Translationbot: افزودن لینک‌های بین‌زبانی موقت (تا زمان هماهنگی ویکی‌بیس)

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افزودن لینک‌های بین‌زبانی موقت (تا زمان هماهنگی ویکی‌بیس)

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Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

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ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

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{{Infobox person
| name = Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz
| image = Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz.jpg
| full_name = Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As ibn Umayya
| other_names =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 25 [[Rajab]] 101 AH (720 CE)
| death_place = Dayr Saman, Homs region, [[Lebanon]] [citation needed]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| known_for = {{plainlist|Preventing the cursing of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Ali (peace be upon him)]]|Returning [[Fadak]]|Lifting the ban on writing Hadith}}
| website =
}}

'''Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz''', grandson of [[Marwan ibn Hakam]], was one of the Umayyad caliphs who reigned from 99 to 101 AH (717–720 CE). He was the seventh [[Caliph]] of the [[Marwanids]]. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz enjoyed a good reputation among the [[Umayyads]] rulers and performed worthy actions. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was born in 682 CE / 61 AH in [[Medina]]. His lineage traced back to [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]], as his mother Umm Asim was married to Abdullah son of Umar; he learned the [[Principles of Religion]] and jurisprudence from Salih ibn Kaysan in Medina. His father [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik]] was one of the elders of the Umayyads. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz held the governorship of [[Egypt]] for over twenty years [citation needed]; regarding the marriage flow of Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan, it is said that one day he told one of his ministers: "Collect about four hundred dirhams from the purest of my wealth, as I intend to marry into a religious and righteous family." After investigation and inquiry, he married Umm Asim, daughter of Asim ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab, and from this father and mother, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, the reviver of the first century, was born.

== Birth of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz ==
Abu Hafs Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan ibn Hakam al-Umawi al-Qurashi, was born in the year 61<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'', trans. Mahmoud Mahdavi Damghani, Tehran, Farhang va Andisheh Publications, 1995 CE, Vol. 6, p. 19</ref> or 62<ref>Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir; ''History of al-Tabari'', trans. Abolqasem Payandeh, Tehran, Asatir, 1996 CE, 5th edition, Vol. 9, p. 3807</ref> in the city of Hulwan, [[Egypt]], where his father was the governor there. His mother, Umm Asim, was the daughter of Asim ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab<ref>Ya'qubi, Ibn Wadih; ''Tarikh al-Ya'qubi'', trans. Muhammad Ibrahim Ayati, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural Publications, 1992 CE, 6th edition, Vol. 2, p. 261</ref>.

Not much information is available about his life before coming to power. His father sent him from Egypt to Medina to learn adab (etiquette/literature) and he visited Ubaydallah ibn Abdullah and learned knowledge and adab from him.

In the year 85 AH, Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan summoned him from Medina and gave his daughter Fatima to him in marriage<ref>Ibn Kathir, Ismail; ''Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya'', Beirut, Dar al-Fikr, 1407 AH (1987 CE), Vol. 9, p. 193</ref> and appointed him governor of the Khanasirah region<ref>Khanaasirah "5" [Kh S R] is a town from the administration of Aleppo equivalent to Qinnasrin in the desert. Hamawi, Yaqut; ''Mu'jam al-Buldan''/trans., Tehran, Country Cultural Heritage Organization, 2004 CE, Vol. 2, p. 314</ref><ref>Tuqoush, Muhammad Suhail; ''The Umayyad State'', trans. Hojjatullah Joudaki, Qom, Hawza and University Research Center, 2001 CE, 1st edition, p. 142</ref>. After [[Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik]] came to power in the year 86 AH, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz remained the governor of the Khanasirah region.

== Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz Before Coming to Power ==
After [[Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik]] came to power in the year 86 AH, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz remained the governor of the Khanasirah region. In the year 87 AH, Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik appointed him governor of Medina at the age of 25<ref>Ibn Sa'd, op. cit., Vol. 6, p. 19 and Tabari, op. cit., Vol. 9, p. 3807</ref>. In the same year, while he was the governor of Medina, he was appointed the leader of the [[Hajj]] by Al-Walid<ref>Tabari, op. cit., Vol. 9, p. 3814</ref>.

Umar was the governor of Medina for six years. In the year 93 AH, Al-Walid removed him from the governorship of Medina upon the request of [[Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf]]<ref>Tabari, op. cit., Vol. 9, p. 3868</ref>. Al-Hajjaj mentioned in a letter he wrote to Al-Walid that "The irreligious and dissenters and Iraqi rebels from [[Iraq]] take refuge in Medina and [[Mecca]] (and live under the protection and security of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz.) and this causes weakness." For this reason, Al-Walid removed him from the governorship of this region<ref>Tabari, op. cit., Vol. 9, p. 3867 and Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman; ''History of Ibn Khaldun'', trans. Abd al-Mohammad Ayati, Tehran, Institute for Cultural Studies and Research, 1st edition, 1984 CE, Vol. 2, p. 102</ref>.

One of his actions during his rule in Medina was the demolition, reconstruction, and expansion of the [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque (peace be upon him and his progeny)]].<ref>Maqdisi, Mutahhar ibn Tahir; ''Al-Bad' wa'l-Tarikh'', trans. Muhammad Reza Shafiei Kadkani, Tehran, Agah, 1995 CE, 1st edition, Vol. 2, p. 608</ref> In the year 88, a messenger came from Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik to Medina and commissioned Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz to expand the Prophet's Mosque in such a way that the rooms of the wives of [[Muhammad|Prophet (peace be upon him)]] would be included in the [[Mosque]]. And to buy the back of the Mosque and its surroundings so that the area of the Mosque would become 200 cubits by 200 cubits<ref>Tabari, Vol. 9, p. 3816 and Ibn Khaldun, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 102</ref>.

After the death of Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz performed [[Prayer]] over his corpse<ref>Ya'qubi, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 247 and Tabari, op. cit., Vol. 9, p. 3881 and Ibn Khaldun, op. cit., p. 114</ref>. During the period of Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik (96 to 99 AH), Umar had the role of his advisor, and after Sulayman's death, it was again Umar who performed [[Prayer]] over his corpse<ref>Ibn Sa'd, op. cit., Vol. 6, p. 28 and Tabari, op. cit., Vol. 9, p. 3943</ref>. All these matters indicate his influence during this period.

== Beginning of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's Caliphate ==
[[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik]], according to his own statement, appointed Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz as his successor to prevent sedition. Although the period of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's government was no more than two years; but in this short period, many worthy and good actions were taken by this Umayyad caliph. It seems that after he reached the caliphate, he felt that a heavy responsibility and a difficult task had been placed upon him<ref>Tabari writes: After reaching the caliphate, he uttered the word of istirja' "Inna lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un". Tabari, op. cit., Vol. 9, p. 3951</ref>. Probably considering that a large part of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's life period was spent in Medina and considering that in addition to the family of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny), great scholars and jurists were present in Medina<ref>Dinawari, Abu Hanifa; ''Akhbar al-Tiwal'', trans. Mahmoud Mahdavi Damghani, Tehran, Ney, 1992 CE, 4th edition, p. 368 and Tabari, op. cit., Vol. 9, p. 3708</ref>, it seems that he was influenced by the educational system of Medina and enjoyed a special upbringing that was different from other Umayyad rulers.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

[[fa:عمر بن عبدالعزیز]]

== Meritorious Actions of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz ==
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz declared his method of governance from the very beginning. In his speech at the beginning of his caliphate, he declared: O people, there is no book after the [[Quran]] and no prophet after [[Muhammad ibn Abd Allah (Seal of the Prophets)|Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny)]]. I am not a judge, but an executor. I am not an innovator, but a follower<ref>Ibn Sa'd, previously cited, vol. 6, pp. 30 and 60</ref>.

It is narrated from Mazahim ibn Zafar: I went to Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz accompanied by the representatives of [[Kufa]]. He asked about the affairs of our city, our governor, and our judge. Then he said: There are five characteristics; if a judge does not observe one of them, it is a cause of shame and disgrace for him. A judge must be understanding, very forbearing, very pious, firm, and so knowledgeable that people ask him about whatever they do not know, or he should be such that despite being knowledgeable, he asks about whatever he does not know<ref>Ibn Sa'd, previously cited, vol. 6, p. 62</ref>.

== Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's Fair Treatment of the Alavids ==
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, who strove to treat all groups and factions fairly, tried to keep the Alavids and [[Shia]] satisfied with him as well. To this end, he ordered that no one has the right to curse [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Imam Ali (peace be upon him)]]<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, previously cited, vol. 2, p. 268; and Ibn Athir, Izz al-Din; Al-Kamil, translated by Abul-Qasim Halat and Abbas Khalili, Tehran, Scientific Publications Institute, 1371 SH (1992 CE), vol. 13, p. 242</ref>. Before this, Imam Ali (peace be upon him) was cursed on pulpits, and this was an unpleasant and hateful tradition that Mu'awiya had initiated<ref>Amini, Sayyid Abd al-Husayn; Al-Ghadir, translated by a group of translators, Tehran, Bi'that Foundation, n.d., vol. 3, p. 180</ref>.

Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz narrates the reason for his affection for Ali (peace be upon him) as follows: I was engaged in seeking knowledge in Medina. I was always in the company of Ubaydallah ibn Abdullah ibn Utbah ibn Mas'ud. He had heard something about me (and cursing Ali). One day I went to him and saw him praying. He prolonged his prayer, and I sat waiting for him to finish. When his prayer ended, he turned to me and said:

Who are you and from where did you know that God has become angry with the people of [[Badr]] and the companions who pledged allegiance to the Prophet at [[Pledge of Ridwan]] (and deemed them deserving of curse, which you curse)? God was pleased with them. I (Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz) said: I have heard nothing (about God's anger towards them). He said: What has been heard from you regarding Ali (peace be upon him)? I said: I seek forgiveness from God and from you. From that day on, I also abandoned cursing Ali (peace be upon him). My father also delivered a sermon; when he wanted to mention Ali's name disparagingly, he became confused and mixed up. As soon as he came down, I asked him what was the cause of that instability and incoherence in the sermon? I had noticed that whenever you reached the name of Ali (peace be upon him), your speech became disordered. He said: Did you notice that disorder and confusion? I said: Yes. He said: O son, those who have gathered around us, if they knew what we know about the (virtues) of Ali (peace be upon him), they would scatter from around us and join the children of Ali (peace be upon him)<ref>Ibn Athir, previously cited, vol. 13, p. 242</ref>.

In addition, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz gave the [[Khums]] that belonged to the [[Banu Hashim]] to them, and returned [[Fadak]], which [[Mu'awiya]] had made a fief for Marwan and he had gifted it to his son Abd al-Aziz, and Umar had [[Inheritance|inherited]] it, to the children of [[Fatima bint Muhammad (Zahra)|Fatima (peace be upon her)]]<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, previously cited, vol. 2, p. 269</ref>.

== Death of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz ==
Some believe that the Umayyad family poisoned Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz out of fear that the caliphate would slip from their hands<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, previously cited, vol. 2, p. 273; and Mas'udi, Al-Tanbih wa al-Ashraf, previously cited, p. 299</ref>. In any case, he died at the age of 39 in Dayr Sim'an in the Homs region near Qinnasrin<ref>One of the cities of Syria on the side of Mount Simaq; the distance from this city to Aleppo is three farsangs. Ansari Dimashqi, Nukhbat al-Dahr, Tehran, Asatir, First Edition, p. 318; and Naser Khosrow, Safarnameh, Tehran, Zavvar, 1381 SH (2002 CE), Seventh Edition, p. 225</ref>. He passed away<ref>Mas'udi, Al-Tanbih wa al-Ashraf, previously cited, p. 299</ref>.

[[Al-Tabari]] writes: 'The death of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz occurred at the age of 39 on Wednesday, 25 [[Rajab]] of the year 101 AH (720 CE) in Khunasirah<ref>A city in Syria near Aleppo. Hamawi, Yaqut; Mu'jam al-Buldan, Beirut, Dar Sader, 1995, Second Edition, vol. 2, p. 507</ref>. It happened. He was buried in Dayr Sim'an<ref>Al-Tabari, previously cited, vol. 9, p. 3967</ref>.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Historical Figures]]

[[fa:عمر بن عبدالعزیز]]

Draft:Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz - Revision history

Translationbot: افزودن لینک‌های بین‌زبانی موقت (تا زمان هماهنگی ویکی‌بیس)

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی