Amman Message: Difference between revisions
no edit summary
imported>Peysepar No edit summary |
imported>Peysepar No edit summary |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
The '''Amman Message''' (lang-ar|رسالة عمان) is a statement calling for tolerance and unity in the | The '''Amman Message''' (lang-ar|رسالة عمان) is a statement calling for tolerance and unity in the Muslim world that was issued on 9 November 2004 (27th of Ramadan (calendar month)|Ramadan 1425 Islamic calendar#Numbering the years|AH) by Abdullah II of Jordan|King Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein of Jordan.<ref name="J47">"[http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/iraq-iran-gulf/jordan/047-jordans-9-11-dealing-with-jihadi-islamism.aspx Jordan's 9/11: Dealing With Jihadi Islamism]", Crisis Group Middle East Report N°47, 23 November 2005</ref> Subsequently, a three-point ruling was issued by 200 ulama|Islamic scholars from over 50 countries, focusing on issues of defining who is a Muslim, excommunication from Islam (''takfir''), and principles related to delivering religious opinions (''Fatwa|fatāwa'').<ref name="TB">"[http://www.britishembassy.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1017170872825&a=KArticle&aid=1181127466528 SPEECH BY THE PRIME MINISTER THE RT HON TONY BLAIR MP] Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002326/http://www.britishembassy.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket%2FXcelerate%2FShowPage&c=Page&cid=1017170872825&a=KArticle&aid=1181127466528 |date=2007-09-27 " (04/06/07), British Embassy in Bahrain</ref> | ||
==Content== | ==Content== | ||
The Amman Message was delivered in | The Amman Message was delivered in Amman, Jordan, as a Ramadan sermon by Chief Justice Sheikh Iz-al-Din al-Tamimi in the presence of Abdullah II of Jordan|King Abdullah II and a number of Muslim scholars.<ref>cite web |publisher=Embassy of Jordan - Washington, DC |url=http://www.jordanembassyus.org/new/pr/pr11092004.shtml |title=Jordan issues the 'Amman Message' on Islam |access-date=2007-08-15| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070816204118/http://www.jordanembassyus.org/new/pr/pr11092004.shtml| archive-date= 16 August 2007 | url-status= live</ref> According to a report issued by the International Crisis Group, "The sermon stressed the need to re-emphasise Islam's core values of compassion, mutual respect, tolerance, acceptance and freedom of religion."<ref name="J47"/> The next year, in July 2005, an Islamic convention brought together 200 Muslim scholars from over 50 countries who issued a three-point declaration (later known as 'Three Points of the Amman Message').<ref name="TB"/> This declaration focused on:<ref>[http://ammanmessage.com/ The Amman Message summary] - Official website</ref> | ||
#The recognition of eight legal schools of | #The recognition of eight legal schools of sharia/fiqh (''Madhhab|madhāhib'') and the varying schools of Islamic theology viz.<ref name="3Points">[http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=91&Itemid=74 The Three Points of The Amman Message V.1] webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202045430/http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=91&Itemid=74 |date=February 2, 2013 </ref><ref>Petra News Agency. [http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public/Arabic.aspx?Site_ID=2&Page_ID=5407&Lang=1 Summary of the Amman Message (In Arabic)] Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409062023/http://petra.gov.jo/Public/Arabic.aspx?Site_ID=2&Page_ID=5407&Lang=1 |date=2016-04-09 </ref> | ||
## | ##Sunni Islam|Sunni Hanafi | ||
##Sunni | ##Sunni Maliki | ||
##Sunni | ##Sunni Shafi'i | ||
##Sunni | ##Sunni Hanbali | ||
## | ##Shia Islam|Shia Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jaʿfari | ||
##Shia | ##Shia Zaidiyyah|Zaydi | ||
## | ##Ẓāhirī | ||
## | ##Ibadi | ||
#*Forbade declaring an apostate anyone who is a follower of:<ref name="3Points" /> | #*Forbade declaring an apostate anyone who is a follower of:<ref name="3Points" /> | ||
##the | ##the Ash'ari|Ashʿari/Maturidi creed | ||
##real Tasawwuf ( | ##real Tasawwuf (Sufism) | ||
##true Salafi thought | ##true Salafi thought | ||
#The forbiddance from pronouncing disbelief ( | #The forbiddance from pronouncing disbelief (takfir) upon (or excommunicating) others recognized as Muslims | ||
#The stipulations placed as preconditions to the issuing of religious edicts, intended to prevent the circulation of illegitimate edicts | #The stipulations placed as preconditions to the issuing of religious edicts, intended to prevent the circulation of illegitimate edicts | ||
Explaining why the message was issued, King Abdullah stated: "[W]e felt that the Islamic message of tolerance was being subjected to a fierce and unjust attack from some in the West who do not understand Islam's essence, and others who claim to be associated with Islam and hide behind Islam to commit irresponsible deeds."<ref>cite web |work= | Explaining why the message was issued, King Abdullah stated: "[W]e felt that the Islamic message of tolerance was being subjected to a fierce and unjust attack from some in the West who do not understand Islam's essence, and others who claim to be associated with Islam and hide behind Islam to commit irresponsible deeds."<ref>cite web |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1150885839539&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=King Abdullah calls to end extremism |access-date=2007-08-15</ref> | ||
==Conference and declarations== | ==Conference and declarations== | ||
Following are conferences and declarations:<ref>cite web|url=http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=section&id=5&Itemid=34|title=AmmanMessage.com – The Official Site|website=ammanmessage.com</ref> | Following are conferences and declarations:<ref>cite web|url=http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=section&id=5&Itemid=34|title=AmmanMessage.com – The Official Site|website=ammanmessage.com</ref> | ||
* The International Islamic Conference: True Islam and Its Role in Modern Society, (Amman, 27-29 Jumada II 1426 ah / 4–6 July 2005 ce) | * The International Islamic Conference: True Islam and Its Role in Modern Society, (Amman, 27-29 Jumada II 1426 ah / 4–6 July 2005 ce) | ||
* Forum of Muslim 'Ulama' and Thinkers, ( | * Forum of Muslim 'Ulama' and Thinkers, (Mecca, 5-7 Sha'ban 1426 ah / 9–11 September 2005 ce) | ||
* First International Islamic Conference Concerning the Islamic Schools of Jurisprudence and the Modern Challenges, ( | * First International Islamic Conference Concerning the Islamic Schools of Jurisprudence and the Modern Challenges, (Al al-Bayt University, 13-15 Shawwal ah /15–17 November 2005 ce) | ||
* The Third Extraordinary Session of the Organization of the Islamic Conference, (5-6 Dhu'l-Qa'da 1426 ah / 7–8 December 2005 ce) | * The Third Extraordinary Session of the Organization of the Islamic Conference, (5-6 Dhu'l-Qa'da 1426 ah / 7–8 December 2005 ce) | ||
* The Second International Conference of the Assembly for Moderate Islamic Thought and Culture, (25-27 1 Rabi' 1427 ah / 24–26 April 2006 ce) | * The Second International Conference of the Assembly for Moderate Islamic Thought and Culture, (25-27 1 Rabi' 1427 ah / 24–26 April 2006 ce) | ||
* The International Islamic Fiqh Academy Conference Seventeenth Session, (Amman, 28 Jumada I - 2 Jumada II 1427 ah / 24–28 June 2006 ce) | * The International Islamic Fiqh Academy Conference Seventeenth Session, (Amman, 28 Jumada I - 2 Jumada II 1427 ah / 24–28 June 2006 ce) | ||
* Muslims of Europe Conference, ( | * Muslims of Europe Conference, (Istanbul, 1–2 July 2006 ce) | ||
* The ninth session of the council of the Conference of Ministers of Religious Endowments and Islamic Affairs, ( | * The ninth session of the council of the Conference of Ministers of Religious Endowments and Islamic Affairs, (Kuwait, 20-21 1426 AH / 22–23 November 2005 CE) | ||
* Amman Message in the Eyes of Others: Dialogue, Moderation, Humanity, (The | * Amman Message in the Eyes of Others: Dialogue, Moderation, Humanity, (The Hashemite University, September 20–21, 2006) | ||
==Fatwas and endorsements== | ==Fatwas and endorsements== | ||
Following is the list of some of the many individuals and organizations who have issued '' | Following is the list of some of the many individuals and organizations who have issued ''fatwas'' and endorsements in relation to the Amman Message (as per official website listing):<ref>cite web|url=http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=82&Itemid=60|title=AmmanMessage.com – The Official Site|website=ammanmessage.com|language=en|access-date=2009-11-17</ref> | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
List ordered & numbered as per official website listing (http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=82&Itemid=60). | List ordered & numbered as per official website listing (http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=82&Itemid=60). | ||
| Line 43: | Line 43: | ||
! Sr No || Name || Title || Country || Sect || Fiqh || Endorsing Fatwa || Website || Image | ! Sr No || Name || Title || Country || Sect || Fiqh || Endorsing Fatwa || Website || Image | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1 || | | 1 || Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy || Grand Imam of Al-Azhar University || flagicon|Egypt Egypt || Sunni || Shafiʿi || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=56&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [https://web.archive.org/web/20080302181836/http://www.alazhar.org/ Official Website] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2 || | | 2 || Ali Gomaa || Grand Mufti of Egypt || flagicon|Egypt Egypt || Sunni || Shafiʿi || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [https://web.archive.org/web/20080530080642/http://alimamalallama.com/news.php?cat_id=2] || Image:Ali Gomaa.JPG|166x166px | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3 || | | 3 || Ali Bardakoğlu || President (corporate title)|President of Presidency of Religious Affairs|The Grand Council for Religious Affairs, Turkey || flagicon|Turkey Turkey || Sunni || Hanafi || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=78&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [https://web.archive.org/web/20061005013412/http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/english/default.asp Official Website] || Image:Ali Bardakoğlu 2009.jpg|166x166px | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 4 || | | 4 || Ahmed Kuftaro || Grand Mufti of Syria || flagicon|Syria Syria || Sunni || Shafiʿi || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=77&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [http://kuftaro.org/ Official Website] || Image:الشيخ أحمد كفتارو.jpg|166x166px | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 5 || | | 5 || Said Abd Al-Hafiz Al-Hijjawi || Grand Mufti of Jordan || flagicon|Jordan Jordan || Sunni || Shafiʿi || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=76&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || - || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 6 || | | 6 || Nuh Ha Mim Keller || Islamic Scholar of Jordan || flagicon|Jordan Jordan || Sunni || Shafiʿi || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=76&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || - || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 7 || | | 7 || Yusuf al-Qaradawi || Director of the Sunna and Sira Council || flagicon|Egypt Egypt<br>flagicon|Qatar Qatar || Sunni || Hanafi || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=74&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [https://web.archive.org/web/19970601093642/http://www.qaradawi.net/ Official Website] ||Image:Qaradawinn.jpg|166x166px | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 8 || | | 8 || Abdullah bin Bayyah || Vice President of the International Union of Muslim Scholars || flagicon|Mauritania Mauritania || Sunni || Maliki || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [http://www.binbayyah.net/ Official Website] || Image:BinBayyah.jpg|166x166px | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 9 || | | 9 || Muhammad Taqi Usmani || Vice President of the International Islamic Fiqh Academy, Jeddah|Islamic Fiqh Academy || flagicon|Pakistan Pakistan || Sunni || Hanafi || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=72&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || - ||Image:Mufti_Taqi_Usmani.jpg|166x166px | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 10 || Sayyid Shaykh | | 10 || Sayyid Shaykh Nazim Al-Haqqani || Deceased leader of the Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order || flagicon|Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus || Sunni || Hanafi || - || [http://www.saltanat.org/ Official Website] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 11 || | | 11 || Abdullah al-Harari || Founder of the Al-Ahbash || flagicon|Ethiopia Ethiopia || Sunni || Shafiʿi || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=71&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [http://www.shaykhabdullah.com/ Official Website] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 12 || | | 12 || Muhammad Tahir ul-Qadri || Founding Leader of Minhaj-ul-Quran International, Chief Executive of Minhaj International University || flagicon|Pakistan Pakistan || Sunni || Hanafi || - || [http://www.tahir-ul-qadri.com/ Official Website] || Image:Muhammad Tahir-Ul-Qadri - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2011.jpg|166x166px | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 13 || | | 13 || Habib Ali al-Jifri || Founding Leader of Tabah Foundation in Abu Dhabi, Member of Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought in Amman || flagicon|Yemen Yemen || Sunni || Shafiʿi || - || [http://www.alhabibali.com/ Official Website] || Image:HabibAli.jpg|166x166px | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 14 || | | 14 || Habib Umar bin Hafiz || Founding Leader and the dean of Dar al-Mustafa in Tarim, Yemen || flagicon|Yemen Yemen || Sunni || Shafiʿi || - || [http://www.alhabibomar.com/ Official Website] || Image:Habib umar bin hafiz.jpg|166x166px | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 15 || | | 15 || Ali Khamenei|Ali Hosseini Khamenei || Grand Ayatollah, Supreme Leader of Iran || flagicon|Iran Iran || Shia || Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [http://www.leader.ir/ Official Website] || Image:Seyyed Ali Khamenei.jpg|166x166px | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 16 || | | 16 || Muhammad Saeed al-Hakim || Grand Ayatollah || flagicon|Iraq Iraq || Shia || Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=68&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [http://www.alhakeem.com/ Official Website] || Image:Muhammed Saied Al-Hakeem.JPG|166x166px | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 17 || | | 17 || Mohammad Ishaq Al-Fayyad || Grand Ayatollah || flagicon|Iraq Iraq || Shia || Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=67&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [https://web.archive.org/web/20080315201238/http://www.alfayadh.net/ Official Website] || Image:Eshaq fayyaz.jpg|166x166px | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 18 || | | 18 || Bashir Najafi (Ayatollah)|Basheer Hussain Najafi || Grand Ayatollah || flagicon|Iraq Iraq || Shia || Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=66&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [http://www.alnajafy.org/ Official Website] || Image:Grand Ayatollah Bashir al-Najafi (cropped).jpg|166x166px | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 19 || | | 19 || Hussein Esmaeel al-Sadr || Grand Ayatollah || flagicon|Iraq Iraq || Shia || Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=65&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [http://www.lankarani.org/ Official Website] || Image:Ayatollah Esmael Al Sadr.jpg|166x166px | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 20 || | | 20 || Fazel Lankarani || Grand Ayatollah || flagicon|Iran Iran || Shia || Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=64&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [http://www.lankarani.org/ Official Website] || Image:Mf-jf (cropped).jpg|166x166px | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 21 || | | 21 || Mohammad-Ali Taskhiri|Muhammad Ali Al-Taskhiri || Grand Ayatollah <br /> General Secretary of Forum for Proximity of the Islamic Schools of Jurisprudence || flagicon|Iran Iran || Shia || Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=63&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [http://www.lankarani.org/ Official Website] || Image:Ayatollah Mohammad Ali Taskhiri by Tasnimnews 03.jpg|166x166px | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 22 || | | 22 || Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah || Grand Ayatollah || flagicon|Lebanon Lebanon || Shia || Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=62&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [http://www.bayynat.org/ Official Website] || Image:Sayed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah.jpg|166x166px | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 23 || | | 23 || Muhammad bin Muhammad Ismail Al-Mansur <br /> and <br /> Humud bin Abbas Al-Mu'ayyad || Shaykh|| flagicon|Yemen Yemen || Shia || Zaidiyyah || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=60&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [http://www.lankarani.org/ Official Website] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 24 || | | 24 || Ibrahim bin Muhammad Al-Wazir || General Secretary, The Islamic Unification and Works Movement, Yemen || flagicon|Yemen Yemen || Shia || Zaidiyyah || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=59&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [http://www.lankarani.org/ Official Website] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 25 || | | 25 || Shaikh Ahmed bin Mohammed al-Khalili|Ahmad bin Hamad Al-Khalili || Mufti of the Sultanate of Oman || flagicon|Oman Oman || Ibadi || - || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=58&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [http://www.lankarani.org/ Official website] || Image:أحمد بن حمد بن سليمان الخليلي Ahmed bin Hamad al-Khalili 01 (cropped).jpg|166x166px | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 26 || | | 26 || Ali Sistani|Ali Hosseini Sistani || Grand Ayatollah || flagicon|Iraq Iraq || Shia || Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=69&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [https://web.archive.org/web/20170906231651/http://www.sistani.org/ Official Website] || Image:Al-Sayyid Ali al-Husseini al-Sistani.jpg|166x166px | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 27 || | | 27 || Aga Khan IV|Karīm al-Hussaynī || Aga Khan|The Āgā Khān IV, Imam of the Shia Nizari Ismaili|Imami Nizari Ismailis || flagicon|Portugal Portugal || Shia || Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari (Nizari Ismaili branch) || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=57&Itemid=42 Fatwa] || [https://m.ismaili.imamat/ Official Website] || Image:Agha-Khan-IV.jpg|166x166px | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Reception== | ==Reception== | ||
Tony Blair, while Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, gave a speech in which he praised the Amman message and the gathering of numerous scholars, commenting, "This was a clear message that Islam is not a monolithic faith, but one made up of a rich pattern of diversity, albeit all flowing from the same fount."<ref name="TB"/> | |||
Despite the ecumenical nature of the Amman Message, since it was issued there has been a marked decline in | Despite the ecumenical nature of the Amman Message, since it was issued there has been a marked decline in Shia-Sunni relations as a result of increased sectarian conflict in such countries as Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Bahrain and Yemen.<ref>cite book|editor1-last=Volpi|editor1-first=Frederic|title=Political Civility in the Middle East|date=11 Jun 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317977810|page=150<!--|access-date=12 May 2015--></ref> | ||
==Criticism== | ==Criticism== | ||
Suhail Nakhouda, writing in the Amman-based '' | Suhail Nakhouda, writing in the Amman-based ''Islamica Magazine|Islamica'', stated that the Amman message did little to effectively address ongoing problems: "There is no water, no pavements; the economy is bad, and many young people are out of work. Peoples' lives, as well as the images they see, stay the same." Nakhouda stated that King Abdullah's message was likely to be dampened by his lifestyle, which he claims is the subject of criticism.<ref name="J47"/> | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||