Muhammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh - Revision history

Peysepar: Peysepar moved page Muhammad to Muhammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh

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Peysepar moved page Muhammad to Muhammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh

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	'''Muhammad'''		'''Muhammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh''' (Arabic: محمد بن عبد الله) ''[[Prophets and messengers in Islam\|Prophet of Islam]]'' (c. 570 – 632 CE) is regarded by Muslims as the '''final prophet and messenger of [[God in Islam\|God (Allah)]]'''. Muslims believe that he received and conveyed the '''[[Qur'an]]''', Islam’s sacred scripture, through divine revelation delivered by the angel [[Gabriel\|Gabriel (Jibrīl)]] (Esposito, 2023).<ref>Esposito, J. L. (2023). Muhammad. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad</ref> Across all Islamic traditions, including [[Sunni Islam\|Sunni]] and [[Shia Islam\|Shia]] Islam, Muhammad is honored as ''al-Nabī'' (the Prophet) and ''Rasūl Allāh'' (the Messenger of God) (Britannica, 2023).<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2023). Islam: Muhammad. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam/Muhammad</ref>
	''[[Prophets and messengers in Islam\|Prophet of Islam]]''
	(c. 570 – 632 CE)

	~~'''Muhammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh''' (Arabic: محمد بن عبد الله~~) is regarded by Muslims as the '''final prophet and messenger of [[God in Islam\|God (Allah)]]'''. Muslims believe that he received and conveyed the '''[[Qur'an]]''', Islam’s sacred scripture, through divine revelation delivered by the angel [[Gabriel\|Gabriel (Jibrīl)]] (Esposito, 2023).<ref>Esposito, J. L. (2023). Muhammad. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad</ref> Across all Islamic traditions, including [[Sunni Islam\|Sunni]] and [[Shia Islam\|Shia]] Islam, Muhammad is honored as ''al-Nabī'' (the Prophet) and ''Rasūl Allāh'' (the Messenger of God) (Britannica, 2023).<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2023). Islam: Muhammad. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam/Muhammad</ref>

	Muslims customarily invoke blessings upon him when his name is mentioned, saying ''“peace and blessings be upon him”'' (ṣallā Allāhu ʿalayhi wa sallam), a practice known as [[Salawat]] (Islamicity, 2024).<ref>Islamicity. (2024). Prophet Muhammad (S). https://www.islamicity.org/topics/prophet-muhammad/</ref>		Muslims customarily invoke blessings upon him when his name is mentioned, saying ''“peace and blessings be upon him”'' (ṣallā Allāhu ʿalayhi wa sallam), a practice known as [[Salawat]] (Islamicity, 2024).<ref>Islamicity. (2024). Prophet Muhammad (S). https://www.islamicity.org/topics/prophet-muhammad/</ref>

Peysepar at 05:56, 15 December 2025

2025-12-15T05:56:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:26, 15 December 2025
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	'''Muhammad'''		'''Muhammad'''
	''Prophet of Islam''		''[[Prophets and messengers in Islam\|Prophet of Islam]]''
	(c. 570 – 632 CE)		(c. 570 – 632 CE)

	'''Muhammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh''' (Arabic: محمد بن عبد الله) is regarded by Muslims as the '''final prophet and messenger of God (Allah)'''. Muslims believe that he received and conveyed the '''~~Qur’an~~''', Islam’s sacred scripture, through divine revelation delivered by the angel Gabriel (Jibrīl) (Esposito, 2023).<ref>Esposito, J. L. (2023). Muhammad. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad</ref> Across all Islamic traditions, including Sunni and Shia Islam, Muhammad is honored as ''al-Nabī'' (the Prophet) and ''Rasūl Allāh'' (the Messenger of God) (Britannica, 2023).<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2023). Islam: Muhammad. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam/Muhammad</ref>		'''Muhammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh''' (Arabic: محمد بن عبد الله) is regarded by Muslims as the '''final prophet and messenger of [[God in Islam\|God (Allah)]]'''. Muslims believe that he received and conveyed the '''[[Qur'an]]''', Islam’s sacred scripture, through divine revelation delivered by the angel [[Gabriel\|Gabriel (Jibrīl)]] (Esposito, 2023).<ref>Esposito, J. L. (2023). Muhammad. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad</ref> Across all Islamic traditions, including [[Sunni Islam\|Sunni]] and [[Shia Islam\|Shia]] Islam, Muhammad is honored as ''al-Nabī'' (the Prophet) and ''Rasūl Allāh'' (the Messenger of God) (Britannica, 2023).<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2023). Islam: Muhammad. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam/Muhammad</ref>

	Muslims customarily invoke blessings upon him when his name is mentioned, saying ''“peace and blessings be upon him”'' (ṣallā Allāhu ʿalayhi wa sallam) (Islamicity, 2024).<ref>Islamicity. (2024). Prophet Muhammad (S). https://www.islamicity.org/topics/prophet-muhammad/</ref>		Muslims customarily invoke blessings upon him when his name is mentioned, saying ''“peace and blessings be upon him”'' (ṣallā Allāhu ʿalayhi wa sallam), a practice known as [[Salawat]] (Islamicity, 2024).<ref>Islamicity. (2024). Prophet Muhammad (S). https://www.islamicity.org/topics/prophet-muhammad/</ref>

	== Early life and lineage ==		== Early life and lineage ==

	Muhammad was born around '''570 CE in Mecca''', in the western Arabian Peninsula (Esposito, 2023).<ref>Esposito, J. L. (2023). Muhammad. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad</ref> He belonged to the '''Quraysh tribe''', which ~~was responsible for the~~ custodianship of the Kaʿbah (Donner, 2010).<ref>Donner, F. M. (2010). ''Muhammad and the Believers''. Harvard University Press.</ref>		Muhammad was born around '''570 CE in [[Mecca]]''', in the western [[Arabian Peninsula]] (Esposito, 2023).<ref>Esposito, J. L. (2023). Muhammad. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad</ref> He belonged to the '''[[Quraysh]] tribe''', which held custodianship of the [[Kaaba\|Kaʿbah]] (Donner, 2010).<ref>Donner, F. M. (2010). ''Muhammad and the Believers''. Harvard University Press.</ref>

	His father died before his birth, and his mother died during his childhood. He was raised by his grandfather ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib and later by his uncle Abū Ṭālib (Britannica, 2023).<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2023). Muhammad: Early life. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad/Early-life</ref>		His father died before his birth, and his mother [[Aminah bint Wahb]] died during his childhood. He was raised by his grandfather [[Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim\|ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib]] and later by his uncle [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib\|Abū Ṭālib]] (Britannica, 2023).<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2023). Muhammad: Early life. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad/Early-life</ref>

	Muhammad earned the title '''al-Amīn''' (“the Trustworthy”) due to his reputation for honesty and integrity (Islamic Info Center, 2024).<ref>Islamic Info Center. (2024). The Prophet Muhammad (SA). https://islamicinfocenter.com/the-prophet-muhammad/</ref>		Muhammad earned the title '''al-Amīn''' (“the Trustworthy”) due to his reputation for honesty and integrity (Islamic Info Center, 2024).<ref>Islamic Info Center. (2024). The Prophet Muhammad (SA). https://islamicinfocenter.com/the-prophet-muhammad/</ref>
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	== Marriage ==		== Marriage ==

	At approximately '''25 years of age''', Muhammad married '''~~Khadījah~~ bint Khuwaylid''', a ~~wealthy and~~ respected merchant of Mecca (Britannica, 2023).<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2023). Khadijah. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Khadijah</ref> She was the '''first person to believe in his prophethood''', a fact ~~recognized~~ across Islamic traditions (Islamicity, 2024).<ref>Islamicity. (2024). Prophet Muhammad (S). https://www.islamicity.org/topics/prophet-muhammad/</ref>		At approximately '''25 years of age''', Muhammad married '''[[Khadija bint Khuwaylid]]''', a respected merchant of Mecca (Britannica, 2023).<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2023). Khadijah. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Khadijah</ref> She was the '''first person to believe in his prophethood''', a fact acknowledged across Islamic traditions (Islamicity, 2024).<ref>Islamicity. (2024). Prophet Muhammad (S). https://www.islamicity.org/topics/prophet-muhammad/</ref>

	== Beginning of revelation ==		== Beginning of revelation ==

	At the age of '''40''', Muhammad began receiving revelations while meditating in the '''Cave of Ḥirāʾ''' near Mecca (Esposito, 2023).<ref>Esposito, J. L. (2023). Muhammad. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad</ref> These revelations continued for approximately '''23 years''' and were later compiled into the '''~~Qur’an~~''' (Donner, 2010).<ref>Donner, F. M. (2010). ''Muhammad and the Believers''. Harvard University Press.</ref>		At the age of '''40''', Muhammad began receiving revelations while meditating in the '''[[Cave of Hira\|Cave of Ḥirāʾ]]''' near Mecca (Esposito, 2023).<ref>Esposito, J. L. (2023). Muhammad. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad</ref> These revelations continued for approximately '''23 years''' and were later compiled into the '''[[Qur'an]]''' (Donner, 2010).<ref>Donner, F. M. (2010). ''Muhammad and the Believers''. Harvard University Press.</ref>

	The message emphasized monotheism, moral accountability, social justice, and care for the poor and marginalized (Islamic Info Center, 2024).<ref>Islamic Info Center. (2024). The Prophet Muhammad (SA). https://islamicinfocenter.com/the-prophet-muhammad/</ref>		The message emphasized [[Tawhid\|monotheism (Tawḥīd)]], moral accountability, [[Social justice in Islam\|social justice]], and care for the poor and marginalized (Islamic Info Center, 2024).<ref>Islamic Info Center. (2024). The Prophet Muhammad (SA). https://islamicinfocenter.com/the-prophet-muhammad/</ref>

	== Hijrah (Migration to Medina) ==		== Hijrah (Migration to Medina) ==

	In '''622 CE''', Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to '''Medina''', an event known as the '''Hijrah''' and the starting point of the Islamic calendar (Britannica, 2023).<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2023). Hijrah. https://www.britannica.com/event/Hijrah</ref>		In '''622 CE''', Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to '''[[Medina]]''', an event known as the '''[[Hijrah]]''' and the starting point of the [[Islamic calendar]] (Britannica, 2023).<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2023). Hijrah. https://www.britannica.com/event/Hijrah</ref>

	In Medina, Muhammad established a unified community (''Ummah'') and instituted the '''Constitution of Medina''', which defined rights and responsibilities among Muslims and non-Muslims (Donner, 2010).<ref>Donner, F. M. (2010). ''Muhammad and the Believers''. Harvard University Press.</ref>		In Medina, Muhammad established a unified community (''[[Ummah]]'') and instituted the '''[[Constitution of Medina]]''', which defined rights and responsibilities among Muslims and non-Muslims (Donner, 2010).<ref>Donner, F. M. (2010). ''Muhammad and the Believers''. Harvard University Press.</ref>

	== Conquest of Mecca ==		== Conquest of Mecca ==

	In '''630 CE''', Muhammad returned to Mecca, which was taken with minimal violence. He declared a '''general amnesty''' and removed idols from the '''Kaʿbah''', restoring it as a center of monotheistic worship (Britannica, 2023).<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2023). Muhammad: Conquest of Mecca. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad/The-conquest-of-Mecca</ref>		In '''630 CE''', Muhammad returned to Mecca, which was taken with minimal violence. He declared a '''general amnesty''' and removed idols from the '''[[Kaaba\|Kaʿbah]]''', restoring it as a center of monotheistic worship (Britannica, 2023).<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2023). Muhammad: Conquest of Mecca. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad/The-conquest-of-Mecca</ref>

	== Farewell Pilgrimage and Sermon ==		== Farewell Pilgrimage and Sermon ==

	In '''632 CE''', Muhammad performed the '''Farewell Pilgrimage'''. During this pilgrimage, he delivered the '''Farewell Sermon''', emphasizing equality, justice, and moral responsibility (Wikipedia, 2024).<ref>Wikipedia. (2024). Farewell Sermon. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farewell_Sermon</ref>		In '''632 CE''', Muhammad performed the '''[[Farewell Pilgrimage]]''' during the [[Hajj]]. During this pilgrimage, he delivered the '''[[Farewell Sermon]]''', emphasizing equality, justice, and moral responsibility (Wikipedia, 2024).<ref>Wikipedia. (2024). Farewell Sermon. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farewell_Sermon</ref>

	== Death ==		== Death ==
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	== Legacy and unity ==		== Legacy and unity ==

	Muhammad remains a '''central unifying figure''' in Islam. All Muslims affirm his prophethood, revere the Qur’an he conveyed, and follow the foundational practices he taught (Islamicity, 2024).<ref>Islamicity. (2024). Prophet Muhammad (S). https://www.islamicity.org/topics/prophet-muhammad/</ref>		Muhammad remains a '''central unifying figure''' in Islam. All Muslims affirm his prophethood, revere the Qur’an he conveyed, honor his [[Ahl al-Bayt\|family]] and [[Companions of Muhammad\|companions]], and follow the foundational practices he taught (Islamicity, 2024).<ref>Islamicity. (2024). Prophet Muhammad (S). https://www.islamicity.org/topics/prophet-muhammad/</ref>

			The Qur’an calls believers to unity: ''“Hold firmly to the rope of God all together and do not become divided”'' ([[Qur'an 3:103]]).

	== References ==		== References ==
	<references />		<references />

Peysepar: Created page with "'''Muhammad''' ''Prophet of Islam'' (c. 570 – 632 CE) '''Muhammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh''' (Arabic: محمد بن عبد الله) is regarded by Muslims as the '''final prophet and messenger of God (Allah)'''. Muslims believe that he received and conveyed the '''Qur’an''', Islam’s sacred scripture, through divine revelation delivered by the angel Gabriel (Jibrīl) (Esposito, 2023).Esposito, J. L. (2023). Muhammad. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. https://www.bri..."

2025-12-15T05:51:16Z

Created page with "'''Muhammad''' ''Prophet of Islam'' (c. 570 – 632 CE) '''Muhammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh''' (Arabic: محمد بن عبد الله) is regarded by Muslims as the '''final prophet and messenger of God (Allah)'''. Muslims believe that he received and conveyed the '''Qur’an''', Islam’s sacred scripture, through divine revelation delivered by the angel Gabriel (Jibrīl) (Esposito, 2023).<ref>Esposito, J. L. (2023). Muhammad. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. https://www.bri..."

New page

'''Muhammad'''
''Prophet of Islam''
(c. 570 – 632 CE)

'''Muhammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh''' (Arabic: محمد بن عبد الله) is regarded by Muslims as the '''final prophet and messenger of God (Allah)'''. Muslims believe that he received and conveyed the '''Qur’an''', Islam’s sacred scripture, through divine revelation delivered by the angel Gabriel (Jibrīl) (Esposito, 2023).<ref>Esposito, J. L. (2023). Muhammad. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad</ref> Across all Islamic traditions, including Sunni and Shia Islam, Muhammad is honored as ''al-Nabī'' (the Prophet) and ''Rasūl Allāh'' (the Messenger of God) (Britannica, 2023).<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2023). Islam: Muhammad. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam/Muhammad</ref>

Muslims customarily invoke blessings upon him when his name is mentioned, saying ''“peace and blessings be upon him”'' (ṣallā Allāhu ʿalayhi wa sallam) (Islamicity, 2024).<ref>Islamicity. (2024). Prophet Muhammad (S). https://www.islamicity.org/topics/prophet-muhammad/</ref>

== Early life and lineage ==

Muhammad was born around '''570 CE in Mecca''', in the western Arabian Peninsula (Esposito, 2023).<ref>Esposito, J. L. (2023). Muhammad. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad</ref> He belonged to the '''Quraysh tribe''', which was responsible for the custodianship of the Kaʿbah (Donner, 2010).<ref>Donner, F. M. (2010). ''Muhammad and the Believers''. Harvard University Press.</ref>

His father died before his birth, and his mother died during his childhood. He was raised by his grandfather ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib and later by his uncle Abū Ṭālib (Britannica, 2023).<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2023). Muhammad: Early life. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad/Early-life</ref>

Muhammad earned the title '''al-Amīn''' (“the Trustworthy”) due to his reputation for honesty and integrity (Islamic Info Center, 2024).<ref>Islamic Info Center. (2024). The Prophet Muhammad (SA). https://islamicinfocenter.com/the-prophet-muhammad/</ref>

== Marriage ==

At approximately '''25 years of age''', Muhammad married '''Khadījah bint Khuwaylid''', a wealthy and respected merchant of Mecca (Britannica, 2023).<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2023). Khadijah. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Khadijah</ref> She was the '''first person to believe in his prophethood''', a fact recognized across Islamic traditions (Islamicity, 2024).<ref>Islamicity. (2024). Prophet Muhammad (S). https://www.islamicity.org/topics/prophet-muhammad/</ref>

== Beginning of revelation ==

At the age of '''40''', Muhammad began receiving revelations while meditating in the '''Cave of Ḥirāʾ''' near Mecca (Esposito, 2023).<ref>Esposito, J. L. (2023). Muhammad. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad</ref> These revelations continued for approximately '''23 years''' and were later compiled into the '''Qur’an''' (Donner, 2010).<ref>Donner, F. M. (2010). ''Muhammad and the Believers''. Harvard University Press.</ref>

The message emphasized monotheism, moral accountability, social justice, and care for the poor and marginalized (Islamic Info Center, 2024).<ref>Islamic Info Center. (2024). The Prophet Muhammad (SA). https://islamicinfocenter.com/the-prophet-muhammad/</ref>

== Hijrah (Migration to Medina) ==

In '''622 CE''', Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to '''Medina''', an event known as the '''Hijrah''' and the starting point of the Islamic calendar (Britannica, 2023).<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2023). Hijrah. https://www.britannica.com/event/Hijrah</ref>

In Medina, Muhammad established a unified community (''Ummah'') and instituted the '''Constitution of Medina''', which defined rights and responsibilities among Muslims and non-Muslims (Donner, 2010).<ref>Donner, F. M. (2010). ''Muhammad and the Believers''. Harvard University Press.</ref>

== Conquest of Mecca ==

In '''630 CE''', Muhammad returned to Mecca, which was taken with minimal violence. He declared a '''general amnesty''' and removed idols from the '''Kaʿbah''', restoring it as a center of monotheistic worship (Britannica, 2023).<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2023). Muhammad: Conquest of Mecca. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad/The-conquest-of-Mecca</ref>

== Farewell Pilgrimage and Sermon ==

In '''632 CE''', Muhammad performed the '''Farewell Pilgrimage'''. During this pilgrimage, he delivered the '''Farewell Sermon''', emphasizing equality, justice, and moral responsibility (Wikipedia, 2024).<ref>Wikipedia. (2024). Farewell Sermon. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farewell_Sermon</ref>

== Death ==

Muhammad died later in '''632 CE''' in '''Medina''', marking the end of prophethood in Islam (Esposito, 2023).<ref>Esposito, J. L. (2023). Muhammad. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad</ref>

== Legacy and unity ==

Muhammad remains a '''central unifying figure''' in Islam. All Muslims affirm his prophethood, revere the Qur’an he conveyed, and follow the foundational practices he taught (Islamicity, 2024).<ref>Islamicity. (2024). Prophet Muhammad (S). https://www.islamicity.org/topics/prophet-muhammad/</ref>

== References ==
<references />