Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

2026-06-15T06:43:19Z

ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

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{{Infobox person
| title = The Great Da'i
| image = Da'i.jpg
| name = Hasan ibn Zid ibn Muhammad
| other_names = The Great Da'i
| birth_year = First half of the 3rd century
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Medina]]
| death_year =
| death_date = 3 Rajab 270 AH
| death_place = Amol
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Shia Islam|Shia]]
| works =
| known_for = Founder of the Alavid dynasty of Tabaristan
| website =
}}

'''Hasan ibn Zid ibn Muhammad''', known by the laqab of The Great Da'i, was the founder of the [[Alavids of Tabaristan]] dynasty in the 3rd century, and was among the [[Sayyid]]s of Banu al-Hasan<ref>[https://fa.wikifeqh.ir/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1 The Great Da'i]</ref>.

==Parents==

His father was Zid ibn Muhammad ibn Ismail ibn Zid ibn Hasan, from the Sadat of Banu al-Hasan residing in [[Medina]], and his mother was the daughter of Abdullah ibn Ubaydallah al-A'raj<ref>Ali ibn Zid Bayhaqi, ''Lubab al-Ansab wa al-Alqab wa al-A'qab'', vol. 1, p. 256, ed. Mehdi Rajai, Qom 1410 AH</ref>.

==Youth==

Hasan ibn Zid also spent his youth in Medina<ref>Ibn Isfandiyar, ''Tarikh-e Tabaristan'', vol. 1, p. 94, ed. Abbas Iqbal Ashtiani, Tehran (1941 CE)</ref>. He likely participated in the uprising of Yahya ibn Umar. After the suppression of this uprising and the intensification of anti-Alavid policies by [[Al-Mutawakkil]], the Abbasid Caliph, the Sayyids of [[Hejaz]] and [[Iraq]] migrated to the central regions of [[Iran]]; apparently, it was around this time that Hasan ibn Zid went to [[Ray]] and settled there<ref>Ibrahim ibn Hilal al-Sabi, ''Kitab al-Muntaza' min al-Juz' al-Awwal min al-Kitab al-Ma'ruf bi-al-Taji fi Akhbar al-Dawla al-Daylamiya'', in ''Akhbar A'immat al-Zaydiya fi Tabaristan wa Daylaman wa Gilan'', vol. 1, p. 18, ed. Wilferd Madelung, Beirut: German Institute for Oriental Research, 1987</ref><ref>Ibid., p. 20</ref><ref>Muhsin ibn Muhammad Hakim al-Jushumi, ''Nukhab min Kitab Jala' al-Absar'', vol. 1, p. 127, quoted by Ahmad ibn Sa'd al-Din al-Musawwi in the book ''Tuhfat al-Abrar'', in ''Akhbar A'immat al-Zaydiya fi Tabaristan wa Daylaman wa Gilan'', ed. Wilferd Madelung, Beirut: German Institute for Oriental Research, 1987</ref>.

==Leadership of the Alavids of Tabaristan==

Following an uprising in [[Tabaristan]] in the year 250 AH, a group of residents, guided by one of the Alavids residing in Tabaristan, went to [[Ray]] and invited Hasan ibn Zid to accept their leadership. He subsequently went from Ray to Tabaristan, and most of the people of Tabaristan and local Daylamite princes, such as the Justanids, pledged allegiance to him in [[Ramadan]] 250 AH<ref>Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, ''Tarikh'' (Beirut), vol. 9, p. 271</ref><ref>Hamza ibn Hasan al-Isfahani, ''Tarikh Seni Muluk al-Ard wa al-Anbiya alayhim al-Salat wa al-Salam'', vol. 1, p. 170, Beirut: Dar Maktabat al-Hayat, (n.d.)</ref><ref>Hamza ibn Hasan al-Isfahani, ''Tarikh Seni Muluk al-Ard wa al-Anbiya alayhim al-Salat wa al-Salam'', vol. 1, p. 174, Beirut: Dar Maktabat al-Hayat, (n.d.)</ref><ref>Ibrahim ibn Hilal al-Sabi, ''Kitab al-Muntaza' min al-Juz' al-Awwal min al-Kitab al-Ma'ruf bi-al-Taji fi Akhbar al-Dawla al-Daylamiya'', in ''Akhbar A'immat al-Zaydiya fi Tabaristan wa Daylaman wa Gilan'', vol. 1, p. 20, ed. Wilferd Madelung, Beirut: German Institute for Oriental Research, 1987</ref>.

==Dominion over Tabaristan==

To expel the Tahirids from Tabaristan, Hasan ibn Zid first attacked Amol. After capturing Amol, he headed towards Sari, and with the capture of Sari, all of Tabaristan came under the dominion of Hasan ibn Zid<ref>Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, ''Tarikh'' (Beirut), vol. 9, p. 271-272</ref><ref>Ibrahim ibn Hilal al-Sabi, ''Kitab al-Muntaza' min al-Juz' al-Awwal min al-Kitab al-Ma'ruf bi-al-Taji fi Akhbar al-Dawla al-Daylamiya'', in ''Akhbar A'immat al-Zaydiya fi Tabaristan wa Daylaman wa Gilan'', vol. 1, p. 21, ed. Wilferd Madelung, Beirut: German Institute for Oriental Research, 1987</ref><ref>Ibn Athir, ''al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh'', vol. 7, p. 132-133</ref>.

==Conquest of Ray==

Shortly after, Hasan ibn Zid sent an army commanded by one of his relatives, who shared his name, to conquer Ray. This commander entered the city, expelled the Tahirid governor there, appointed Muhammad ibn Ja'far al-Alavi as the governor of Ray, and returned to Tabaristan himself. The rule of Muhammad ibn Ja'far did not last, and public dissatisfaction paved the way for the return of the Tahirids to Ray, but soon the commanders of Hasan ibn Zid captured Ray<ref>Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, ''Tarikh'' (Beirut), vol. 9, p. 275</ref>. Thus, all of Tabaristan and a large part of Daylam and Ray came under the possession of Hasan ibn Zid<ref>Ibid.</ref><ref>al-Mas'udi, ''Muruj'', vol. 5, p. 66 (Beirut)</ref>.

==Propagation of the Zaidi Faith==

He then proceeded to propagate his faith (Zaidi) and sent his missionaries to Damavand, Firuzkuh, and the outskirts of Ray<ref>Ibn Isfandiyar, ''Tarikh-e Tabaristan'', vol. 1, p. 231, ed. Abbas Iqbal Ashtiani, Tehran (1941 CE)</ref>.

==Hasan ibn Zaid's Conflict with Enemies==

The expansion of Hasan ibn Zaid's territories and his popularity among the people of [[Kufa]] and [[Samarra]] alarmed the Abbasid Caliph, al-Mu'tazz. In 253 AH, to suppress Hasan ibn Zaid, he sent an army commanded by Musa ibn Bugha towards Tabaristan<ref>Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, ''Tarikh'' (Beirut), vol. 9, p. 370</ref><ref>Ibid., p. 373</ref>. Musa ibn Bugha stationed himself in Hamadan and dispatched Muflih to seize Ray. After taking Qazvin and Ray in 255, Muflih entered Tabaristan.

===Defeat of Hasan ibn Zaid===

In the battle between Muflih and Hasan ibn Zaid, Hasan ibn Zaid was defeated and fled to Daylam. Muflih went to Amol and after burning the houses of the Alavids, he set out for Daylam in pursuit of Hasan ibn Zaid. At this time, Musa ibn Bugha sent a message to Muflih to stop pursuing Hasan ibn Zaid and join him in Ray. Apparently, the removal of al-Mu'tazz from the Caliphate and his death were the reasons for this decision<ref>Ibid., p. 382</ref><ref>Ibid., p. 389</ref><ref>Ibid., p. 406</ref>.

===Recapture of Ray===

With the departure of Musa ibn Bugha and Muflih to Samarra in 255, Hasan ibn Zaid returned to Amol and the following year, he took Ray. He also annexed Gorgan in 257 and Qumis in 259 to his territories<ref>Ibid., p. 474</ref><ref>Ibid., p. 506</ref><ref>Ibn Athir, ''al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh'', vol. 7, p. 248</ref>.

===Yaqub Layth's Attack on Tabaristan===

In 260, Hasan ibn Zaid faced an attack on Tabaristan by Yaqub Layth. Yaqub's pretext for attacking Tabaristan was the arrest of Abdullah ibn Muhammad Sijzi who had rebelled against him. Yaqub first took Ray. Apparently, Yaqub had sent a message to Hasan ibn Zaid to surrender Abdullah ibn Muhammad Sijzi. Since Hasan ibn Zaid refused, Yaqub Layth intended to battle him. At the beginning of the war, Hasan ibn Zaid fled and took refuge in the mountains of Daylam. Yaqub took Sari and Amol and went to the mountains of Daylam in pursuit of Hasan ibn Zaid. The geographical and climatic position of Daylam had made things difficult for Yaqub's soldiers. Finally, rain that fell continuously for forty days forced Yaqub to retreat<ref>Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, ''Tarikh'' (Beirut), vol. 9, p. 508–509</ref>.

===Return to Tabaristan===

In 261, after Yaqub's departure to Sistan, Hasan ibn Zaid returned to Tabaristan. By his order, the Alavids set fire to that city in revenge for the people of Chalūs cooperating with Yaqub<ref>Ibn Athir, ''al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh'', vol. 7, p. 288</ref>. At this time, the situation in Tabaristan was unstable, and in Gorgan, which was governed by Hasan ibn Zaid's brother, Muhammad, a group of Daylamis were disobeying; thus, by order of Hasan ibn Zaid, the hands and feet of a thousand Daylami men were cut off, as an example to others.
He also put a group of his opponents to death in Amol<ref>Ibn Isfandiyar, ''Tarikh-e Tabaristan'', vol. 1, p. 243, ed. Abbas Iqbal Ashtiani, Tehran (1320 SH)</ref><ref>Ibn Isfandiyar, ''Tarikh-e Tabaristan'', vol. 1, p. 247–248, ed. Abbas Iqbal Ashtiani, Tehran (1320 SH)</ref>. In this way, he calmed Tabaristan and ruled there without concern until the year 266.

===Khujistani's Attack on Gorgan===

In this year, Ahmad ibn Abdallah al-Khujistani, one of the Saffarid commanders, attacked Gorgan. Hasan ibn Zaid, who was caught off guard, was defeated and went to Amol. At this time, Hasan Aqiqi, Hasan ibn Zaid's deputy in Sari, claimed that Hasan ibn Zaid had been killed and took allegiance from the people for himself. Hasan ibn Zaid went to Sari and killed Hasan Aqiqi<ref>Ibn Athir, ''al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh'', vol. 7, p. 335</ref>. Before his death, Hasan ibn Zaid chose his brother Muhammad as his successor.

==Death==

He died in Rajab or Shaban 270, due to illness<ref>Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, ''Tarikh'' (Beirut), vol. 9, p. 666</ref><ref>Ibn Athir, ''al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh'', vol. 7, p. 407</ref><ref>Abdullah ibn Isa Afandi Isfahani, ''Riyad al-Ulama wa Hiyyad al-Fudala'', vol. 1, p. 188, ed. Ahmad Husayni, Qom 1401</ref>.

==Child==

His only child was a daughter who died before the age of [[marriage]]<ref>Abu Nasr Sahl ibn Abdullah Bukhari, ''Sirr al-Silsala al-Alawiyya'', vol. 1, p. 26, ed. Muhammad Sadiq Bahr al-Ulum, Najaf 1381/1962</ref><ref>Ali ibn Zayd Bayhaqi, ''Lubab al-Ansab wa al-Alqab wa al-A'qab'', vol. 1, p. 256, ed. Mahdi Rajai, Qom 1410</ref><ref>Abdullah ibn Isa Afandi Isfahani, ''Riyad al-Ulama wa Hiyyad al-Fudala'', vol. 1, p. 189, ed. Ahmad Husayni, Qom 1401</ref>.

==Son-in-law==

Ibn Isfandiyar<ref>Ibn Isfandiyar, ''Tarikh-e Tabaristan'', vol. 1, p. 249, ed. Abbas Iqbal Ashtiani, Tehran (1320 SH)</ref> introduced Abu al-Husayn Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim as the son-in-law of Hasan ibn Zaid, which means the husband of his sister.

==Moral Characteristics==

Gardizi<ref>Abd al-Hayy ibn Zahhak Gardizi, ''Tarikh-e Gardizi'', vol. 1, p. 185, ed. Abd al-Hayy Habibi, Tehran 1363 SH</ref> and Ibn Athir<ref>Ibn Athir, ''al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh'', vol. 7, p. 407–408</ref> have described him as a faithful, generous, and jurist man who annually sent one thousand dinars to a pious man in [[Baghdad]] so that he would distribute it among the [[Alavids]] of the city<ref>Ibn Isfandiyar, ''Tarikh-e Tabaristan'', vol. 1, p. 95, which attributes this act to Muhammad ibn Zaid, ed. Abbas Iqbal Ashtiani, Tehran (1320 SH)</ref>. Also, Hasan ibn Zaid paid great attention to establishing Shia rituals, including ordering that the phrase "Hayya ala khayr al-amal" be mentioned in the [[Adhan]], prohibiting "wiping over khuffayn", and dealing harshly with Jabri and anthropomorphic views and the belief in the eternity of the [[Quran]], and regarding this, he had sent a decree to various regions under his rule<ref>Muhsin ibn Muhammad Hakim Jishumi, ''Nukhab min Kitab Jala al-Absar'', vol. 1, p. 128–129, quoted by Ahmad ibn Sa'd al-Din Masuri in the book ''Tuhfat al-Abrar'', in ''Akhbar A'immat al-Zaydiyya fi Tabaristan wa Daylaman wa Gilan'', ed. Wilferd Madelung, Beirut: al-Ma'had al-Almani lil-Abhath al-Sharqiyya, 1987</ref><ref>Ibn Isfandiyar, ''Tarikh-e Tabaristan'', vol. 1, p. 240–241, ed. Abbas Iqbal Ashtiani, Tehran (1320 SH)</ref>.

==Zubarah's Conflict with Hasan ibn Zaid==

His behavior with his opponents was also sometimes harsh <ref>Ibn Isfandiyar, ''Tarikh-e Tabaristan'', vol. 1, p. 242, ed. Abbas Iqbal Ashtiani, Tehran (1320 SH)</ref> and he has been criticized in this regard<ref>Abu Nasr Sahl ibn Abdullah Bukhari, ''Sirr al-Silsala al-Alawiyya'', vol. 1, p. 26–27, ed. Muhammad Sadiq Bahr al-Ulum, Najaf 1381/1962</ref><ref>Ali ibn Muhammad Umari, ''al-Majdi fi Ansab al-Talibiyyin'', vol. 1, p. 218, ed. Ahmad Mahdavi Damghani, Qom 1380 SH</ref>. In the official tradition of the Zaydiyyah, he is not recognized as an Imam<ref>Ahmad ibn Musa al-Tabari, ''al-Munir ala Madhhab al-Imam al-Hadi Yahya ibn al-Husayn alayhima al-Salam'', vol. 1, p. 172, ed. Ali Siraj al-Din Adlan, Sa'dah, Yemen 1421/2000</ref><ref>Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Hasani, ''al-Masabih'', vol. 1, p. 603, ed. Abdullah Houthi, Sana'a 1423/2002</ref>. Apparently, due to these same behaviors, a group of Zaydis of Tabaristan wrote a letter to Abu Ja'far Zubarah, the ancestor of the Banu Zubarah family of Nishapur in Medina, and while complaining about Hasan ibn Zaid's behaviors, they asked him to come there for the Imamate of the Zaydis<ref>Ali ibn Zayd Bayhaqi, ''Lubab al-Ansab wa al-Alqab wa al-A'qab'', vol. 2, p. 492, ed. Mahdi Rajai, Qom 1410</ref>. Abu Ja'far Zubarah also went to Tabaristan, but there he faced betrayal and in the battles that ensued between him and Hasan ibn Zaid, he was defeated and went to Aba (Aveh) and settled there<ref>Ali ibn Zayd Bayhaqi, ''Lubab al-Ansab wa al-Alqab wa al-A'qab'', vol. 2, p. 492, ed. Mahdi Rajai, Qom 1410</ref>.

== Physical Characteristics ==

Hasan ibn Zayd was physically a strong individual<ref>Al-Safadi, ''Al-Wafi bi-l-Wafayat'', vol. 12, p. 20</ref> and was known as Ḥālib/Jālib al-Ḥijārah<ref>Ibn Isfandyar, ''Tarikh-i Tabaristan'', vol. 1, p. 94, ed. Abbas Iqbal Ashtiani, Tehran (1941)</ref>. Bayhaqi<ref>Ali ibn Zayd Bayhaqi, ''Lubab al-Ansab wa-l-Alqab wa-l-A'qab'', vol. 1, p. 246, ed. Mahdi Raja'i, Qom 1410 AH</ref> has attributed this nickname, with explanations about its meanings, to Ismail ibn Hasan ibn Zayd, the ancestor of Hasan ibn Zayd.

== Poetry ==

Al-Safadi<ref>Al-Safadi, ''Al-Wafi bi-l-Wafayat'', vol. 12, pp. 20–22</ref>, likely quoting from Al-Suli's book ''Akhbar al-Khulafa'', introduced Hasan ibn Zayd as a poet and knowledgeable in poetry criticism, and also quoted poems from him.

== Footnotes ==
{{پانویس}}

[[رده:شخصیت‌ها]]
[[رده:شخصیت‌های شیعه]]
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Draft:The Great Da'i - Revision history

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی