area centuries later and Gaza became one of the five main cities of the region. | ||
===Before Christ=== | ===Before Christ=== | ||
In 145 BC, the city of Gaza was conquered by Jonathan Maccabeus of the Hasmonean dynasty, the brother of | In 145 BC, the city of Gaza was conquered by Jonathan Maccabeus of the Hasmonean dynasty, the brother of Judas Maccabeus of the Maccabean dynasty. The presence of Jews in this area was successful until Gabinus, the Roman governor, expelled them from there in 61 AD. At a time when the religious law of Mishnah and Talmud was prevalent in this area, many Jews were present in Gaza, and there is an inscription on one of the pillars of the Great Mosque of Gaza, that reads "Hananiah Bar Yaqo" (a Hebrew name) with a menorah engraved on it. This sign indicates the previous role of this historical building that was damaged during the uprising. The remnants of the ancient church of Gaza, which was built around 500 BC, have been found near the pier of this city. | ||
===The Achaemenid Period=== | ===The Achaemenid Period=== | ||
In the Achaemenid period, Batis, an Iranian commander of the Achaemenid dynasty, was the governor of Gaza. Alexander, who attacked Palestine, besieged this city for several days. After conquering the city, Alexander asked Batis to beg for mercy. But Batis resisted, Alexander tortured him severely until he died. It is said that as long as Batis had life in his body, he did not look at Alexander except with an angry look and never uttered a word. | In the Achaemenid period, Batis, an Iranian commander of the Achaemenid dynasty, was the governor of Gaza. Alexander, who attacked [[Palestine]], besieged this city for several days. After conquering the city, Alexander asked Batis to beg for mercy. But Batis resisted, Alexander tortured him severely until he died. It is said that as long as Batis had life in his body, he did not look at Alexander except with an angry look and never uttered a word. | ||
Gaza was conquered by the Arabs in the 630s AD after a siege in which the Jewish population of the city defended it alongside the Byzantine garrison. This city is known as an important Islamic city because the grandfather of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) of Islam is buried there. In the twelfth century, Gaza was involved in the Crusades of the Christians and came under the control of the Muslims in 1187. The city fell as a result of the Ottoman attack in the sixteenth century and was taken over by Britain during the First World War (1918-1914). | Gaza was conquered by the Arabs in the 630s AD after a siege in which the Jewish population of the city defended it alongside the Byzantine garrison. This city is known as an important Islamic city because the grandfather of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) of [[Islam]] is buried there. In the twelfth century, Gaza was involved in the Crusades of the Christians and came under the control of the Muslims in 1187. The city fell as a result of the Ottoman attack in the sixteenth century and was taken over by Britain during the First World War (1918-1914). | ||
===After the First World War=== | ===After the First World War=== | ||
Following the First World War, Gaza became part of the British Mandate of Palestine. After the start of the first Arab-Israeli war in 1948, Egypt took control of Gaza and conquered the surrounding areas. The Egyptians never accepted the residents as Egyptian citizens and banned their exit from the Gaza Strip. Israel conquered the city during the Six-Day War in 1967 and the Gaza Strip was under Israeli occupation for 27 years after that. Gaza and a smaller area of this large land have been occupied by Israel. This caused a high population density and poverty in the Gaza Strip. | Following the First World War, Gaza became part of the British Mandate of Palestine. After the start of the first Arab-Israeli war in 1948, Egypt took control of Gaza and conquered the surrounding areas. The Egyptians never accepted the residents as Egyptian citizens and banned their exit from the Gaza Strip. [[Israel]] conquered the city during the Six-Day War in 1967 and the Gaza Strip was under Israeli occupation for 27 years after that. Gaza and a smaller area of this large land have been occupied by Israel. This caused a high population density and poverty in the Gaza Strip. | ||
At the beginning of the Palestinian uprising in 1987, known as the first Intifada, Gaza became the center of political unrest and confrontation between Israelis and Palestinians and the economic situation in the city deteriorated. | At the beginning of the Palestinian uprising in 1987, known as the first Intifada, Gaza became the center of political unrest and confrontation between Israelis and Palestinians and the economic situation in the city deteriorated. | ||
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In September 1993, Israeli leaders and the Palestine Liberation Organization signed the Oslo Accords, which called for Palestinian administration of the Gaza Strip and the city of Jericho in the West Bank, which came into effect in May 1994. Most Israelis left Gaza while handing over its administration to the Palestinian Self-Government for managing and controlling the city along with the rest of the Gaza Strip. | In September 1993, Israeli leaders and the Palestine Liberation Organization signed the Oslo Accords, which called for Palestinian administration of the Gaza Strip and the city of Jericho in the West Bank, which came into effect in May 1994. Most Israelis left Gaza while handing over its administration to the Palestinian Self-Government for managing and controlling the city along with the rest of the Gaza Strip. | ||
The Palestinian government led by Yasser Arafat chose Gaza as its first state headquarters. In September 1995, Israel and the PLO signed a secondary peace agreement that expanded the Palestinian government to some cities in the West Bank. This agreement also established a Palestinian assembly with 88 members, which held its inaugural session in Gaza in March 1996. The current mayor of the city is Saad Kharma. | The Palestinian government led by [[Yasser Arafat]] chose Gaza as its first state headquarters. In September 1995, Israel and the PLO signed a secondary peace agreement that expanded the Palestinian government to some cities in the West Bank. This agreement also established a Palestinian assembly with 88 members, which held its inaugural session in Gaza in March 1996. The current mayor of the city is Saad Kharma. | ||
===Jewish Communities in Gaza=== | ===Jewish Communities in Gaza=== | ||
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==The Gaza War of 2023== | ==The Gaza War of 2023== | ||
On October 7, 2023 AD, an armed conflict between Israel and Palestinian paramilitary groups began with Hamas' attack on southern Israel from the Gaza Strip. The Zionist army continued the war with a widespread campaign and air strikes against targets in Gaza, and then with a large-scale ground invasion of the Gaza Strip. The Palestinian resistance forces in the Gaza Strip on Sunday, October 7, 2023 (October 15, 2023) in response to the ongoing crimes of the occupying regime, including the massacre of Palestinians, the desecration of the Al-Aqsa Mosque, the violation of its guards, the invasion of settlers with the support of Zionist soldiers, carried out an operation called Al-Aqsa Storm and targeted the positions and bases of the occupying regime of Jerusalem with dozens of missiles. | On October 7, 2023 AD, an armed conflict between Israel and Palestinian paramilitary groups began with Hamas' attack on southern Israel from the Gaza Strip. The [[Zionist]] army continued the war with a widespread campaign and air strikes against targets in Gaza, and then with a large-scale ground invasion of the Gaza Strip. The Palestinian resistance forces in the Gaza Strip on Sunday, October 7, 2023 (October 15, 2023) in response to the ongoing crimes of the occupying regime, including the massacre of Palestinians, the desecration of the Al-Aqsa Mosque, the violation of its guards, the invasion of settlers with the support of Zionist soldiers, carried out an operation called [[Al-Aqsa Storm]] and targeted the positions and bases of the occupying regime of Jerusalem with dozens of missiles. | ||
==The Economy of Gaza City== | ==The Economy of Gaza City== | ||
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==Mosques of Gaza== | ==Mosques of Gaza== | ||
=== | ===Hashim Mosque=== | ||
This mosque is located in the al-Daraj neighborhood in the old part of Gaza City. It is one of the most beautiful, largest, and historical mosques in this area. This mosque has an open courtyard that is surrounded by arcades on four sides. The largest arcade is the qibla arcade, which is located in a room and opens to the west arcade. Near this room, the tomb of Hashim ibn Abd Manaf, the grandfather of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) of Islam, is located. The grandfather of the Prophet passed away in this city during his summer trade trip to Gaza. | This mosque is located in the al-Daraj neighborhood in the old part of Gaza City. It is one of the most beautiful, largest, and historical mosques in this area. This mosque has an open courtyard that is surrounded by arcades on four sides. The largest arcade is the qibla arcade, which is located in a room and opens to the west arcade. Near this room, the tomb of Hashim ibn Abd Manaf, the grandfather of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) of Islam, is located. The grandfather of the Prophet passed away in this city during his summer trade trip to Gaza. | ||
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This mosque is also located in the al-Daraj neighborhood and is famous for its minarets. It is one of the most important and historical mosques in Gaza. A part of this mosque dates back to the 12th century AD. The whole building was built in the 7th century AD and later new parts were added to it during the Mamluk and Ottoman periods. | This mosque is also located in the al-Daraj neighborhood and is famous for its minarets. It is one of the most important and historical mosques in Gaza. A part of this mosque dates back to the 12th century AD. The whole building was built in the 7th century AD and later new parts were added to it during the Mamluk and Ottoman periods. | ||
===Sheikh | ===Sheikh Zakariyya Mosque=== | ||
It is located in the al-Daraj neighborhood. It was built in the eighth century AH. Currently, except for two beautiful minarets, nothing is remained of this mosque. In this mosque, a person named Sheikh | It is located in the al-Daraj neighborhood. It was built in the eighth century AH. Currently, except for two beautiful minarets, nothing is remained of this mosque. In this mosque, a person named Sheikh Zakariyya al-Tadmuri, one of the muftis of Syria, is buried. He died in the month of Safar in 749 AH and later the mosque was named Sheikh Zakariyya. | ||
===katib al-Wilaya Mosque=== | ===katib al-Wilaya Mosque=== | ||
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===Bardabakiya Court Mosque (Amir Bardabak al-Dawadar School)=== | ===Bardabakiya Court Mosque (Amir Bardabak al-Dawadar School)=== | ||
This mosque is located in the al-Shuja'iya neighborhood of Gaza. It is famous for having two beautiful and eye-catching minarets. The architecture of this mosque and its minarets dates back to the beautiful architecture of the Mamluk era. | This mosque is located in the al-Shuja'iya neighborhood of Gaza. It is famous for having two beautiful and eye-catching minarets. The architecture of this mosque and its minarets dates back to the beautiful architecture of the Mamluk era. | ||
It was built in the mid-14th century AD (8th century AH). Later, it was used as a school under the name of al-Shuja'iya School. Then, it was used as the headquarter of the Sharia court, therefore, it was called Court Mosque in the local language. | It was built in the mid-14th century AD (8th century AH). Later, it was used as a school under the name of al-Shuja'iya School. Then, it was used as the headquarter of the Sharia court, therefore, it was called Court Mosque in the local language. | ||
===Ibn Uthman Mosque=== | ===Ibn Uthman Mosque=== | ||
This mosque is located in the al-Shuja'iya market street. It is one of the largest ancient mosques and a prominent example of Mamluk-era architecture. | This mosque is located in the al-Shuja'iya market street. It is one of the largest ancient mosques and a prominent example of Mamluk-era architecture. | ||
The mosque was built in several stages. It was built by Ahmad ibn Uthman, who was born in the city of Nablus and then migrated to Gaza, during the Mamluk era. People considered him a person with high miracles. | The mosque was built in several stages. It was built by Ahmad ibn Uthman, who was born in the city of Nablus and then migrated to Gaza, during the Mamluk era. People considered him a person with high miracles. | ||
===Zafar Damri Mosque=== | ===Zafar Damri Mosque=== | ||
This mosque is also located in the al-Shuja'iya Turkmen area. The mosque was built by Shihab al-Din Ahmad | This mosque is also located in the al-Shuja'iya Turkmen area. The mosque was built by Shihab al-Din Ahmad Zafar ibn al-Zafar Damri( known as al-Qazmari) in 762 AH (1360 AD). The entrance of this mosque, which has many arches, is one of the most beautiful entrances of mosques in the world. The arches consists of golden writings, colorful and different geometric tiles. | ||
==Education== | ==Education== | ||
According to PCBS, in 1997, more than 90 percent of the population of Gaza over 10 years old were literate. Of the population of this city, 140,848 people enrolled in school (39.8 percent in elementary school, 33.8 percent in middle school, and 26.4 percent in high school). About 11,134 people had a bachelor's degree or diploma. | According to PCBS, in 1997, more than 90 percent of the population of Gaza over 10 years old were literate. Of the population of this city, 140,848 people enrolled in school (39.8 percent in elementary school, 33.8 percent in middle school, and 26.4 percent in high school). About 11,134 people had a bachelor's degree or diploma. | ||
In 2006, there were 210 schools in Gaza. 151 were run by the Ministry of Education of the Palestinian National Authority, 46 by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency, and 13 specialized schools. A total of 154,251 students enrolled and 5,877 teachers were employed. The economy has been affected by the education in the Gaza Strip. In September 2007, a UNRWA study in the Gaza Strip showed that there were about 80 percent failures in the fourth to ninth grades, up to 90 percent failures in mathematics. In January 2008, the United Nations Children's Fund reported that schools in Gaza were canceling classes that required high energy consumption, such as information technology and scientific laboratories. | In 2006, there were 210 schools in Gaza. 151 were run by the Ministry of Education of the Palestinian National Authority, 46 by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency, and 13 specialized schools. A total of 154,251 students enrolled and 5,877 teachers were employed. The economy has been affected by the education in the Gaza Strip. In September 2007, a UNRWA study in the Gaza Strip showed that there were about 80 percent failures in the fourth to ninth grades, up to 90 percent failures in mathematics. In January 2008, the United Nations Children's Fund reported that schools in Gaza were canceling classes that required high energy consumption, such as information technology and scientific laboratories. | ||
==University== | ==University== | ||
The four main universities in Gaza City are: | The four main universities in Gaza City are: | ||
Al-Azhar University - Gaza; | |||
Al-Quds Open University; | * Al-Azhar University - Gaza; | ||
Al-Aqsa University; | * Al-Quds Open University; | ||
Islamic University of Gaza. | * Al-Aqsa University; | ||
* Islamic University of Gaza. | |||
* | |||
The Islamic University, consisting of ten branches, was established by a group of businessmen in 1978 and became the first university in Gaza. It had 20,639 students. Al-Azhar is generally secular and was established in 1992. Al-Aqsa University was established in 1991. Al-Quds Open University established its regional educational center in Gaza in 1992 in a rented building in the city center, which originally had 730 students. Due to the rapid increase of students, the first building belonging to the university was built in Nasser. In the years 2007-2007, 3,778 students enrolled. | The Islamic University, consisting of ten branches, was established by a group of businessmen in 1978 and became the first university in Gaza. It had 20,639 students. Al-Azhar is generally secular and was established in 1992. Al-Aqsa University was established in 1991. Al-Quds Open University established its regional educational center in Gaza in 1992 in a rented building in the city center, which originally had 730 students. Due to the rapid increase of students, the first building belonging to the university was built in Nasser. In the years 2007-2007, 3,778 students enrolled. | ||
==Public Libraries== | ==Public Libraries== | ||
The Gaza Public Library is located outside the Wahda Street and has a collection of about 10,000 books. The books are in Arabic, English, and French languages. The total area of the building is about 1,410 square meters (15,200 square feet), and the building consists of two floors and a basement. The library was inaugurated in 1999 after the 1996 agreement by Gaza, Mayor Aoun Shawa, Dunkerque Municipality, and the World Bank. The library meets the best library needs, the needs of the stakeholders, provides the necessary facilities for accessing the available resources, and organizes various cultural programs such as cultural events, seminars, lectures, film screenings, films, art, and books. | The Gaza Public Library is located outside the Wahda Street and has a collection of about 10,000 books. The books are in [[Arabic]], English, and French languages. The total area of the building is about 1,410 square meters (15,200 square feet), and the building consists of two floors and a basement. The library was inaugurated in 1999 after the 1996 agreement by Gaza, Mayor Aoun Shawa, Dunkerque Municipality, and the World Bank. The library meets the best library needs, the needs of the stakeholders, provides the necessary facilities for accessing the available resources, and organizes various cultural programs such as cultural events, seminars, lectures, film screenings, films, art, and books. | ||
==Tourist Attractions of Gaza City== | ==Tourist Attractions of Gaza City== | ||
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==Sister Cities of Gaza City== | ==Sister Cities of Gaza City== | ||
Barcelona (Spain); | * Barcelona (Spain); | ||
Tromso (Norway); | * Tromso (Norway); | ||
Tel Aviv (Israel); | * Tel Aviv (Israel); | ||
Tabriz (Iran); | * Tabriz (Iran); | ||
Turin (Italy). | * Turin (Italy). | ||
== Sources == | |||
* [https://www.tabnak.ir/ tabnak.ir] | |||
* [http://www.sheidagasht.com/ sheidagasht.com] | |||
* [https://www.asriran.com/fa/news/347167/%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%87-%DA%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA asriran.com] | |||
* [http://qodsna.com/ qodsna.com] | |||
* | |||
[[Category:Palestine]] | |||
[[Category:Cities]] | |||