Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

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ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

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{{Infobox person
| title =
| image = ابی بن کعب.jpg
| name = Abu al-Tufayl (Abu al-Mundhir) Ubayy ibn Ka'b al-Ansari, known as Ubayy ibn Ka'b
| other_names = {{Vertical list|Sayyid al-Qurra|Abu al-Mundhir|Abu al-Tufayl|Sayyid al-Ansar|Sayyid al-Muslimin}}
| birth_year =
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| birth_place =
| death_year = 21 AH
| death_date =
| death_place =
| teachers =
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| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect =
| works =
| activities = [[Companion|Companion]] of [[Muhammad ibn Abd Allah (Seal of the Prophets)|Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny)]]
| website =
}}
'''Abu al-Tufayl (Abu al-Mundhir) Ubayy ibn Ka'b al-Ansari, known as Ubayy ibn Ka'b and Sayyid al-Qurra''', was one of the [[Companions]] and the [[Ansar]] who participated in the [[Second Pledge of al-Aqabah]], embraced [[Islam]], and pledged allegiance to the [[Muhammad ibn Abd Allah (Seal of the Prophets)|Messenger of God]] (peace be upon him and his progeny). He was among the jurists of the [[Companions]] who engaged in the recitation, writing, and compilation of the [[Quran]], and he participated in the [[Battle of Badr]], the [[Battle of Uhud]], and other battles. Ubayy ibn Ka'b ultimately passed away in the year 21 AH.

== Introduction ==
His full name is Ubayy ibn Ka'b ibn Qays ibn Ubayd ibn Zayd ibn Mu'awiyah<ref>Al-Tabaqat, Ibn Sa'd, Vol. 3, p. 498; Al-Tabaqat, Khalifah, p. 157; Al-Isabah, Vol. 1, p. 180.</ref>. The lineage of Mu'awiyah ibn Amr traces back to al-Najjar. Ubayy belonged to the Banu al-Najjar clan of the [[Khazraj]] tribe, which descends from Tha'labah ibn Amr ibn Khazn<ref>Tahdhib al-Asma', Vol. 1, pp. 108-109; Tahdhib al-Kamal, Vol. 2, p. 262.</ref>.

He was among the Companions, the [[Scribes of Revelation]], and the leading reciters, and he possessed his own codex of the Quran.

His mother was Suhaylah bint Aswad ibn Haram from Banu al-Najjar<ref>Al-Isti'ab, Vol. 1, p. 65.</ref>. Several kunyas (teknonyms) are recorded for him in historical sources: one is Abu al-Mundhir, by which the [[Muhammad ibn Abd Allah (Seal of the Prophets)|Noble Prophet]] addressed him<ref>Usd al-Ghabah, Vol. 1, p. 61.</ref>. The sources do not specify the reason for this appellation. Another is Abu al-Tufayl, given to him by the [[Umar ibn al-Khattab|Second Caliph]] because he had a son named Tufayl<ref>Usd al-Ghabah, Vol. 1, p. 61.</ref>. It is also narrated that the Noble Prophet bestowed upon him the title Sayyid al-Ansar<ref>Siyar A'lam al-Nubala', Vol. 1, p. 396.</ref>. Furthermore, [[Umar]] addressed him as Sayyid al-Muslimin<ref>Usd al-Ghabah, Vol. 1, p. 61; Al-Isabah, Vol. 1, p. 181.</ref>. The title Sayyid al-Muslimin was conferred upon him by the [[Companions]], not by the Prophet, and it gained prominence among the Companions, particularly the [[Ansar]]. The claim that the Prophet also called him Sayyid al-Muslimin requires explicit evidence or contextual indicators, which are unavailable. One can only be considered the master of the [[Muslim]]s if the Prophet explicitly designates him as the Imam and leader of the Muslims after himself.

Historical sources do not mention the birth date of Ubayy ibn Ka'b. He grew up in [[Medina]], within the settlement of the Khazrajites<ref>Usd al-Ghabah, Vol. 1, p. 61.</ref>. The assertion that he was among the rabbis and scholars of the [[Judaism|Jewish faith]] prior to [[Islam]] is not substantiated by biographical sources. Likewise, no reliable source confirms his mastery of the [[Torah]], the [[Old Testament]], and other religious books of the [[Jews]], nor his knowledge of the Torah's prophecies concerning the Noble Prophet.

== During the Era of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) ==
Ubayy was present at the [[Second Pledge of al-Aqabah]] in the thirteenth year of the [[Prophethood]], wherein more than 70 individuals from Medina pledged allegiance to the Noble Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny)<ref>Usd al-Ghabah, Vol. 1, p. 61; Al-Tabaqat, Ibn Sa'd, Vol. 3, p. 498; Al-Isti'ab, Vol. 1, p. 66.</ref>. Moreover, all members of his tribe participated alongside the Aws in welcoming the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) upon his entry into Medina<ref>Tahdhib al-Asma', Vol. 1, p. 109; see also Tahdhib al-Kamal, Vol. 2, p. 262.</ref>. Historical sources regard Ubayy's conversion to Islam as having occurred at the Second Pledge of al-Aqabah; however, [[Ibn Hisham]] does not list his name among the participants of either the First or Second Pledge, suggesting instead that he may have embraced Islam through [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] after the First Pledge but before the Second<ref>Tafsir al-Sahabi, p. 13.</ref>.

During the event of the Pact of Brotherhood, the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) established a bond of brotherhood between him and [[Talhah ibn Ubayd Allah]]<ref>Al-Tabaqat, Ibn Sa'd, Vol. 3, p. 216; Al-Muhabbar, p. 73; Ansab al-Ashraf, Vol. 1, p. 271.</ref>. Some sources, however, state that his brotherhood pact was with [[Sa'd ibn Zayd ibn Amr ibn Nufayl]]<ref>Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah, Vol. 1, pp. 505-506; Al-Mustadrak, Vol. 3, p. 303; Rijal al-Tusi, p. 22.</ref>. He participated in most military expeditions and [[Ghazwah|battles]], ranking among the earliest Muslim fighters. In the first [[Expedition|expedition]] led by [[Hamzah]], the uncle of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny), comprising 30 warriors and known as the Expedition of Hamzah ibn Abd al-Muttalib, he was one of the combatants<ref>Al-Maghazi, Vol. 1, p. 9.</ref>. He fought in the [[Battle of Badr]]<ref>Al-Maghazi, Vol. 1, p. 163; Al-Tabaqat, Ibn Sa'd, Vol. 3, p. 88; Rijal al-Tusi, p. 22.</ref>, the [[Battle of Uhud]]<ref>Al-Maghazi, Vol. 1, p. 204; Al-Tabaqat, Ibn Sa'd, Vol. 3, p. 498.</ref>, and also in the [[Expedition against Banu al-Mustaliq]] (al-Muraysi') in the fifth year AH<ref>Al-Maghazi, Vol. 1, p. 405.</ref>. Historians consider him among the Companions who attended the majority of the battles<ref>Al-Tabaqat, Ibn Sa'd, Vol. 3, p. 498; Tahdhib al-Kamal, Vol. 2, p. 264.</ref>.

== Responsibilities During the Time of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) ==
Ubayy was one of the companions who issued [[fatwa]]s among the [[Companions|Companions]] of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny). It is said that he was one of the six individuals to whom the knowledge of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) was transmitted<ref>Al-Ma'rifah wa al-Tarikh, Vol. 1, p. 445.</ref>. At times, he was entrusted by the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) with the collection of [[zakat|charities]], exercising great diligence in their gathering<ref>Musnad Ahmad, Vol. 5, p. 142; Al-Mustadrak, Vol. 1, p. 399; Al-Sunan al-Kubra, Vol. 4, p. 96.</ref>. Occasionally, he was commissioned by the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) to teach Islamic rulings to new Muslims, including the delegations of Banu 'Amir and Banu Hanifah who arrived in Medina<ref>Tarikh Ibn Khaldun, Vol. 2, pp. 475–476.</ref>.

In addition to accompanying the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) in battles, Ubayy served as a [[Scribes of Revelation|scribe of revelation]] and a reciter of the Qur'an. Although writing was not widespread among the Arabs during the [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|Age of Ignorance]], Ubayy ibn Ka'b was among those who had learned writing during that period<ref>Al-Tabaqat, Ibn Sa'd, Vol. 3, p. 498.</ref>. Some historians regard him as the first scribe of revelation in [[Medina]]<ref>Al-Isti'ab, Vol. 1, p. 68; Usd al-Ghabah, Vol. 1, p. 62; Al-Isabah, Vol. 1, p. 181.</ref> and state that whenever Ubayy was absent, the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) would send for other [[Scribes of Revelation|scribes of revelation]] such as [[Zayd ibn Thabit]]<ref>Al-Isti'ab, Vol. 1, p. 68; Usd al-Ghabah, Vol. 1, p. 62.</ref>. However, sources indicate that the writing of revelation by [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] (peace be upon him) and Zayd ibn Thabit was far more extensive than that by Ubayy ibn Ka'b. Therefore, it is more accurate to state that Ubayy was among the first scribes of revelation, not the very first. [[Al-Tabari]] attributes his scribal activities to periods when [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Ali]] and [[Uthman]] were absent<ref>Tarikh al-Tabari, Vol. 6, p. 179.</ref>.

Besides transcribing revelation, he served as a scribe for the letters of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny), read incoming correspondence addressed to him, and concealed letters that the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) requested to remain secret, such as the letter from [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abbas]] to him prior to the [[Battle of Uhud|Battle of Uhud]]<ref>Al-Maghazi, Vol. 1, p. 204; Ansab al-Ashraf, Vol. 1, p. 383.</ref>. He was the first person to sign his own name as the scribe at the end of letters<ref>Usd al-Ghabah, Vol. 1, p. 62.</ref>. According to Al-Nawawi's count, the number of Ubayy's hadiths recorded in authoritative books reaches 164<ref>Tahdhib al-Asma', p. 109.</ref>, of which more than 60 appear in the ''[[Six Books]]'' and three are jointly found in the ''[[Sahihayn]]''<ref>Siyar A'lam al-Nubala', Vol. 1, p. 401.</ref>.

== Moral Characteristics ==
Among Ubayy's moral characteristics were his asceticism and piety. [[Jabir ibn Abd Allah al-Ansari|Jabir]] reports: When the topic of the reality of asceticism and detachment from the world arose, we went to the second Caliph to ask him. He referred us to Ubayy ibn Ka'b, the master of the Muslims<ref>Mirat al-Haramayn, p. 420.</ref>.

Another of his moral traits was his strictness in transactions and conduct. Zirr ibn Hubaysh reports: I came to Medina and visited Ubayy, complaining to him about his lack of kindness toward us<ref>Al-Tabaqat, Ibn Sa'd, Vol. 3, p. 499; Tarikh Dimashq, Vol. 7, p. 339; Tahdhib al-Kamal, Vol. 2, p. 269.</ref>. Reference can also be made to his constant companionship with the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) and his frequent questioning of him. According to reports from the Companions, he continually asked the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) about various matters<ref>Jami' al-Bayan, Vol. 2, p. 8; Tafsir al-Tha'labi, Vol. 4, p. 209; Al-Durr al-Manthur, Vol. 1, p. 145.</ref>.

== The Event of Saqifah ==
Following the demise of the noble [[Muhammad ibn Abd Allah (Seal of the Prophets)|Prophet]] and the [[Saqifah Bani Sa'idah|Event of Saqifah]], Ubayy ibn Ka'b was among the few who opposed [[Abu Bakr ibn Abi Quhafah|Abu Bakr]] and maintained that the caliphate rightfully belonged to Ali. He was among the twelve individuals who opposed Abu Bakr's caliphate and denied his succession<ref>Kitab Sulaym ibn Qays, pp. 138–140; Bihar al-Anwar, Vol. 28, pp. 199–200.</ref>. He testified that the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) had designated [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Imam Ali]] (peace be upon him) as his successor and Imam after him, and as the sincere advisor to his nation<ref>See: Tuhaf al-Uqul, p. 428; Al-Ihtijaj, Vol. 1, p. 102.</ref>. He was a devoted supporter of the Prophet's household (peace be upon him and his progeny) and stated: "While the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) was alive, everyone shared a single viewpoint; but after his death, faces turned in different directions"<ref>Hilyat al-Awliya', Vol. 1, p. 254.</ref>. He did not pledge allegiance (''bay'ah'') to Abu Bakr and deemed the council of [[Saqifah]] worthless<ref>See: Kitab Sulaym ibn Qays, pp. 138–140; Sharh Nahj al-Balaghah, Vol. 2, pp. 51–52.</ref>. Some researchers consider tribal partisanship, his Khazraji lineage, and his association with [[Sa'd ibn Ubadah]] as influential factors in this stance. The following narration from the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) is attributed to him: "O Ubayy! Hold fast to Ali, for he is the guided guide and the sincere advisor to my nation"<ref>Al-Ihtijaj, Vol. 1, p. 157; Bihar al-Anwar, Vol. 29, pp. 87–88.</ref>.

Historical sources regard him as one of the jurists during the era of the [[Rashidun Caliphs|Rightly Guided Caliphs]], particularly during the times of [[Umar ibn al-Khattab|Umar]] and [[Uthman]]<ref>Tarikh al-Ya'qubi, Vol. 2, pp. 161, 173.</ref>. When [[Tarawih prayers]] were instituted as congregational prayers upon the suggestion of the second Caliph, Ubayy led the congregation in the year 14 AH; however, after some time, apparently due to his opposition to this innovation, he ceased leading them, and people would continually say: "Where is Ubayy?" or "Keep Ubayy"<ref>Sunan Abi Dawud, Vol. 1, p. 322; Siyar A'lam al-Nubala', Vol. 1, p. 400.</ref>.

== The Mushaf of Ubayy ==
Ubayy possessed a codex (mushaf) that differed in certain respects from the Quran commonly recited among [[Muslim]]s. His mushaf contained 115 surahs, and the order of its surahs corresponded with that of the mushaf of [[Abdullah ibn Masud|Ibn Masud]], except that he placed [[Surah Al-Anfal]] before [[Surah At-Tawbah]]<ref>Al-Itqan, Vol. 1, p. 175.</ref>. His codex included two surahs named "Hafd" and "Khala'"<ref>Al-Itqan, Vol. 1, p. 178.</ref>, which are actually supplications of qunut and appear to have been erroneously recorded among the Quranic surahs. Furthermore, the phrase '''"In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful"''' did not appear between [[Surah Al-Fil]] and [[Surah Quraysh]], suggesting that these two were considered a single surah<ref>Al-Itqan, Vol. 1, p. 179.</ref>. Nevertheless, narrations from the [[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahl al-Bayt]] also allude to this fact<ref>Wasail al-Shia, Vol. 6, p. 56.</ref>, although the mushaf ought to include the Basmalah.
The beginning of [[Surah Az-Zumar]] in this mushaf started with "Ha Mim"; thus, there were eight Hawamim surahs<ref>Al-Itqan, Vol. 1, p. 175.</ref>. Additionally, some words were replaced with their synonyms; for example, the verse '''{{Quran text |QALU YA WAYLANA MAN BA'ATHANA MIN MARQADINA |Surah = Ya-Sin |Verse = 36:52 }}''' appeared as "man habbana min marqadina," or the verse '''{{Quran text |KULLAMA ADA'A LAHUM MASHAW FIHI |Surah = Al-Baqarah |Verse = 2:20 }}''' was rendered as "maraw fihi" or "sa'aw fihi"<ref>Majma' al-Bayan, Vol. 8, p. 280; Al-Muharrar al-Wajiz, Vol. 4, p. 458.</ref>.

[[Ibn al-Nadim]], reporting from [[Fadl ibn Shadhan]], states that the circulation of Ubayy's mushaf originated in a village near [[Basra]] called Qaryat al-Ansar, where Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik al-Ansari presented it, having narrated it from his ancestors<ref>Al-Fihrist, p. 29.</ref>. According to some reports, during the standardization of the codices under Uthman, Ubayy ibn Ka'b's mushaf served as the primary source for the work of [[Zayd ibn Thabit]]<ref>Al-Masahif, pp. 30-31, 63-64.</ref>. Subsequently, like other codices except that of Ibn Masud, Ubayy's mushaf was burned after the standardization process, or its writings were erased by washing with water and vinegar<ref>Tarikh Ya'qubi, Vol. 2, p. 170.</ref>.

== The Teaching Assembly and the School of Exegesis in Medina ==
Ubayy held a teaching assembly in the [[Prophet's Mosque|Mosque of the Prophet]] and recounted hadiths to the people. He also reported [[hadith]] to the large gatherings that convened in his home<ref>Ubayy ibn Ka'b, Issawi, p. 71.</ref>. He is regarded as the founder of the School of Exegesis in Medina, and his interpretations were transmitted through his marginal notes in his mushaf or via his students and narrators<ref>Ubayy ibn Ka'b, Zaghlul, pp. 86-88.</ref>. One method for identifying [[Medinan surahs]] and [[Meccan surahs]] in the [[Quran]] is attributed to Ubayy's designation of the Medinan surahs, since he was constantly present in Medina alongside the Prophet and was fully acquainted with the Medinan revelations<ref>Ubayy ibn Ka'b, Issawi, p. 76.</ref>.

== Ubayy's Connection to Certain Medinan Verses ==
The [[occasion of revelation]] (shan nuzul) of several Quranic verses is linked to Ubayy. According to reports from [[Ikrimah Sabri|Ikrimah]] and Muqatil, two Jewish individuals told Ubayy and a group of Muslims that their own religion was superior to Islam. Consequently, the verse '''{{Quran text |KUNTUM KHAYRA UMMATIN UKHRIJAT LILNNASI TA'MURUNA BILMA'RUFI WA TANHAWNA ANILMUNKARI WA TU'MINUNA BILLAH WA LAW AMANA AHLULKITABI LAKANA KHAYRAN LAHUM MINHUMULMU'MINUNA WA AKTHARUHUMULFASIQUN |Surah = Al Imran |Verse = 110 }}''' was revealed, affirming the superiority of Islam. A historical report concerning the [[Event of Ifk]] (the [[slander]] against [[Aisha]]) states that when Umm Tufayl reported this rumor to her husband Ubayy, he vehemently denied it, calling it a [[lie]], and said: "The wives of the Prophet are far better than our wives; if our wives do not engage in such acts, it is even more fitting that the wives of the Prophet should not do so." Then verse 12 of Surah Al-Nur (24) was [[revealed]]: '''{{Quran text |LAWLA IDH SAMI'TUMUHU ZANNALMU'MINUNA WALMU'MINATU BI'ANFUSIHIM KHAIRAN WA QALU HADHA IFKUN MUBIN |Surah = Al-Nur |Verse = 12 }}'''. Furthermore, the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) told him: "God has commanded me to recite the Quran to you." Deeply moved by being deemed worthy of such divine favor, Ubayy listened as the Prophet recited the verse: '''{{Quran text |QUL BIFADLILLAH WA BIRAHMATIH FABIDHALIKA FALYAFRAHU HUWA KHAYRUN MIMMA YAJMA'UN |Surah = Yunus |Verse = 58 }}'''<ref>Al-Tabaqat, Ibn Sa'd, Vol. 2, p. 341; Al-Isti'ab, Vol. 1, p. 67; Usd al-Ghabah, Vol. 1, p. 62.</ref>. During the era of Uthman, in the effort to standardize the codices, after the first group proved unable to complete the task, Ubayy assumed leadership of the second group; he dictated while others wrote<ref>Al-Tabaqat, Ibn Sa'd, Vol. 3, p. 502.</ref>. The second Caliph considered Ali (peace be upon him) superior in judicial matters and Ubayy superior in Quranic recitation above all others; although he himself stated: "Sometimes I do not act according to Ubayy's recitation"<ref>Al-Isti'ab, Vol. 1, p. 68.</ref>. It appears he did not truly believe in Ubayy's superiority in recitation, or perhaps Ubayy's recitation occasionally conflicted with the Caliph's beliefs and practices, leading him not to follow it.

== Death ==
The exact date of Ubayy's death is not known with certainty. His year of death is cited as 19 AH<ref>Tahdhib al-Kamal, Vol. 2, p. 271; Taqrib al-Tahdhib, Vol. 1, p. 71.</ref>, 20 AH<ref>Tahdhib al-Kamal, Vol. 2, p. 271.</ref>, and 22 AH during the [[Caliphate|caliphate]] of [[Umar ibn al-Khattab|Umar]]<ref>Al-Isti'ab, Vol. 1, p. 69; Usd al-Ghabah, Vol. 1, p. 63; Al-Isabah, Vol. 1, p. 181.</ref>. Others have placed his death in the year 30 AH during the caliphate of Uthman; however, most historians record his passing during Umar's caliphate<ref>Usd al-Ghabah, Vol. 1, p. 63; Al-Isabah, Vol. 1, p. 181.</ref>. Al-Mada'ini considers the time of Ubayy's [[death]], along with that of Abbas and Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, to be close together in the early days of Uthman's caliphate<ref>Al-Isti'ab, Vol. 1, p. 69.</ref>. Considering Ubayy's presence in the collection and standardization of the Quran, as well as Zirr ibn Hubaysh's meeting with him during Uthman's caliphate and people's inquiries to him regarding the tribulations of Uthman's era, it seems his death occurred toward the end of Uthman's caliphate<ref>Usd al-Ghabah, Vol. 1, p. 63; Tahdhib al-Kamal, Vol. 2, pp. 271-272.</ref>. He died in Medina and was buried in [[Al-Baqi']]. Some sources mention a tomb attributed to Ubayy in the cemeteries of [[Damascus]]<ref>Tarikh Dimashq, Vol. 7, p. 347; Minhaj al-Sunnah, Vol. 7, p. 43.</ref>.

== See Also ==
* [[Companions of the Prophet]]
* [[Ansar]]
* [[Aisha]]

== Footnotes ==
{{Footnotes}}

== Sources ==
* [http://isca.ac.ir/Portal/home/?news/116878/83445/176518/%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%20%D8%A8%D9%86%20%DA%A9%D8%B9%D8%A8 Ubayy ibn Ka'b - Research Institute for Islamic Science and Culture], Date of publication: n.d., Date accessed: 19 Shahrivar 1401 SH.

{{Islamic Scholars}}
[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Companions of the Prophet]]

Draft:Ubayy ibn Ka'b - Revision history

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی