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Amman Message

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The Amman Message (lang-ar|رسالة عمان) is a statement calling for tolerance and unity in the Muslim world that was issued on 9 November 2004 (27th of Ramadan (calendar month)|Ramadan 1425 Islamic calendar#Numbering the years|AH) by Abdullah II of Jordan|King Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein of Jordan.[1] Subsequently, a three-point ruling was issued by 200 ulama|Islamic scholars from over 50 countries, focusing on issues of defining who is a Muslim, excommunication from Islam (takfir), and principles related to delivering religious opinions (Fatwa|fatāwa).[2]

Content

The Amman Message was delivered in Amman, Jordan, as a Ramadan sermon by Chief Justice Sheikh Iz-al-Din al-Tamimi in the presence of Abdullah II of Jordan|King Abdullah II and a number of Muslim scholars.[3] According to a report issued by the International Crisis Group, "The sermon stressed the need to re-emphasise Islam's core values of compassion, mutual respect, tolerance, acceptance and freedom of religion."[1] The next year, in July 2005, an Islamic convention brought together 200 Muslim scholars from over 50 countries who issued a three-point declaration (later known as 'Three Points of the Amman Message').[2] This declaration focused on:[4]

  1. The recognition of eight legal schools of sharia/fiqh (Madhhab|madhāhib) and the varying schools of Islamic theology viz.[5][6]
    1. Sunni Islam|Sunni Hanafi
    2. Sunni Maliki
    3. Sunni Shafi'i
    4. Sunni Hanbali
    5. Shia Islam|Shia Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jaʿfari
    6. Shia Zaidiyyah|Zaydi
    7. Ẓāhirī
    8. Ibadi
    • Forbade declaring an apostate anyone who is a follower of:[5]
    1. the Ash'ari|Ashʿari/Maturidi creed
    2. real Tasawwuf (Sufism)
    3. true Salafi thought
  2. The forbiddance from pronouncing disbelief (takfir) upon (or excommunicating) others recognized as Muslims
  3. The stipulations placed as preconditions to the issuing of religious edicts, intended to prevent the circulation of illegitimate edicts

Explaining why the message was issued, King Abdullah stated: "[W]e felt that the Islamic message of tolerance was being subjected to a fierce and unjust attack from some in the West who do not understand Islam's essence, and others who claim to be associated with Islam and hide behind Islam to commit irresponsible deeds."[7]

Conference and declarations

Following are conferences and declarations:[8]

  • The International Islamic Conference: True Islam and Its Role in Modern Society, (Amman, 27-29 Jumada II 1426 ah / 4–6 July 2005 ce)
  • Forum of Muslim 'Ulama' and Thinkers, (Mecca, 5-7 Sha'ban 1426 ah / 9–11 September 2005 ce)
  • First International Islamic Conference Concerning the Islamic Schools of Jurisprudence and the Modern Challenges, (Al al-Bayt University, 13-15 Shawwal ah /15–17 November 2005 ce)
  • The Third Extraordinary Session of the Organization of the Islamic Conference, (5-6 Dhu'l-Qa'da 1426 ah / 7–8 December 2005 ce)
  • The Second International Conference of the Assembly for Moderate Islamic Thought and Culture, (25-27 1 Rabi' 1427 ah / 24–26 April 2006 ce)
  • The International Islamic Fiqh Academy Conference Seventeenth Session, (Amman, 28 Jumada I - 2 Jumada II 1427 ah / 24–28 June 2006 ce)
  • Muslims of Europe Conference, (Istanbul, 1–2 July 2006 ce)
  • The ninth session of the council of the Conference of Ministers of Religious Endowments and Islamic Affairs, (Kuwait, 20-21 1426 AH / 22–23 November 2005 CE)
  • Amman Message in the Eyes of Others: Dialogue, Moderation, Humanity, (The Hashemite University, September 20–21, 2006)

Fatwas and endorsements

Following is the list of some of the many individuals and organizations who have issued fatwas and endorsements in relation to the Amman Message (as per official website listing):[9]

Sr No Name Title Country Sect Fiqh Endorsing Fatwa Website [[Image
1 Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy Grand Imam of Al-Azhar University Egypt Egypt Sunni Shafiʿi Fatwa] Official Website
2 Ali Gomaa Grand Mufti of Egypt Egypt Egypt Sunni Shafiʿi Fatwa File:Ali Gomaa.JPG
3 Ali Bardakoğlu President of Presidency of Religious Affairs|The Grand Council for Religious Affairs, Turkey Turkey Turkey Sunni Hanafi Fatwa] File:Ali Bardakoğlu 2009.jpg
4 Ahmed Kuftaro Grand Mufti of Syria Syria Syria Sunni Shafiʿi Fatwa] Official Website File:الشيخ أحمد كفتارو.jpg
5 Said Abd Al-Hafiz Al-Hijjawi Grand Mufti of Jordan Jordan Jordan Sunni Shafiʿi Fatwa -
6 Nuh Ha Mim Keller Islamic Scholar of Jordan Jordan Jordan Sunni Shafiʿi Fatwa -
7 Yusuf al-Qaradawi Director of the Sunna and Sira Council Egypt Egypt
flagicon|Qatar Qatar		 Sunni Hanafi Fatwa] Official Website File:Qaradawinn.jpg
8 Abdullah bin Bayyah Vice President of the International Union of Muslim Scholars Mauritania Mauritania Sunni Maliki Fatwa] Official Website File:BinBayyah.jpg
9 Muhammad Taqi Usmani Islamic Fiqh Academy Pakistan Pakistan Sunni Hanafi Fatwa] - File:Mufti Taqi Usmani.jpg
10 Sayyid Shaykh Nazim Al-Haqqani Deceased leader of the Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus Sunni Hanafi - Official Website
11 Abdullah al-Harari Founder of the Al-Ahbash Ethiopia Ethiopia Sunni Shafiʿi Fatwa] Official Website
12 Muhammad Tahir ul-Qadri Founding Leader of Minhaj-ul-Quran International, Chief Executive of Minhaj International University Pakistan Pakistan Sunni Hanafi - Official Website File:Muhammad Tahir-Ul-Qadri - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2011.jpg
13 Habib Ali al-Jifri Founding Leader of Tabah Foundation in Abu Dhabi, Member of Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought in Amman Yemen Yemen Sunni Shafiʿi - Official Website File:HabibAli.jpg
14 Habib Umar bin Hafiz Founding Leader and the dean of Dar al-Mustafa in Tarim, Yemen Yemen Yemen Sunni Shafiʿi - Official Website File:Habib umar bin hafiz.jpg
15 Ali Hosseini Khamenei Grand Ayatollah, Supreme Leader of Iran Iran Iran Shia Jafari Fatwa] Official Website File:Seyyed Ali Khamenei.jpg
16 Muhammad Saeed al-Hakim Grand Ayatollah Iraq Iraq Shia Jafari Fatwa Official Website File:Muhammed Saied Al-Hakeem.JPG
17 Mohammad Ishaq Al-Fayyad Grand Ayatollah Iraq Iraq Shia Jafari Fatwa Official Website File:Eshaq fayyaz.jpg
18 Basheer Hussain Najafi Grand Ayatollah Iraq Iraq Shia Jafari Fatwa] Official Website File:Grand Ayatollah Bashir al-Najafi (cropped).jpg
19 Hussein Esmaeel al-Sadr Grand Ayatollah Iraq Iraq Shia Jafari Fatwa] Official Website File:Ayatollah Esmael Al Sadr.jpg
20 Fazel Lankarani Grand Ayatollah Iran Iran Shia Jafari Fatwa] Official Website File:Mf-jf (cropped).jpg
21 Muhammad Ali Al-Taskhiri Grand Ayatollah
General Secretary of Forum for Proximity of the Islamic Schools of Jurisprudence		 Iran Iran Shia Jafari Fatwa] Official Website] File:Ayatollah Mohammad Ali Taskhiri by Tasnimnews 03.jpg
22 Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah Grand Ayatollah Lebanon Lebanon Shia Jafari Fatwa] Official Website File:Sayed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah.jpg
23 Muhammad bin Muhammad Ismail Al-Mansur
and
Humud bin Abbas Al-Mu'ayyad		 Shaykh Yemen Yemen Shia Zaidiyyah Fatwa] Official Website
24 Ibrahim bin Muhammad Al-Wazir General Secretary, The Islamic Unification and Works Movement, Yemen Yemen Yemen Shia Zaidiyyah Fatwa] Official Website
25 Ahmad bin Hamad Al-Khalili Mufti of the Sultanate of Oman Oman Oman Ibadi - Fatwa] Official website File:أحمد بن حمد بن سليمان الخليلي Ahmed bin Hamad al-Khalili 01 (cropped).jpg
26 Ali Hosseini Sistani Grand Ayatollah Iraq Iraq Shia Jafari Fatwa Official Website File:Al-Sayyid Ali al-Husseini al-Sistani.jpg
27 Karīm al-Hussaynī The Āgā Khān IV, Imam of the Shia Nizari Ismaili|Imami Nizari Ismailis Portugal Portugal Shia Jafari (Nizari Ismaili branch) Fatwa] Official Website] File:Agha-Khan-IV.jpg


Reception

Tony Blair, while Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, gave a speech in which he praised the Amman message and the gathering of numerous scholars, commenting, "This was a clear message that Islam is not a monolithic faith, but one made up of a rich pattern of diversity, albeit all flowing from the same fount."[2]

Despite the ecumenical nature of the Amman Message, since it was issued there has been a marked decline in Shia-Sunni relations as a result of increased sectarian conflict in such countries as Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Bahrain and Yemen.[10]

Criticism

Suhail Nakhouda, writing in the Amman-based Islamica Magazine|Islamica, stated that the Amman message did little to effectively address ongoing problems: "There is no water, no pavements; the economy is bad, and many young people are out of work. Peoples' lives, as well as the images they see, stay the same." Nakhouda stated that King Abdullah's message was likely to be dampened by his lifestyle, which he claims is the subject of criticism.[1]

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Jordan's 9/11: Dealing With Jihadi Islamism", Crisis Group Middle East Report N°47, 23 November 2005
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "SPEECH BY THE PRIME MINISTER THE RT HON TONY BLAIR MP Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002326/http://www.britishembassy.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket%2FXcelerate%2FShowPage&c=Page&cid=1017170872825&a=KArticle&aid=1181127466528 |date=2007-09-27 " (04/06/07), British Embassy in Bahrain
  3. ↑ cite web |publisher=Embassy of Jordan - Washington, DC |url=http://www.jordanembassyus.org/new/pr/pr11092004.shtml |title=Jordan issues the 'Amman Message' on Islam |access-date=2007-08-15| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070816204118/http://www.jordanembassyus.org/new/pr/pr11092004.shtml%7C archive-date= 16 August 2007 | url-status= live
  4. ↑ The Amman Message summary - Official website
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 The Three Points of The Amman Message V.1 webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202045430/http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=91&Itemid=74 |date=February 2, 2013
  6. ↑ Petra News Agency. Summary of the Amman Message (In Arabic) Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409062023/http://petra.gov.jo/Public/Arabic.aspx?Site_ID=2&Page_ID=5407&Lang=1 |date=2016-04-09
  7. ↑ cite web |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1150885839539&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=King Abdullah calls to end extremism |access-date=2007-08-15
  8. ↑ cite web|url=http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=section&id=5&Itemid=34%7Ctitle=AmmanMessage.com – The Official Site|website=ammanmessage.com
  9. ↑ cite web|url=http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=82&Itemid=60%7Ctitle=AmmanMessage.com – The Official Site|website=ammanmessage.com|language=en|access-date=2009-11-17
  10. ↑ cite book|editor1-last=Volpi|editor1-first=Frederic|title=Political Civility in the Middle East|date=11 Jun 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317977810|page=150
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