Savak - Revision history

Rahmani at 13:33, 24 December 2024

2024-12-24T13:33:32Z

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			'''SAVAK''', or the country's intelligence and security organization, was the name of the repression apparatus of Mohammad Reza Shah's regime, which was considered the most efficient pillar of his support. The repression apparatus had four main components: SAVAK, police, gendarmerie, and armed forces.

			This organization enabled the government to weaken opposition political organizations and by creating an atmosphere of fear that prevented many Iranians from participating in political activities. SAVAK was by far the most important and efficient part of the repression apparatus and its personnel at the beginning had been mainly formed by the armed forces and the police.

			By torturing and executing the Shah's opponents and creating an atmosphere of fear and intimidation among the opponents, SAVAK created a very tyrannical image of itself. The first goal of the Shah in establishing SAVAK was to create an effective modern intelligence system that is able to identify internal and external threats against his rule and Fight with them. The Savak bill was approved by the Senate on Jan 30, 1957, and on March 14,1957 the National Assembly, without debate or opposition, approved the law of the formation of Savak, which was approved by the Senate.

			SAVAK, which became world-famous for its famous violence and tortures from the very beginning of its establishment, had a close relationship with the Intelligence Service, CIA and Mossad; And its organizational and administrative structure was also taken from them and the US Internal Security Organization (FBI).

			SAVAK was in charge of both intelligence (external) and security (internal) tasks and was a combination of CIA and F. B.I. America, England and Israel played a basic role in the organization, training and equipping of SAVAK from the beginning of its formation, and in fact, they turned this organization into one of the main tools of continuing the Shah's regime's dependence on the West.

	== The Formation of SAVAK ==		== The Formation of SAVAK ==

Rahmani at 11:14, 24 December 2024

2024-12-24T11:14:58Z

Rahmani at 11:11, 24 December 2024

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	On the other hand, in order to control the Iranian political activities in abroad, especially students and activists , the especial offices was established in Europe and the West and by penetrating in some political organizations had tried to follow their activities .With regard to this situation , Bakhtiar ,the first head of SAVAK, who had unlimited power and affalited to one of the tribes (Bakhtiyari tribe ) is supposed that he was seeking for higher positions and seizing power .This issues had caused that Mohamad Reza Shah was feeling dander behalf of him.		On the other hand, in order to control the Iranian political activities in abroad, especially students and activists , the especial offices was established in Europe and the West and by penetrating in some political organizations had tried to follow their activities .With regard to this situation , Bakhtiar ,the first head of SAVAK, who had unlimited power and affalited to one of the tribes (Bakhtiyari tribe ) is supposed that he was seeking for higher positions and seizing power .This issues had caused that Mohamad Reza Shah was feeling dander behalf of him.

	This subject and other issues caused that the king sought to establish the control services in order to monitor the actions and treatment of organizations and high-ranking authorities .Mohammad Reza Shah was wanted to maintain his position and prenent the similar problems in the future <ref>~~'''~~Qasem Hassanpoor, Torturers say, 29-31~~.'''~~</ref>.		This subject and other issues caused that the king sought to establish the control services in order to monitor the actions and treatment of organizations and high-ranking authorities .Mohammad Reza Shah was wanted to maintain his position and prenent the similar problems in the future.Qasem Hassanpoor, Torturers say, (Shekanjegaran Migooyand ), Tehran: Ebart Museum of Iran, 2007,pp.29-31<ref>Qasem Hassanpoor, Torturers say, (Shekanjegaran Migooyand ), Tehran: Ebart Museum of Iran, 2007,pp.29-31</ref>.

	== SAVAK Structure ==		== SAVAK Structure ==
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	* Inspector General		* Inspector General
	* Secretariat of the National Security Council		* Secretariat of the National Security Council
	* Agreements<ref>~~'''~~Vice President of Strategic Studies; Savak, n.p, n.d, p. 12~~.'''~~</ref>.		* Agreements.Vice President of Strategic Studies; Savak.n.p, n.d, p. 12<ref>Vice President of Strategic Studies; Savak.n.p, n.d, p. 12</ref>.
	* General offices of SAVAK		* General offices of SAVAK
	* First department, administrative affairs		* First department, administrative affairs
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	* 8th General Directorate, counter-espionage		* 8th General Directorate, counter-espionage

	* 9th General Directorate, research <ref>~~'''~~Najarirad, Taghi; pp. 53-62~~.'''~~</ref> .		* 9th General Directorate, research.Najarirad, Taghi; Savak, Tehran, Center for Documents of the Islamic Revolution, 2000, first edition,pp.53-62<ref>Najarirad, Taghi; Savak, Tehran, Center for Documents of the Islamic Revolution, 2000, first edition,pp.53-62</ref>.

	SAVAK controlled students and Iranians abroad, and for this purpose, it cooperated with the police of other countries.Also, SAVAK had complete control over the behavior of the government, parliaments and parties and reported their actions to the king.		SAVAK controlled students and Iranians abroad, and for this purpose, it cooperated with the police of other countries.Also, SAVAK had complete control over the behavior of the government, parliaments and parties and reported their actions to the king.

	SAVAK had complete control over the performance of various parties and groups, both religious and non-religious, and severely suppressed any protests and actions against the king <ref>~~'''~~Ibid.~~'''~~</ref>.		SAVAK had complete control over the performance of various parties and groups, both religious and non-religious, and severely suppressed any protests and actions against the king.Ibid<ref>Ibid.</ref>.

	SAVAK's activity was not limited to security issues; Rather, he gradually interfered in all the affairs of the country and in fact, our power was superior to the power of the government.		SAVAK's activity was not limited to security issues; Rather, he gradually interfered in all the affairs of the country and in fact, our power was superior to the power of the government.
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	The fourth department in the provincial Savak branches also had a number of guards in proportion to the size of the branches. The guards of the fourth department were also responsible for the security of the prisons. Security for the U.S. radar bases in northern Iran also lay with the fourth department, but the personnel working within the bases were all American nationals. The radar installations had vast fences around them, and the security of these fences was in the hands of the fourth department under the supervision of the American head of the base. The guards were organized exactly like the army and were divided into uints such as battalions, companies and groups but did not use such titles. Strict regulations existed for these security units and their commanders were officers.		The fourth department in the provincial Savak branches also had a number of guards in proportion to the size of the branches. The guards of the fourth department were also responsible for the security of the prisons. Security for the U.S. radar bases in northern Iran also lay with the fourth department, but the personnel working within the bases were all American nationals. The radar installations had vast fences around them, and the security of these fences was in the hands of the fourth department under the supervision of the American head of the base. The guards were organized exactly like the army and were divided into uints such as battalions, companies and groups but did not use such titles. Strict regulations existed for these security units and their commanders were officers.

	A two-month training period in security measures was also offered by Savak both in terms of theory and practice. Despite all these arrangements, Savak's security was in poor shape, the main reason being because of the open nature of Savak's activities. Savak was a combination of the CIA and the FBI set up by American advisers in 1956. In the US, the CIA is, to a certain extent, overtly active and the FBI even more so; this is in complete contrast to the British intelligence system where MI6 (foreign intelligence) and MI-5 (domestic intelligence) operate on a completely covert basis <ref>~~'''~~The Rise and Fall of Pahlavi Dynasty~~,The memoirs~~ of General ~~Hossein Fardoust~~, 452-454 ~~.'''~~</ref>.		A two-month training period in security measures was also offered by Savak both in terms of theory and practice. Despite all these arrangements, Savak's security was in poor shape, the main reason being because of the open nature of Savak's activities. Savak was a combination of the CIA and the FBI set up by American advisers in 1956. In the US, the CIA is, to a certain extent, overtly active and the FBI even more so; this is in complete contrast to the British intelligence system where MI6 (foreign intelligence) and MI-5 (domestic intelligence) operate on a completely covert basis.Ẓuhūr va Suqūṭ-i Salṭanat-i Pahlavī (The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty): Memoirs of Former General Hussein Fardust, edited by Abdollah Shahbazi,Tehran: "Political Studies and Research Institute",1990,pp.452-454<ref>Ẓuhūr va Suqūṭ-i Salṭanat-i Pahlavī (The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty): Memoirs of Former General Hussein Fardust, edited by Abdollah Shahbazi,Tehran: "Political Studies and Research Institute",1990,pp.452-454</ref>.

	== Savak's Counter-Espionage Department ==		== Savak's Counter-Espionage Department ==
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	• Surveillance of certain members of the embassy or visitors to the embassy.		• Surveillance of certain members of the embassy or visitors to the embassy.

	• Contacts with the intelligence agents of friendly embassies. Top-level contacts existed between Savak and the US, British and Israeli Embassies<ref>~~'''~~Ibid.,456-458~~.'''~~</ref>.		• Contacts with the intelligence agents of friendly embassies. Top-level contacts existed between Savak and the US, British and Israeli Embassies.Ibid.,456-458<ref>Ibid.,456-458</ref>.

	== Savak's Foreign Intelligence Department ==		== Savak's Foreign Intelligence Department ==
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	The second department could no even guaranted %1 of its information from classified intelligence, therefore it can be said that more than %99 of the second department's intelligence information was public information provided by Savak agents established in targeted countries.		The second department could no even guaranted %1 of its information from classified intelligence, therefore it can be said that more than %99 of the second department's intelligence information was public information provided by Savak agents established in targeted countries.

	The seventh department its task was to study foreign intelligence received from the second department. Since the responsibilities of the two departments were interrelated, they were organized along the same lines. The seventh department was quite able to present monthly bulletins on the internal situation in the targeted countries by studying the intelligence reports provided by the second department reading the newspapers of the said countries and the daily radio news reports sent by the former Ministry of Information <ref>~~'''The Rise and Fall of Pahlavi Dynasty,The memoirs of General Hossein Fardoust~~, 460-462 .~~'''~~</ref>.		The seventh department its task was to study foreign intelligence received from the second department. Since the responsibilities of the two departments were interrelated, they were organized along the same lines. The seventh department was quite able to present monthly bulletins on the internal situation in the targeted countries by studying the intelligence reports provided by the second department reading the newspapers of the said countries and the daily radio news reports sent by the former Ministry of Information.Ibid., 460-462<ref>Ibid., 460-462 .</ref> .

	== Savak's Internal Security Department ==		== Savak's Internal Security Department ==
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	The directors of the third department were Brigadier-General Mostar Amjadi (until June 1963), Colonel Nasser Moqqaddam who was promoted to the rank of Major-General (until 1971) and Parviz Sabeti, respectively.		The directors of the third department were Brigadier-General Mostar Amjadi (until June 1963), Colonel Nasser Moqqaddam who was promoted to the rank of Major-General (until 1971) and Parviz Sabeti, respectively.

	The first section of the third department had a special importance and such talented people as Parviz Sabeti,Atapour and Parviz Farnejad served in the section. The main responsibility this section which formed the most important part of the third department was to identify anti-government groups and counter attempts to overthrow the opposition establishments in all parts of the country including those seeking autonomy or secession<ref>~~'''~~Ibid.,462-463~~.'''~~</ref>.		The first section of the third department had a special importance and such talented people as Parviz Sabeti,Atapour and Parviz Farnejad served in the section. The main responsibility this section which formed the most important part of the third department was to identify anti-government groups and counter attempts to overthrow the opposition establishments in all parts of the country including those seeking autonomy or secession.Ibid.,462-463<ref>Ibid.,462-463</ref>.

	== Isreal and Trainings of SAVAK ==		== Isreal and Trainings of SAVAK ==
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	At the time, Iran had recognized Israel as a de facto state and Tel Aviv had opened an informal diplomatic mission in Tehran. The intelligence officer at the Israeli Embassy was Lieutenant Colonel Yaqub Nimroudi who, with the approval of Mohammad Reza, had active relations with Savak. The Israeli intelligence network was very strong because some Jews occupied very sensitive intelligence posts in Europe and North America and after the creation of Israel, they had set up Israeli intelligence and security organizations. Therefore, with the help of Nimroudi, a program of training for Savak was organized which led to the establishment of a main training department under the leadership of Brigadier General Keyvani.		At the time, Iran had recognized Israel as a de facto state and Tel Aviv had opened an informal diplomatic mission in Tehran. The intelligence officer at the Israeli Embassy was Lieutenant Colonel Yaqub Nimroudi who, with the approval of Mohammad Reza, had active relations with Savak. The Israeli intelligence network was very strong because some Jews occupied very sensitive intelligence posts in Europe and North America and after the creation of Israel, they had set up Israeli intelligence and security organizations. Therefore, with the help of Nimroudi, a program of training for Savak was organized which led to the establishment of a main training department under the leadership of Brigadier General Keyvani.

	At the beginning, about three teams, each with ten members from the second, third and eighth departments, were sent to Israel. The training lasted about two years and was very successful. This indicated that the Israelis valued Mohammad Reza’s friendship greatly and banked heavily on the future role of Savak in the region. Thus, Savak preferred to invite Israeli teachers to Tehran. Nimroudi helped in the arrangements and invited the necessary teachers <ref>~~'''bid~~.,442-444~~.'''~~</ref>.		At the beginning, about three teams, each with ten members from the second, third and eighth departments, were sent to Israel. The training lasted about two years and was very successful. This indicated that the Israelis valued Mohammad Reza’s friendship greatly and banked heavily on the future role of Savak in the region. Thus, Savak preferred to invite Israeli teachers to Tehran. Nimroudi helped in the arrangements and invited the necessary teachers.Ibid.,442-444<ref>Ibid.,442-444</ref>.

	== SAVAK Directors ==		== SAVAK Directors ==
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	== ~~Reference~~ ==		== References ==

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			== Reference ==


	== ~~References~~ ==

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	~~Footnotes:~~
	~~<references />~~

	== References ==		== References ==
	* Ẓuhūr va Suqūṭ-i Salṭanat-i Pahlavī (The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty): Memoirs of Former General Hussein Fardust, edited by Abdollah Shahbazi published by "Political Studies and Research Institute",1990.
	* Shekanjegaran Migooyand (Torturers Say) by : Ghasem Hassan poor, published by Ebart Museum of Iran, 2007.
	* Vice President of Strategic Studies; Savak.
	* Najarirad, Taghi; Savak, Tehran, Center for Documents of the Islamic Revolution, 1379, first edition.

Rahmani at 08:33, 24 December 2024

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Show changes

Rahmani at 12:22, 19 November 2024

2024-11-19T12:22:27Z

Rahmani: /* Bibiography */

2024-10-09T14:01:30Z

Bibiography

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	'''Footnotes:'''		'''Footnotes:'''
	<references />		<references />
	== '''~~Bibiography~~''' ==		== '''Bibliography''' ==
	* '''Ẓuhūr va Suqūṭ-i Salṭanat-i Pahlavī (The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty): Memoirs of Former General Hussein Fardust, edited by Abdollah Shahbazi published by "Political Studies and Research Institute",1990.'''		* '''Ẓuhūr va Suqūṭ-i Salṭanat-i Pahlavī (The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty): Memoirs of Former General Hussein Fardust, edited by Abdollah Shahbazi published by "Political Studies and Research Institute",1990.'''
	* '''Shekanjegaran Migooyand (Torturers Say) by : Ghasem Hassan poor, published by Ebart Museum of Iran, 2007.'''		* '''Shekanjegaran Migooyand (Torturers Say) by : Ghasem Hassan poor, published by Ebart Museum of Iran, 2007.'''
	* '''Vice President of Strategic Studies; Savak.'''		* '''Vice President of Strategic Studies; Savak.'''
	* '''Najarirad, Taghi; Savak, Tehran, Center for Documents of the Islamic Revolution, 1379, first edition.'''		* '''Najarirad, Taghi; Savak, Tehran, Center for Documents of the Islamic Revolution, 1379, first edition.'''

Rahmani: Savak

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Savak

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	''' '''		''' '''

	''' '''		''' '''



			'''Footnotes:'''
			<references />
	== '''Bibiography''' ==		== '''Bibiography''' ==

	* '''Ẓuhūr va Suqūṭ-i Salṭanat-i Pahlavī (The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty): Memoirs of Former General Hussein Fardust, edited by Abdollah Shahbazi published by "Political Studies and Research Institute",1990.'''		* '''Ẓuhūr va Suqūṭ-i Salṭanat-i Pahlavī (The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty): Memoirs of Former General Hussein Fardust, edited by Abdollah Shahbazi published by "Political Studies and Research Institute",1990.'''
	* '''Shekanjegaran Migooyand (Torturers Say) by : Ghasem Hassan poor, published by Ebart Museum of Iran, 2007.'''		* '''Shekanjegaran Migooyand (Torturers Say) by : Ghasem Hassan poor, published by Ebart Museum of Iran, 2007.'''
	* '''Vice President of Strategic Studies; Savak.'''		* '''Vice President of Strategic Studies; Savak.'''
	* '''Najarirad, Taghi; Savak, Tehran, Center for Documents of the Islamic Revolution, 1379, first edition.'''		* '''Najarirad, Taghi; Savak, Tehran, Center for Documents of the Islamic Revolution, 1379, first edition.'''


	~~'''Footnotes:'''~~

Rahmani: Savak

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Savak

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	· '''Nasser Moghadam ( First year of operation 1978) ( Last year of operation 1979 ) '''		· '''Nasser Moghadam ( First year of operation 1978) ( Last year of operation 1979 ) '''

	~~== '''Footnotes:''' ==~~
	''' '''		''' '''

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	* '''Vice President of Strategic Studies; Savak.'''		* '''Vice President of Strategic Studies; Savak.'''
	* '''Najarirad, Taghi; Savak, Tehran, Center for Documents of the Islamic Revolution, 1379, first edition.'''		* '''Najarirad, Taghi; Savak, Tehran, Center for Documents of the Islamic Revolution, 1379, first edition.'''


			'''Footnotes:'''

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:44, 24 December 2024
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	On the other hand, in order to control the Iranian political activities in abroad, especially students and activists , the especial offices was established in Europe and the West and by penetrating in some political organizations had tried to follow their activities .With regard to this situation , Bakhtiar ,the first head of SAVAK, who had unlimited power and affalited to one of the tribes (Bakhtiyari tribe ) is supposed that he was seeking for higher positions and seizing power .This issues had caused that Mohamad Reza Shah was feeling dander behalf of him.		On the other hand, in order to control the Iranian political activities in abroad, especially students and activists , the especial offices was established in Europe and the West and by penetrating in some political organizations had tried to follow their activities .With regard to this situation , Bakhtiar ,the first head of SAVAK, who had unlimited power and affalited to one of the tribes (Bakhtiyari tribe ) is supposed that he was seeking for higher positions and seizing power .This issues had caused that Mohamad Reza Shah was feeling dander behalf of him.

	This subject and other issues caused that the king sought to establish the control services in order to monitor the actions and treatment of organizations and high-ranking authorities .Mohammad Reza Shah was wanted to maintain his position and prenent the similar problems in the future~~.Qasem Hassanpoor, Torturers say, (Shekanjegaran Migooyand ), Tehran: Ebart Museum of Iran, 2007,pp.29-31~~<ref>Qasem Hassanpoor, Torturers say, (Shekanjegaran Migooyand ), Tehran: Ebart Museum of Iran, 2007,pp.29-31</ref>.		This subject and other issues caused that the king sought to establish the control services in order to monitor the actions and treatment of organizations and high-ranking authorities .Mohammad Reza Shah was wanted to maintain his position and prenent the similar problems in the future<ref>Qasem Hassanpoor, Torturers say, (Shekanjegaran Migooyand ), Tehran: Ebart Museum of Iran, 2007,pp.29-31</ref>.

	== SAVAK Structure ==		== SAVAK Structure ==
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	* Inspector General		* Inspector General
	* Secretariat of the National Security Council		* Secretariat of the National Security Council
	* Agreements~~.Vice President of Strategic Studies; Savak.n.p, n.d, p. 12~~<ref>Vice President of Strategic Studies; Savak.n.p, n.d, p. 12</ref>.		* Agreements<ref>Vice President of Strategic Studies; Savak.n.p, n.d, p. 12</ref>.
	* General offices of SAVAK		* General offices of SAVAK
	* First department, administrative affairs		* First department, administrative affairs
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	* 8th General Directorate, counter-espionage		* 8th General Directorate, counter-espionage

	* 9th General Directorate, research~~.Najarirad, Taghi; Savak, Tehran, Center for Documents of the Islamic Revolution, 2000, first edition,pp.53-62~~<ref>Najarirad, Taghi; Savak, Tehran, Center for Documents of the Islamic Revolution, 2000, first edition,pp.53-62</ref>.		* 9th General Directorate, research<ref>Najarirad, Taghi; Savak, Tehran, Center for Documents of the Islamic Revolution, 2000, first edition,pp.53-62</ref>.

	SAVAK controlled students and Iranians abroad, and for this purpose, it cooperated with the police of other countries.Also, SAVAK had complete control over the behavior of the government, parliaments and parties and reported their actions to the king.		SAVAK controlled students and Iranians abroad, and for this purpose, it cooperated with the police of other countries.Also, SAVAK had complete control over the behavior of the government, parliaments and parties and reported their actions to the king.

	SAVAK had complete control over the performance of various parties and groups, both religious and non-religious, and severely suppressed any protests and actions against the king~~.Ibid~~<ref>Ibid.</ref>.		SAVAK had complete control over the performance of various parties and groups, both religious and non-religious, and severely suppressed any protests and actions against the king<ref>Ibid.</ref>.

	SAVAK's activity was not limited to security issues; Rather, he gradually interfered in all the affairs of the country and in fact, our power was superior to the power of the government.		SAVAK's activity was not limited to security issues; Rather, he gradually interfered in all the affairs of the country and in fact, our power was superior to the power of the government.
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	The fourth department in the provincial Savak branches also had a number of guards in proportion to the size of the branches. The guards of the fourth department were also responsible for the security of the prisons. Security for the U.S. radar bases in northern Iran also lay with the fourth department, but the personnel working within the bases were all American nationals. The radar installations had vast fences around them, and the security of these fences was in the hands of the fourth department under the supervision of the American head of the base. The guards were organized exactly like the army and were divided into uints such as battalions, companies and groups but did not use such titles. Strict regulations existed for these security units and their commanders were officers.		The fourth department in the provincial Savak branches also had a number of guards in proportion to the size of the branches. The guards of the fourth department were also responsible for the security of the prisons. Security for the U.S. radar bases in northern Iran also lay with the fourth department, but the personnel working within the bases were all American nationals. The radar installations had vast fences around them, and the security of these fences was in the hands of the fourth department under the supervision of the American head of the base. The guards were organized exactly like the army and were divided into uints such as battalions, companies and groups but did not use such titles. Strict regulations existed for these security units and their commanders were officers.

	A two-month training period in security measures was also offered by Savak both in terms of theory and practice. Despite all these arrangements, Savak's security was in poor shape, the main reason being because of the open nature of Savak's activities. Savak was a combination of the CIA and the FBI set up by American advisers in 1956. In the US, the CIA is, to a certain extent, overtly active and the FBI even more so; this is in complete contrast to the British intelligence system where MI6 (foreign intelligence) and MI-5 (domestic intelligence) operate on a completely covert basis.Ẓuhūr va Suqūṭ-i Salṭanat-i Pahlavī (The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty): Memoirs of Former General Hussein Fardust, edited by Abdollah Shahbazi,Tehran: "Political Studies and Research Institute",1990,pp.452-454<ref>Ẓuhūr va Suqūṭ-i Salṭanat-i Pahlavī (The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty): Memoirs of Former General Hussein Fardust, edited by Abdollah Shahbazi,Tehran: "Political Studies and Research Institute",1990,pp.452-454</ref>.		A two-month training period in security measures was also offered by Savak both in terms of theory and practice. Despite all these arrangements, Savak's security was in poor shape, the main reason being because of the open nature of Savak's activities. Savak was a combination of the CIA and the FBI set up by American advisers in 1956. In the US, the CIA is, to a certain extent, overtly active and the FBI even more so; this is in complete contrast to the British intelligence system where MI6 (foreign intelligence) and MI-5 (domestic intelligence) operate on a completely covert basis<ref>Ẓuhūr va Suqūṭ-i Salṭanat-i Pahlavī (The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty): Memoirs of Former General Hussein Fardust, edited by Abdollah Shahbazi,Tehran: "Political Studies and Research Institute",1990,pp.452-454</ref>.

	== Savak's Counter-Espionage Department ==		== Savak's Counter-Espionage Department ==
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	• Surveillance of certain members of the embassy or visitors to the embassy.		• Surveillance of certain members of the embassy or visitors to the embassy.

	• Contacts with the intelligence agents of friendly embassies. Top-level contacts existed between Savak and the US, British and Israeli Embassies~~.Ibid.,456-458~~<ref>Ibid.,456-458</ref>.		• Contacts with the intelligence agents of friendly embassies. Top-level contacts existed between Savak and the US, British and Israeli Embassies<ref>Ibid.,456-458</ref>.

	== Savak's Foreign Intelligence Department ==		== Savak's Foreign Intelligence Department ==
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	The second department could no even guaranted %1 of its information from classified intelligence, therefore it can be said that more than %99 of the second department's intelligence information was public information provided by Savak agents established in targeted countries.		The second department could no even guaranted %1 of its information from classified intelligence, therefore it can be said that more than %99 of the second department's intelligence information was public information provided by Savak agents established in targeted countries.

	The seventh department its task was to study foreign intelligence received from the second department. Since the responsibilities of the two departments were interrelated, they were organized along the same lines. The seventh department was quite able to present monthly bulletins on the internal situation in the targeted countries by studying the intelligence reports provided by the second department reading the newspapers of the said countries and the daily radio news reports sent by the former Ministry of Information~~.Ibid., 460-462~~<ref>Ibid., 460-462 .</ref> .		The seventh department its task was to study foreign intelligence received from the second department. Since the responsibilities of the two departments were interrelated, they were organized along the same lines. The seventh department was quite able to present monthly bulletins on the internal situation in the targeted countries by studying the intelligence reports provided by the second department reading the newspapers of the said countries and the daily radio news reports sent by the former Ministry of Information<ref>Ibid., 460-462 .</ref> .

	== Savak's Internal Security Department ==		== Savak's Internal Security Department ==
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	The directors of the third department were Brigadier-General Mostar Amjadi (until June 1963), Colonel Nasser Moqqaddam who was promoted to the rank of Major-General (until 1971) and Parviz Sabeti, respectively.		The directors of the third department were Brigadier-General Mostar Amjadi (until June 1963), Colonel Nasser Moqqaddam who was promoted to the rank of Major-General (until 1971) and Parviz Sabeti, respectively.

	The first section of the third department had a special importance and such talented people as Parviz Sabeti,Atapour and Parviz Farnejad served in the section. The main responsibility this section which formed the most important part of the third department was to identify anti-government groups and counter attempts to overthrow the opposition establishments in all parts of the country including those seeking autonomy or secession~~.Ibid.,462-463~~<ref>Ibid.,462-463</ref>.		The first section of the third department had a special importance and such talented people as Parviz Sabeti,Atapour and Parviz Farnejad served in the section. The main responsibility this section which formed the most important part of the third department was to identify anti-government groups and counter attempts to overthrow the opposition establishments in all parts of the country including those seeking autonomy or secession<ref>Ibid.,462-463</ref>.

	== Isreal and Trainings of SAVAK ==		== Isreal and Trainings of SAVAK ==
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	At the time, Iran had recognized Israel as a de facto state and Tel Aviv had opened an informal diplomatic mission in Tehran. The intelligence officer at the Israeli Embassy was Lieutenant Colonel Yaqub Nimroudi who, with the approval of Mohammad Reza, had active relations with Savak. The Israeli intelligence network was very strong because some Jews occupied very sensitive intelligence posts in Europe and North America and after the creation of Israel, they had set up Israeli intelligence and security organizations. Therefore, with the help of Nimroudi, a program of training for Savak was organized which led to the establishment of a main training department under the leadership of Brigadier General Keyvani.		At the time, Iran had recognized Israel as a de facto state and Tel Aviv had opened an informal diplomatic mission in Tehran. The intelligence officer at the Israeli Embassy was Lieutenant Colonel Yaqub Nimroudi who, with the approval of Mohammad Reza, had active relations with Savak. The Israeli intelligence network was very strong because some Jews occupied very sensitive intelligence posts in Europe and North America and after the creation of Israel, they had set up Israeli intelligence and security organizations. Therefore, with the help of Nimroudi, a program of training for Savak was organized which led to the establishment of a main training department under the leadership of Brigadier General Keyvani.

	At the beginning, about three teams, each with ten members from the second, third and eighth departments, were sent to Israel. The training lasted about two years and was very successful. This indicated that the Israelis valued Mohammad Reza’s friendship greatly and banked heavily on the future role of Savak in the region. Thus, Savak preferred to invite Israeli teachers to Tehran. Nimroudi helped in the arrangements and invited the necessary teachers~~.Ibid.,442-444~~<ref>Ibid.,442-444</ref>.		At the beginning, about three teams, each with ten members from the second, third and eighth departments, were sent to Israel. The training lasted about two years and was very successful. This indicated that the Israelis valued Mohammad Reza’s friendship greatly and banked heavily on the future role of Savak in the region. Thus, Savak preferred to invite Israeli teachers to Tehran. Nimroudi helped in the arrangements and invited the necessary teachers<ref>Ibid.,442-444</ref>.

	== SAVAK Directors ==		== SAVAK Directors ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:52, 19 November 2024
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	'''On the other hand, in order to control the Iranian political activities in abroad, especially students and activists , the especial offices was established in Europe and the West and by penetrating in some political organizations had tried to follow their activities .With regard to this situation , Bakhtiar ,the first head of SAVAK, who had unlimited power and affalited to one of the tribes (Bakhtiyari tribe ) is supposed that he was seeking for higher positions and seizing power .This issues had caused that Mohamad Reza Shah was feeling dander behalf of him.'''		'''On the other hand, in order to control the Iranian political activities in abroad, especially students and activists , the especial offices was established in Europe and the West and by penetrating in some political organizations had tried to follow their activities .With regard to this situation , Bakhtiar ,the first head of SAVAK, who had unlimited power and affalited to one of the tribes (Bakhtiyari tribe ) is supposed that he was seeking for higher positions and seizing power .This issues had caused that Mohamad Reza Shah was feeling dander behalf of him.'''

	'''This subject and other issues caused that the king sought to establish the control services in order to monitor the actions and treatment of organizations and high-ranking authorities .Mohammad Reza Shah was wanted to maintain his position and prenent the similar problems in the future~~.Qasem Hassanpoor, Torturers say, 29-31.~~''' <ref>'''Qasem Hassanpoor, Torturers say, 29-31.'''</ref>		'''This subject and other issues caused that the king sought to establish the control services in order to monitor the actions and treatment of organizations and high-ranking authorities .Mohammad Reza Shah was wanted to maintain his position and prenent the similar problems in the future''' <ref>'''Qasem Hassanpoor, Torturers say, 29-31.'''</ref>.

	== '''SAVAK Structure''' ==		== '''SAVAK Structure''' ==
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	* '''Inspector General'''		* '''Inspector General'''
	* '''Secretariat of the National Security Council'''		* '''Secretariat of the National Security Council'''
	* '''Agreements~~.Vice President of Strategic Studies; Savak, n.p, n.d, p. 12.~~'''<ref>'''Vice President of Strategic Studies; Savak, n.p, n.d, p. 12.'''</ref>		* '''Agreements'''<ref>'''Vice President of Strategic Studies; Savak, n.p, n.d, p. 12.'''</ref>.
	* '''General offices of SAVAK'''		* '''General offices of SAVAK'''
	* '''First department, administrative affairs'''		* '''First department, administrative affairs'''
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	* '''8th General Directorate, counter-espionage'''		* '''8th General Directorate, counter-espionage'''

	* '''9th General Directorate, research ~~. Najarirad, Taghi; pp. 53-62.~~'''<ref>'''Najarirad, Taghi; pp. 53-62.'''</ref>		* '''9th General Directorate, research''' <ref>'''Najarirad, Taghi; pp. 53-62.'''</ref> .

	'''SAVAK controlled students and Iranians abroad, and for this purpose, it cooperated with the police of other countries.Also, SAVAK had complete control over the behavior of the government, parliaments and parties and reported their actions to the king.'''		'''SAVAK controlled students and Iranians abroad, and for this purpose, it cooperated with the police of other countries.Also, SAVAK had complete control over the behavior of the government, parliaments and parties and reported their actions to the king.'''

	'''SAVAK had complete control over the performance of various parties and groups, both religious and non-religious, and severely suppressed any protests and actions against the king~~. Ibid.~~''' <ref>'''Ibid.'''</ref>		'''SAVAK had complete control over the performance of various parties and groups, both religious and non-religious, and severely suppressed any protests and actions against the king''' <ref>'''Ibid.'''</ref>.

	'''SAVAK's activity was not limited to security issues; Rather, he gradually interfered in all the affairs of the country and in fact, our power was superior to the power of the government.'''		'''SAVAK's activity was not limited to security issues; Rather, he gradually interfered in all the affairs of the country and in fact, our power was superior to the power of the government.'''
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	'''The fourth department in the provincial Savak branches also had a number of guards in proportion to the size of the branches. The guards of the fourth department were also responsible for the security of the prisons. Security for the U.S. radar bases in northern Iran also lay with the fourth department, but the personnel working within the bases were all American nationals. The radar installations had vast fences around them, and the security of these fences was in the hands of the fourth department under the supervision of the American head of the base. The guards were organized exactly like the army and were divided into uints such as battalions, companies and groups but did not use such titles. Strict regulations existed for these security units and their commanders were officers.'''		'''The fourth department in the provincial Savak branches also had a number of guards in proportion to the size of the branches. The guards of the fourth department were also responsible for the security of the prisons. Security for the U.S. radar bases in northern Iran also lay with the fourth department, but the personnel working within the bases were all American nationals. The radar installations had vast fences around them, and the security of these fences was in the hands of the fourth department under the supervision of the American head of the base. The guards were organized exactly like the army and were divided into uints such as battalions, companies and groups but did not use such titles. Strict regulations existed for these security units and their commanders were officers.'''

	'''A two-month training period in security measures was also offered by Savak both in terms of theory and practice. Despite all these arrangements, Savak's security was in poor shape, the main reason being because of the open nature of Savak's activities. Savak was a combination of the CIA and the FBI set up by American advisers in 1956. In the US, the CIA is, to a certain extent, overtly active and the FBI even more so; this is in complete contrast to the British intelligence system where MI6 (foreign intelligence) and MI-5 (domestic intelligence) operate on a completely covert basis~~.The Rise and Fall of Pahlavi Dynasty,The memoirs of General Hossein Fardoust, 452-454 .~~''' <ref>'''The Rise and Fall of Pahlavi Dynasty,The memoirs of General Hossein Fardoust, 452-454 .'''</ref>		'''A two-month training period in security measures was also offered by Savak both in terms of theory and practice. Despite all these arrangements, Savak's security was in poor shape, the main reason being because of the open nature of Savak's activities. Savak was a combination of the CIA and the FBI set up by American advisers in 1956. In the US, the CIA is, to a certain extent, overtly active and the FBI even more so; this is in complete contrast to the British intelligence system where MI6 (foreign intelligence) and MI-5 (domestic intelligence) operate on a completely covert basis''' <ref>'''The Rise and Fall of Pahlavi Dynasty,The memoirs of General Hossein Fardoust, 452-454 .'''</ref>.

	== '''Savak's Counter-Espionage Department''' ==		== '''Savak's Counter-Espionage Department''' ==
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	'''• Surveillance of certain members of the embassy or visitors to the embassy.'''		'''• Surveillance of certain members of the embassy or visitors to the embassy.'''

	'''• Contacts with the intelligence agents of friendly embassies. Top-level contacts existed between Savak and the US, British and Israeli Embassies~~. Ibid.,456-458.~~''' <ref>'''Ibid.,456-458.'''</ref>		'''• Contacts with the intelligence agents of friendly embassies. Top-level contacts existed between Savak and the US, British and Israeli Embassies'''<ref>'''Ibid.,456-458.'''</ref>.

	== '''Savak's Foreign Intelligence Department''' ==		== '''Savak's Foreign Intelligence Department''' ==
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	'''The second department could no even guaranted %1 of its information from classified intelligence, therefore it can be said that more than %99 of the second department's intelligence information was public information provided by Savak agents established in targeted countries.'''		'''The second department could no even guaranted %1 of its information from classified intelligence, therefore it can be said that more than %99 of the second department's intelligence information was public information provided by Savak agents established in targeted countries.'''

	'''The seventh department its task was to study foreign intelligence received from the second department. Since the responsibilities of the two departments were interrelated, they were organized along the same lines. The seventh department was quite able to present monthly bulletins on the internal situation in the targeted countries by studying the intelligence reports provided by the second department reading the newspapers of the said countries and the daily radio news reports sent by the former Ministry of Information~~.The Rise and Fall of Pahlavi Dynasty,The memoirs of General Hossein Fardoust, 460-462 .~~''' <ref>'''The Rise and Fall of Pahlavi Dynasty,The memoirs of General Hossein Fardoust, 460-462 .'''</ref>		'''The seventh department its task was to study foreign intelligence received from the second department. Since the responsibilities of the two departments were interrelated, they were organized along the same lines. The seventh department was quite able to present monthly bulletins on the internal situation in the targeted countries by studying the intelligence reports provided by the second department reading the newspapers of the said countries and the daily radio news reports sent by the former Ministry of Information''' <ref>'''The Rise and Fall of Pahlavi Dynasty,The memoirs of General Hossein Fardoust, 460-462 .'''</ref>.

	== '''Savak's Internal Security Department''' ==		== '''Savak's Internal Security Department''' ==
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	'''The directors of the third department were Brigadier-General Mostar Amjadi (until June 1963), Colonel Nasser Moqqaddam who was promoted to the rank of Major-General (until 1971) and Parviz Sabeti, respectively.'''		'''The directors of the third department were Brigadier-General Mostar Amjadi (until June 1963), Colonel Nasser Moqqaddam who was promoted to the rank of Major-General (until 1971) and Parviz Sabeti, respectively.'''

	'''The first section of the third department had a special importance and such talented people as Parviz Sabeti,Atapour and Parviz Farnejad served in the section. The main responsibility this section which formed the most important part of the third department was to identify anti-government groups and counter attempts to overthrow the opposition establishments in all parts of the country including those seeking autonomy or secession~~.Ibid.,462-463.~~'''<ref>'''Ibid.,462-463.'''</ref>		'''The first section of the third department had a special importance and such talented people as Parviz Sabeti,Atapour and Parviz Farnejad served in the section. The main responsibility this section which formed the most important part of the third department was to identify anti-government groups and counter attempts to overthrow the opposition establishments in all parts of the country including those seeking autonomy or secession'''<ref>'''Ibid.,462-463.'''</ref>.

	== '''Isreal and Trainings of SAVAK''' ==		== '''Isreal and Trainings of SAVAK''' ==
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	'''At the time, Iran had recognized Israel as a de facto state and Tel Aviv had opened an informal diplomatic mission in Tehran. The intelligence officer at the Israeli Embassy was Lieutenant Colonel Yaqub Nimroudi who, with the approval of Mohammad Reza, had active relations with Savak. The Israeli intelligence network was very strong because some Jews occupied very sensitive intelligence posts in Europe and North America and after the creation of Israel, they had set up Israeli intelligence and security organizations. Therefore, with the help of Nimroudi, a program of training for Savak was organized which led to the establishment of a main training department under the leadership of Brigadier General Keyvani.'''		'''At the time, Iran had recognized Israel as a de facto state and Tel Aviv had opened an informal diplomatic mission in Tehran. The intelligence officer at the Israeli Embassy was Lieutenant Colonel Yaqub Nimroudi who, with the approval of Mohammad Reza, had active relations with Savak. The Israeli intelligence network was very strong because some Jews occupied very sensitive intelligence posts in Europe and North America and after the creation of Israel, they had set up Israeli intelligence and security organizations. Therefore, with the help of Nimroudi, a program of training for Savak was organized which led to the establishment of a main training department under the leadership of Brigadier General Keyvani.'''

	'''At the beginning, about three teams, each with ten members from the second, third and eighth departments, were sent to Israel. The training lasted about two years and was very successful. This indicated that the Israelis valued Mohammad Reza’s friendship greatly and banked heavily on the future role of Savak in the region. Thus, Savak preferred to invite Israeli teachers to Tehran. Nimroudi helped in the arrangements and invited the necessary teachers~~.Ibid.,442-444.~~''' <ref>'''bid.,442-444.'''</ref>		'''At the beginning, about three teams, each with ten members from the second, third and eighth departments, were sent to Israel. The training lasted about two years and was very successful. This indicated that the Israelis valued Mohammad Reza’s friendship greatly and banked heavily on the future role of Savak in the region. Thus, Savak preferred to invite Israeli teachers to Tehran. Nimroudi helped in the arrangements and invited the necessary teachers''' <ref>'''bid.,442-444.'''</ref>.

	== '''SAVAK Directors''' ==		== '''SAVAK Directors''' ==
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	'''Footnotes:'''		'''Footnotes:'''
	<references />		<references />
	== '''~~Bibliography~~''' ==
			== '''References''' ==
	* '''Ẓuhūr va Suqūṭ-i Salṭanat-i Pahlavī (The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty): Memoirs of Former General Hussein Fardust, edited by Abdollah Shahbazi published by "Political Studies and Research Institute",1990.'''		* '''Ẓuhūr va Suqūṭ-i Salṭanat-i Pahlavī (The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty): Memoirs of Former General Hussein Fardust, edited by Abdollah Shahbazi published by "Political Studies and Research Institute",1990.'''
	* '''Shekanjegaran Migooyand (Torturers Say) by : Ghasem Hassan poor, published by Ebart Museum of Iran, 2007.'''		* '''Shekanjegaran Migooyand (Torturers Say) by : Ghasem Hassan poor, published by Ebart Museum of Iran, 2007.'''
	* '''Vice President of Strategic Studies; Savak.'''		* '''Vice President of Strategic Studies; Savak.'''
	* '''Najarirad, Taghi; Savak, Tehran, Center for Documents of the Islamic Revolution, 1379, first edition.'''		* '''Najarirad, Taghi; Savak, Tehran, Center for Documents of the Islamic Revolution, 1379, first edition.'''