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'''On the other hand, in order to control the Iranian political activities in abroad, especially students and activists , the especial offices was established in Europe and the West and by penetrating in some political organizations had tried to follow their activities .With regard to this situation , Bakhtiar ,the first head of SAVAK, who had unlimited power and affalited to one of the tribes (Bakhtiyari tribe ) is supposed that he was seeking for higher positions and seizing power .This issues had caused that Mohamad Reza Shah was feeling dander behalf of him.''' | '''On the other hand, in order to control the Iranian political activities in abroad, especially students and activists , the especial offices was established in Europe and the West and by penetrating in some political organizations had tried to follow their activities .With regard to this situation , Bakhtiar ,the first head of SAVAK, who had unlimited power and affalited to one of the tribes (Bakhtiyari tribe ) is supposed that he was seeking for higher positions and seizing power .This issues had caused that Mohamad Reza Shah was feeling dander behalf of him.''' | ||
'''This subject and other issues caused that the king sought to establish the control services in order to monitor the actions and treatment of organizations and high-ranking authorities .Mohammad Reza Shah was wanted to maintain his position and prenent the similar problems in the future | '''This subject and other issues caused that the king sought to establish the control services in order to monitor the actions and treatment of organizations and high-ranking authorities .Mohammad Reza Shah was wanted to maintain his position and prenent the similar problems in the future''' <ref>'''Qasem Hassanpoor, Torturers say, 29-31.'''</ref>. | ||
== '''SAVAK Structure''' == | == '''SAVAK Structure''' == | ||
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* '''Inspector General''' | * '''Inspector General''' | ||
* '''Secretariat of the National Security Council''' | * '''Secretariat of the National Security Council''' | ||
* '''Agreements | * '''Agreements'''<ref>'''Vice President of Strategic Studies; Savak, n.p, n.d, p. 12.'''</ref>. | ||
* '''General offices of SAVAK''' | * '''General offices of SAVAK''' | ||
* '''First department, administrative affairs''' | * '''First department, administrative affairs''' | ||
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* '''8th General Directorate, counter-espionage''' | * '''8th General Directorate, counter-espionage''' | ||
* '''9th General Directorate, research | * '''9th General Directorate, research''' <ref>'''Najarirad, Taghi; pp. 53-62.'''</ref> . | ||
'''SAVAK controlled students and Iranians abroad, and for this purpose, it cooperated with the police of other countries.Also, SAVAK had complete control over the behavior of the government, parliaments and parties and reported their actions to the king.''' | '''SAVAK controlled students and Iranians abroad, and for this purpose, it cooperated with the police of other countries.Also, SAVAK had complete control over the behavior of the government, parliaments and parties and reported their actions to the king.''' | ||
'''SAVAK had complete control over the performance of various parties and groups, both religious and non-religious, and severely suppressed any protests and actions against the king | '''SAVAK had complete control over the performance of various parties and groups, both religious and non-religious, and severely suppressed any protests and actions against the king''' <ref>'''Ibid.'''</ref>. | ||
'''SAVAK's activity was not limited to security issues; Rather, he gradually interfered in all the affairs of the country and in fact, our power was superior to the power of the government.''' | '''SAVAK's activity was not limited to security issues; Rather, he gradually interfered in all the affairs of the country and in fact, our power was superior to the power of the government.''' | ||
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'''The fourth department in the provincial Savak branches also had a number of guards in proportion to the size of the branches. The guards of the fourth department were also responsible for the security of the prisons. Security for the U.S. radar bases in northern Iran also lay with the fourth department, but the personnel working within the bases were all American nationals. The radar installations had vast fences around them, and the security of these fences was in the hands of the fourth department under the supervision of the American head of the base. The guards were organized exactly like the army and were divided into uints such as battalions, companies and groups but did not use such titles. Strict regulations existed for these security units and their commanders were officers.''' | '''The fourth department in the provincial Savak branches also had a number of guards in proportion to the size of the branches. The guards of the fourth department were also responsible for the security of the prisons. Security for the U.S. radar bases in northern Iran also lay with the fourth department, but the personnel working within the bases were all American nationals. The radar installations had vast fences around them, and the security of these fences was in the hands of the fourth department under the supervision of the American head of the base. The guards were organized exactly like the army and were divided into uints such as battalions, companies and groups but did not use such titles. Strict regulations existed for these security units and their commanders were officers.''' | ||
'''A two-month training period in security measures was also offered by Savak both in terms of theory and practice. Despite all these arrangements, Savak's security was in poor shape, the main reason being because of the open nature of Savak's activities. Savak was a combination of the CIA and the FBI set up by American advisers in 1956. In the US, the CIA is, to a certain extent, overtly active and the FBI even more so; this is in complete contrast to the British intelligence system where MI6 (foreign intelligence) and MI-5 (domestic intelligence) operate on a completely covert basis | '''A two-month training period in security measures was also offered by Savak both in terms of theory and practice. Despite all these arrangements, Savak's security was in poor shape, the main reason being because of the open nature of Savak's activities. Savak was a combination of the CIA and the FBI set up by American advisers in 1956. In the US, the CIA is, to a certain extent, overtly active and the FBI even more so; this is in complete contrast to the British intelligence system where MI6 (foreign intelligence) and MI-5 (domestic intelligence) operate on a completely covert basis''' <ref>'''The Rise and Fall of Pahlavi Dynasty,The memoirs of General Hossein Fardoust, 452-454 .'''</ref>. | ||
== '''Savak's Counter-Espionage Department''' == | == '''Savak's Counter-Espionage Department''' == | ||
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'''• Surveillance of certain members of the embassy or visitors to the embassy.''' | '''• Surveillance of certain members of the embassy or visitors to the embassy.''' | ||
'''• Contacts with the intelligence agents of friendly embassies. Top-level contacts existed between Savak and the US, British and Israeli Embassies | '''• Contacts with the intelligence agents of friendly embassies. Top-level contacts existed between Savak and the US, British and Israeli Embassies'''<ref>'''Ibid.,456-458.'''</ref>. | ||
== '''Savak's Foreign Intelligence Department''' == | == '''Savak's Foreign Intelligence Department''' == | ||
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'''The second department could no even guaranted %1 of its information from classified intelligence, therefore it can be said that more than %99 of the second department's intelligence information was public information provided by Savak agents established in targeted countries.''' | '''The second department could no even guaranted %1 of its information from classified intelligence, therefore it can be said that more than %99 of the second department's intelligence information was public information provided by Savak agents established in targeted countries.''' | ||
'''The seventh department its task was to study foreign intelligence received from the second department. Since the responsibilities of the two departments were interrelated, they were organized along the same lines. The seventh department was quite able to present monthly bulletins on the internal situation in the targeted countries by studying the intelligence reports provided by the second department reading the newspapers of the said countries and the daily radio news reports sent by the former Ministry of Information | '''The seventh department its task was to study foreign intelligence received from the second department. Since the responsibilities of the two departments were interrelated, they were organized along the same lines. The seventh department was quite able to present monthly bulletins on the internal situation in the targeted countries by studying the intelligence reports provided by the second department reading the newspapers of the said countries and the daily radio news reports sent by the former Ministry of Information''' <ref>'''The Rise and Fall of Pahlavi Dynasty,The memoirs of General Hossein Fardoust, 460-462 .'''</ref>. | ||
== '''Savak's Internal Security Department''' == | == '''Savak's Internal Security Department''' == | ||
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'''The directors of the third department were Brigadier-General Mostar Amjadi (until June 1963), Colonel Nasser Moqqaddam who was promoted to the rank of Major-General (until 1971) and Parviz Sabeti, respectively.''' | '''The directors of the third department were Brigadier-General Mostar Amjadi (until June 1963), Colonel Nasser Moqqaddam who was promoted to the rank of Major-General (until 1971) and Parviz Sabeti, respectively.''' | ||
'''The first section of the third department had a special importance and such talented people as Parviz Sabeti,Atapour and Parviz Farnejad served in the section. The main responsibility this section which formed the most important part of the third department was to identify anti-government groups and counter attempts to overthrow the opposition establishments in all parts of the country including those seeking autonomy or secession | '''The first section of the third department had a special importance and such talented people as Parviz Sabeti,Atapour and Parviz Farnejad served in the section. The main responsibility this section which formed the most important part of the third department was to identify anti-government groups and counter attempts to overthrow the opposition establishments in all parts of the country including those seeking autonomy or secession'''<ref>'''Ibid.,462-463.'''</ref>. | ||
== '''Isreal and Trainings of SAVAK''' == | == '''Isreal and Trainings of SAVAK''' == | ||
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'''At the time, Iran had recognized Israel as a de facto state and Tel Aviv had opened an informal diplomatic mission in Tehran. The intelligence officer at the Israeli Embassy was Lieutenant Colonel Yaqub Nimroudi who, with the approval of Mohammad Reza, had active relations with Savak. The Israeli intelligence network was very strong because some Jews occupied very sensitive intelligence posts in Europe and North America and after the creation of Israel, they had set up Israeli intelligence and security organizations. Therefore, with the help of Nimroudi, a program of training for Savak was organized which led to the establishment of a main training department under the leadership of Brigadier General Keyvani.''' | '''At the time, Iran had recognized Israel as a de facto state and Tel Aviv had opened an informal diplomatic mission in Tehran. The intelligence officer at the Israeli Embassy was Lieutenant Colonel Yaqub Nimroudi who, with the approval of Mohammad Reza, had active relations with Savak. The Israeli intelligence network was very strong because some Jews occupied very sensitive intelligence posts in Europe and North America and after the creation of Israel, they had set up Israeli intelligence and security organizations. Therefore, with the help of Nimroudi, a program of training for Savak was organized which led to the establishment of a main training department under the leadership of Brigadier General Keyvani.''' | ||
'''At the beginning, about three teams, each with ten members from the second, third and eighth departments, were sent to Israel. The training lasted about two years and was very successful. This indicated that the Israelis valued Mohammad Reza’s friendship greatly and banked heavily on the future role of Savak in the region. Thus, Savak preferred to invite Israeli teachers to Tehran. Nimroudi helped in the arrangements and invited the necessary teachers | '''At the beginning, about three teams, each with ten members from the second, third and eighth departments, were sent to Israel. The training lasted about two years and was very successful. This indicated that the Israelis valued Mohammad Reza’s friendship greatly and banked heavily on the future role of Savak in the region. Thus, Savak preferred to invite Israeli teachers to Tehran. Nimroudi helped in the arrangements and invited the necessary teachers''' <ref>'''bid.,442-444.'''</ref>. | ||
== '''SAVAK Directors''' == | == '''SAVAK Directors''' == | ||
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'''Footnotes:''' | '''Footnotes:''' | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
== ''' | |||
== '''References''' == | |||
* '''Ẓuhūr va Suqūṭ-i Salṭanat-i Pahlavī (The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty): Memoirs of Former General Hussein Fardust, edited by Abdollah Shahbazi published by "Political Studies and Research Institute",1990.''' | * '''Ẓuhūr va Suqūṭ-i Salṭanat-i Pahlavī (The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty): Memoirs of Former General Hussein Fardust, edited by Abdollah Shahbazi published by "Political Studies and Research Institute",1990.''' | ||
* '''Shekanjegaran Migooyand (Torturers Say) by : Ghasem Hassan poor, published by Ebart Museum of Iran, 2007.''' | * '''Shekanjegaran Migooyand (Torturers Say) by : Ghasem Hassan poor, published by Ebart Museum of Iran, 2007.''' | ||
* '''Vice President of Strategic Studies; Savak.''' | * '''Vice President of Strategic Studies; Savak.''' | ||
* '''Najarirad, Taghi; Savak, Tehran, Center for Documents of the Islamic Revolution, 1379, first edition.''' | * '''Najarirad, Taghi; Savak, Tehran, Center for Documents of the Islamic Revolution, 1379, first edition.''' | ||