Amman Message: Difference between revisions
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The '''Amman Message''' ( | The '''Amman Message''' (lang-ar|رسالة عمان) is a statement calling for tolerance and unity in the [[Muslim world]] that was issued on 9 November 2004 (27th of [[Ramadan (calendar month)|Ramadan]] 1425 [[Islamic calendar#Numbering the years|AH]]) by [[Abdullah II of Jordan|King Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein]] of [[Jordan]].<ref name="J47">"[http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/iraq-iran-gulf/jordan/047-jordans-9-11-dealing-with-jihadi-islamism.aspx Jordan's 9/11: Dealing With Jihadi Islamism]", Crisis Group Middle East Report N°47, 23 November 2005</ref> Subsequently, a three-point ruling was issued by 200 [[ulama|Islamic scholars]] from over 50 countries, focusing on issues of defining who is a [[Muslim]], excommunication from [[Islam]] (''[[takfir]]''), and principles related to delivering religious opinions (''[[Fatwa|fatāwa]]'').<ref name="TB">"[http://www.britishembassy.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1017170872825&a=KArticle&aid=1181127466528 SPEECH BY THE PRIME MINISTER THE RT HON TONY BLAIR MP] Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002326/http://www.britishembassy.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket%2FXcelerate%2FShowPage&c=Page&cid=1017170872825&a=KArticle&aid=1181127466528 |date=2007-09-27 " (04/06/07), British Embassy in Bahrain</ref> | ||
==Content== | ==Content== | ||
The Amman Message was delivered in [[Amman]], Jordan, as a [[Ramadan]] sermon by Chief Justice Sheikh Iz-al-Din al-Tamimi in the presence of [[Abdullah II of Jordan|King Abdullah II]] and a number of Muslim scholars.<ref> | The Amman Message was delivered in [[Amman]], Jordan, as a [[Ramadan]] sermon by Chief Justice Sheikh Iz-al-Din al-Tamimi in the presence of [[Abdullah II of Jordan|King Abdullah II]] and a number of Muslim scholars.<ref>cite web |publisher=Embassy of Jordan - Washington, DC |url=http://www.jordanembassyus.org/new/pr/pr11092004.shtml |title=Jordan issues the 'Amman Message' on Islam |access-date=2007-08-15| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070816204118/http://www.jordanembassyus.org/new/pr/pr11092004.shtml| archive-date= 16 August 2007 | url-status= live</ref> According to a report issued by the [[International Crisis Group]], "The sermon stressed the need to re-emphasise Islam's core values of compassion, mutual respect, tolerance, acceptance and freedom of religion."<ref name="J47"/> The next year, in July 2005, an Islamic convention brought together 200 Muslim scholars from over 50 countries who issued a three-point declaration (later known as 'Three Points of the Amman Message').<ref name="TB"/> This declaration focused on:<ref>[http://ammanmessage.com/ The Amman Message summary] - Official website</ref> | ||
#The recognition of eight legal schools of [[sharia]]/[[fiqh]] (''[[Madhhab|madhāhib]]'') and the varying [[schools of Islamic theology]] viz.<ref name="3Points">[http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=91&Itemid=74 The Three Points of The Amman Message V.1] | #The recognition of eight legal schools of [[sharia]]/[[fiqh]] (''[[Madhhab|madhāhib]]'') and the varying [[schools of Islamic theology]] viz.<ref name="3Points">[http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=91&Itemid=74 The Three Points of The Amman Message V.1] webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202045430/http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=91&Itemid=74 |date=February 2, 2013 </ref><ref>Petra News Agency. [http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public/Arabic.aspx?Site_ID=2&Page_ID=5407&Lang=1 Summary of the Amman Message (In Arabic)] Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409062023/http://petra.gov.jo/Public/Arabic.aspx?Site_ID=2&Page_ID=5407&Lang=1 |date=2016-04-09 </ref> | ||
##[[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Hanafi]] | ##[[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Hanafi]] | ||
##Sunni [[Maliki]] | ##Sunni [[Maliki]] | ||
| Line 20: | Line 20: | ||
#The stipulations placed as preconditions to the issuing of religious edicts, intended to prevent the circulation of illegitimate edicts | #The stipulations placed as preconditions to the issuing of religious edicts, intended to prevent the circulation of illegitimate edicts | ||
Explaining why the message was issued, King Abdullah stated: "[W]e felt that the Islamic message of tolerance was being subjected to a fierce and unjust attack from some in the West who do not understand Islam's essence, and others who claim to be associated with Islam and hide behind Islam to commit irresponsible deeds."<ref> | Explaining why the message was issued, King Abdullah stated: "[W]e felt that the Islamic message of tolerance was being subjected to a fierce and unjust attack from some in the West who do not understand Islam's essence, and others who claim to be associated with Islam and hide behind Islam to commit irresponsible deeds."<ref>cite web |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1150885839539&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=King Abdullah calls to end extremism |access-date=2007-08-15</ref> | ||
==Conference and declarations== | ==Conference and declarations== | ||
Following are conferences and declarations:<ref> | Following are conferences and declarations:<ref>cite web|url=http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=section&id=5&Itemid=34|title=AmmanMessage.com – The Official Site|website=ammanmessage.com</ref> | ||
* The International Islamic Conference: True Islam and Its Role in Modern Society, (Amman, 27-29 Jumada II 1426 ah / 4–6 July 2005 ce) | * The International Islamic Conference: True Islam and Its Role in Modern Society, (Amman, 27-29 Jumada II 1426 ah / 4–6 July 2005 ce) | ||
* Forum of Muslim 'Ulama' and Thinkers, ([[Mecca]], 5-7 Sha'ban 1426 ah / 9–11 September 2005 ce) | * Forum of Muslim 'Ulama' and Thinkers, ([[Mecca]], 5-7 Sha'ban 1426 ah / 9–11 September 2005 ce) | ||
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==Fatwas and endorsements== | ==Fatwas and endorsements== | ||
Following is the list of some of the many individuals and organizations who have issued ''[[fatwas]]'' and endorsements in relation to the Amman Message (as per official website listing):<ref> | Following is the list of some of the many individuals and organizations who have issued ''[[fatwas]]'' and endorsements in relation to the Amman Message (as per official website listing):<ref>cite web|url=http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=82&Itemid=60|title=AmmanMessage.com – The Official Site|website=ammanmessage.com|language=en|access-date=2009-11-17</ref> | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
List ordered & numbered as per official website listing (http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=82&Itemid=60). | List ordered & numbered as per official website listing (http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=82&Itemid=60). | ||
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! Sr No || Name || Title || Country || Sect || Fiqh || Endorsing Fatwa || Website || Image | ! Sr No || Name || Title || Country || Sect || Fiqh || Endorsing Fatwa || Website || Image | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1 || [[Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy]] || Grand [[Imam]] of [[Al-Azhar University]] || | | 1 || [[Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy]] || Grand [[Imam]] of [[Al-Azhar University]] || flagicon|Egypt [[Egypt]] || [[Sunni]] || [[Shafiʿi]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=56&Fatwa] || [https://web.archive.org/web/20080302181836/http://www.alazhar.org/ Official Website] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2 || [[Ali Gomaa]] || [[Grand Mufti]] of [[Egypt]] || | | 2 || [[Ali Gomaa]] || [[Grand Mufti]] of [[Egypt]] || flagicon|Egypt [[Egypt]] || [[Sunni]] || [[Shafiʿi]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Fatwa] || [https://web.archive.org/web/20080530080642/http://alimamalallama.com/news.php?cat_id=2] || [[Image:Ali Gomaa.JPG|166x166px]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3 || [[Ali Bardakoğlu]] || [[President (corporate title)|President]] of [[Presidency of Religious Affairs|The Grand Council for Religious Affairs]], [[Turkey]] || | | 3 || [[Ali Bardakoğlu]] || [[President (corporate title)|President]] of [[Presidency of Religious Affairs|The Grand Council for Religious Affairs]], [[Turkey]] || flagicon|Turkey [[Turkey]] || [[Sunni]] || [[Hanafi]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=78&Fatwa] || [https://web.archive.org/web/20061005013412/http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/english/default.asp Official Website] || [[Image:Ali Bardakoğlu 2009.jpg|166x166px]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 4 || [[Ahmed Kuftaro]] || [[Grand Mufti]] of [[Syria]] || | | 4 || [[Ahmed Kuftaro]] || [[Grand Mufti]] of [[Syria]] || flagicon|Syria [[Syria]] || [[Sunni]] || [[Shafiʿi]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=77&Fatwa] || [http://kuftaro.org/ Official Website] || [[Image:الشيخ أحمد كفتارو.jpg|166x166px]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 5 || [[Said Abd Al-Hafiz Al-Hijjawi]] || [[Grand Mufti]] of [[Jordan]] || | | 5 || [[Said Abd Al-Hafiz Al-Hijjawi]] || [[Grand Mufti]] of [[Jordan]] || flagicon|Jordan [[Jordan]] || [[Sunni]] || [[Shafiʿi]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=76&Fatwa] || - || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 6 || [[Nuh Ha Mim Keller]] || Islamic Scholar of [[Jordan]] || | | 6 || [[Nuh Ha Mim Keller]] || Islamic Scholar of [[Jordan]] || flagicon|Jordan [[Jordan]] || [[Sunni]] || [[Shafiʿi]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=76&Fatwa] || - || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 7 || [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]] || Director of the Sunna and Sira Council || | | 7 || [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]] || Director of the Sunna and Sira Council || flagicon|Egypt [[Egypt]]<br>flagicon|Qatar [[Qatar]] || [[Sunni]] || [[Hanafi]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=74&Fatwa] || [https://web.archive.org/web/19970601093642/http://www.qaradawi.net/ Official Website] ||[[Image:Qaradawinn.jpg|166x166px]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 8 || [[Abdullah bin Bayyah]] || Vice President of the [[International Union of Muslim Scholars]] || | | 8 || [[Abdullah bin Bayyah]] || Vice President of the [[International Union of Muslim Scholars]] || flagicon|Mauritania [[Mauritania]] || [[Sunni]] || [[Maliki]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73&Fatwa] || [http://www.binbayyah.net/ Official Website] || [[Image:BinBayyah.jpg|166x166px]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 9 || [[Muhammad Taqi Usmani]] || Vice President of the [[International Islamic Fiqh Academy, Jeddah|Islamic Fiqh Academy]] || | | 9 || [[Muhammad Taqi Usmani]] || Vice President of the [[International Islamic Fiqh Academy, Jeddah|Islamic Fiqh Academy]] || flagicon|Pakistan [[Pakistan]] || [[Sunni]] || [[Hanafi]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=72&Fatwa] || - ||[[Image:Mufti_Taqi_Usmani.jpg|166x166px]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 10 || Sayyid Shaykh [[Nazim Al-Haqqani]] || Deceased leader of the [[Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order]] || | | 10 || Sayyid Shaykh [[Nazim Al-Haqqani]] || Deceased leader of the [[Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order]] || flagicon|Northern Cyprus [[Northern Cyprus]] || [[Sunni]] || [[Hanafi]] || - || [http://www.saltanat.org/ Official Website] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 11 || [[Abdullah al-Harari]] || Founder of the [[Al-Ahbash]] || | | 11 || [[Abdullah al-Harari]] || Founder of the [[Al-Ahbash]] || flagicon|Ethiopia [[Ethiopia]] || [[Sunni]] || [[Shafiʿi]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=71&Fatwa] || [http://www.shaykhabdullah.com/ Official Website] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 12 || [[Muhammad Tahir ul-Qadri]] || Founding Leader of [[Minhaj-ul-Quran]] International, [[Chief Executive]] of [[Minhaj International University]] || | | 12 || [[Muhammad Tahir ul-Qadri]] || Founding Leader of [[Minhaj-ul-Quran]] International, [[Chief Executive]] of [[Minhaj International University]] || flagicon|Pakistan [[Pakistan]] || [[Sunni]] || [[Hanafi]] || - || [http://www.tahir-ul-qadri.com/ Official Website] || [[Image:Muhammad Tahir-Ul-Qadri - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2011.jpg|166x166px]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 13 || [[Habib Ali al-Jifri]] || Founding Leader of Tabah Foundation in [[Abu Dhabi]], Member of [[Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought]] in [[Amman]] || | | 13 || [[Habib Ali al-Jifri]] || Founding Leader of Tabah Foundation in [[Abu Dhabi]], Member of [[Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought]] in [[Amman]] || flagicon|Yemen [[Yemen]] || [[Sunni]] || [[Shafiʿi]] || - || [http://www.alhabibali.com/ Official Website] || [[Image:HabibAli.jpg|166x166px]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 14 || [[Habib Umar bin Hafiz]] || Founding Leader and the dean of [[Dar al-Mustafa]] in [[Tarim, Yemen]] || | | 14 || [[Habib Umar bin Hafiz]] || Founding Leader and the dean of [[Dar al-Mustafa]] in [[Tarim, Yemen]] || flagicon|Yemen [[Yemen]] || [[Sunni]] || [[Shafiʿi]] || - || [http://www.alhabibomar.com/ Official Website] || [[Image:Habib umar bin hafiz.jpg|166x166px]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 15 || [[Ali Khamenei|Ali Hosseini Khamenei]] || [[Grand Ayatollah]], [[Supreme Leader]] of [[Iran]] || | | 15 || [[Ali Khamenei|Ali Hosseini Khamenei]] || [[Grand Ayatollah]], [[Supreme Leader]] of [[Iran]] || flagicon|Iran [[Iran]] || [[Shia]] || [[Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70&Fatwa] || [http://www.leader.ir/ Official Website] || [[Image:Seyyed Ali Khamenei.jpg|166x166px]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 16 || [[Muhammad Saeed al-Hakim]] || [[Grand Ayatollah]] || | | 16 || [[Muhammad Saeed al-Hakim]] || [[Grand Ayatollah]] || flagicon|Iraq [[Iraq]] || [[Shia]] || [[Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=68&Fatwa] || [http://www.alhakeem.com/ Official Website] || [[Image:Muhammed Saied Al-Hakeem.JPG|166x166px]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 17 || [[Mohammad Ishaq Al-Fayyad]] || [[Grand Ayatollah]] || | | 17 || [[Mohammad Ishaq Al-Fayyad]] || [[Grand Ayatollah]] || flagicon|Iraq [[Iraq]] || [[Shia]] || [[Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=67&Fatwa] || [https://web.archive.org/web/20080315201238/http://www.alfayadh.net/ Official Website] || [[Image:Eshaq fayyaz.jpg|166x166px]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 18 || [[Bashir Najafi (Ayatollah)|Basheer Hussain Najafi]] || [[Grand Ayatollah]] || | | 18 || [[Bashir Najafi (Ayatollah)|Basheer Hussain Najafi]] || [[Grand Ayatollah]] || flagicon|Iraq [[Iraq]] || [[Shia]] || [[Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=66&Fatwa] || [http://www.alnajafy.org/ Official Website] || [[Image:Grand Ayatollah Bashir al-Najafi (cropped).jpg|166x166px]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 19 || [[Hussein Esmaeel al-Sadr]] || [[Grand Ayatollah]] || | | 19 || [[Hussein Esmaeel al-Sadr]] || [[Grand Ayatollah]] || flagicon|Iraq [[Iraq]] || [[Shia]] || [[Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=65&Fatwa] || [http://www.lankarani.org/ Official Website] || [[Image:Ayatollah Esmael Al Sadr.jpg|166x166px]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 20 || [[Fazel Lankarani]] || [[Grand Ayatollah]] || | | 20 || [[Fazel Lankarani]] || [[Grand Ayatollah]] || flagicon|Iran [[Iran]] || [[Shia]] || [[Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=64&Fatwa] || [http://www.lankarani.org/ Official Website] || [[Image:Mf-jf (cropped).jpg|166x166px]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 21 || [[Mohammad-Ali Taskhiri|Muhammad Ali Al-Taskhiri]] || [[Grand Ayatollah]] <br /> [[General Secretary]] of [[Forum for Proximity of the Islamic Schools of Jurisprudence]] || | | 21 || [[Mohammad-Ali Taskhiri|Muhammad Ali Al-Taskhiri]] || [[Grand Ayatollah]] <br /> [[General Secretary]] of [[Forum for Proximity of the Islamic Schools of Jurisprudence]] || flagicon|Iran [[Iran]] || [[Shia]] || [[Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=63&Fatwa] || [http://www.lankarani.org/ Official Website] || [[Image:Ayatollah Mohammad Ali Taskhiri by Tasnimnews 03.jpg|166x166px]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 22 || [[Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah]] || [[Grand Ayatollah]] || | | 22 || [[Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah]] || [[Grand Ayatollah]] || flagicon|Lebanon [[Lebanon]] || [[Shia]] || [[Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=62&Fatwa] || [http://www.bayynat.org/ Official Website] || [[Image:Sayed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah.jpg|166x166px]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 23 || [[Muhammad bin Muhammad Ismail Al-Mansur]] <br /> and <br /> [[Humud bin Abbas Al-Mu'ayyad]] || Shaykh|| | | 23 || [[Muhammad bin Muhammad Ismail Al-Mansur]] <br /> and <br /> [[Humud bin Abbas Al-Mu'ayyad]] || Shaykh|| flagicon|Yemen [[Yemen]] || [[Shia]] || [[Zaidiyyah]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=60&Fatwa] || [http://www.lankarani.org/ Official Website] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 24 || [[Ibrahim bin Muhammad Al-Wazir]] || General Secretary, The Islamic Unification and Works Movement, Yemen || | | 24 || [[Ibrahim bin Muhammad Al-Wazir]] || General Secretary, The Islamic Unification and Works Movement, Yemen || flagicon|Yemen [[Yemen]] || [[Shia]] || [[Zaidiyyah]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=59&Fatwa] || [http://www.lankarani.org/ Official Website] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 25 || [[Shaikh Ahmed bin Mohammed al-Khalili|Ahmad bin Hamad Al-Khalili]] || [[Mufti]] of the [[Sultanate of Oman]] || | | 25 || [[Shaikh Ahmed bin Mohammed al-Khalili|Ahmad bin Hamad Al-Khalili]] || [[Mufti]] of the [[Sultanate of Oman]] || flagicon|Oman [[Oman]] || [[Ibadi]] || - || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=58&Fatwa] || [http://www.lankarani.org/ Official website] || [[Image:أحمد بن حمد بن سليمان الخليلي Ahmed bin Hamad al-Khalili 01 (cropped).jpg|166x166px]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 26 || [[Ali Sistani|Ali Hosseini Sistani]] || [[Grand Ayatollah]] || | | 26 || [[Ali Sistani|Ali Hosseini Sistani]] || [[Grand Ayatollah]] || flagicon|Iraq [[Iraq]] || [[Shia]] || [[Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari]] || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=69&Fatwa] || [https://web.archive.org/web/20170906231651/http://www.sistani.org/ Official Website] || [[Image:Al-Sayyid Ali al-Husseini al-Sistani.jpg|166x166px]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 27 || [[Aga Khan IV|Karīm al-Hussaynī]] || [[Aga Khan|The Āgā Khān IV]], [[Imam]] of the [[Shia]] [[Nizari Ismaili|Imami]] [[Nizari Ismailis]] || | | 27 || [[Aga Khan IV|Karīm al-Hussaynī]] || [[Aga Khan|The Āgā Khān IV]], [[Imam]] of the [[Shia]] [[Nizari Ismaili|Imami]] [[Nizari Ismailis]] || flagicon|Portugal [[Portugal]] || [[Shia]] || [[Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari]] ([[Nizari Ismaili]] branch) || [http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=57&Fatwa] || [https://m.ismaili.imamat/ Official Website] || [[Image:Agha-Khan-IV.jpg|166x166px]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
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[[Tony Blair]], while [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]], gave a speech in which he praised the Amman message and the gathering of numerous scholars, commenting, "This was a clear message that Islam is not a monolithic faith, but one made up of a rich pattern of diversity, albeit all flowing from the same fount."<ref name="TB"/> | [[Tony Blair]], while [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]], gave a speech in which he praised the Amman message and the gathering of numerous scholars, commenting, "This was a clear message that Islam is not a monolithic faith, but one made up of a rich pattern of diversity, albeit all flowing from the same fount."<ref name="TB"/> | ||
Despite the ecumenical nature of the Amman Message, since it was issued there has been a marked decline in [[Shia-Sunni relations]] as a result of increased sectarian conflict in such countries as Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Bahrain and Yemen.<ref> | Despite the ecumenical nature of the Amman Message, since it was issued there has been a marked decline in [[Shia-Sunni relations]] as a result of increased sectarian conflict in such countries as Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Bahrain and Yemen.<ref>cite book|editor1-last=Volpi|editor1-first=Frederic|title=Political Civility in the Middle East|date=11 Jun 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317977810|page=150<!--|access-date=12 May 2015--></ref> | ||
==Criticism== | ==Criticism== | ||