Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

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ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

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{{Infobox person
| title = Sultan al-Ulama
| image =
| name =
| other_names = Ala al-Din Sayyid Husayn ibn Rafi al-Din, Khalifat al-Sultan
| birth_year = 1001 AH
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]], [[Isfahan]]
| death_year = 1064 AH
| death_date =
| death_place = [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]], Behshahr, Mazandaran
| teachers = {{Horizontal list|His grandfather Sayyid Rafi al-Din Muhammad ibn Shuja al-Din Mahmud Husayni| Mulla Husayn Yazdi Nadoshti| Mulla Mahmud Zamani|Sayyid Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Muhammad Husayni|[[Shaykh Baha'i]]}}
| students = {{Horizontal list|His children: Sayyid Hasan, Sayyid Ali, Sayyid Muhammad and Sayyid Ibrahim|Mirza Inayat Allah ibn Aqa Muhammad Mu'min ibn Muhammad Baqir Isfahani|Muhammad Dawud Tuyserkani| Aqa Husayn Khwansari |[[Muhammad Baqir Majlisi|Allamah Majlisi]] owner of ''Bihar al-Anwar''|Mirza Abd al-Razzaq Kashani and ...}}
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Shia Islam|Shia]]
| works = {{Horizontal list|''Tawdih al-Akhlaq'', Summary of the book ''Akhlaq-e Nasiri'' authored by Khwaja Nasir al-Din Tusi| ''Divan-e Sultan al-Ulama''| ''Risalat Munazaratuhu ma'a al-Shaykh Abi al-Suud fi al-Qustantiniyya''|''Unmudhaj al-Ulum''| Commentary on ''Tahdhib''| Commentary on ''Istibsar''| Commentary on ''Tafsir al-Baydawi'' and ...}}
| activities = {{Horizontal list|Supervision of many Sayyids, the poor, and men of knowledge and distribution of food for them during dark nights| Holding Friday prayers in Isfahan and establishing offices for endowments Founding seminaries| Establishing medical centers|}}
| website =
}}
'''Ala al-Din Sayyid Husayn ibn Rafi al-Din''' (b. 1001 AH), known as '''Sultan al-Ulama''', is among the Sayyids and religious and political grandees of [[Shia Islam|Shia]] in the 11th century AH. He studied in the presence of scholars such as his grandfather, Sayyid Rafi al-Din Muhammad, Mulla Mahmud Zamani, [[Shaykh Baha'i]], Sayyid Muhammad ibn Ali, and Mulla Husayn Yazdi Nadoshti, and students such as Aqa Husayn Khwansari, [[Muhammad Baqir Majlisi|Allamah Majlisi]], Mirza Abd al-Razzaq Kashani, Mulla Muhammad Salim Razi, and ... were trained by him. The scientific fame of '''Sultan al-Ulama''' caused him to be appointed to the vizierate in 1033 AH by [[Shah Abbas Safavi|Shah Abbas]], and in the same year, he married the Shah's daughter and became the Shah's son-in-law. He remained in this position until the death of Shah Abbas I, and then during the time of Shah Safi, due to discord that occurred between him and the Shah, he was dismissed from this position and exiled to [[Qom]], during which period in this city he authored various works including commentaries on various hadith, [[Fiqh|jurisprudential]], [[Usul al-Fiqh|principles of jurisprudence]], and [[Tafsir|exegetical]] books. Sultan al-Ulama was again invited by the Shah to the position of vizierate and remained in this vizierate position until his death during the era of Shah Abbas II. Attending to the affairs of Sayyids, scholars, and the poor, establishing endowment administration offices, founding seminaries and clinics were among the activities of his vizierate period. He finally died in 1064 AH in Mazandaran, and his body was transferred to [[Najaf Ashraf]] and buried in the Holy Shrine.

==Biography==
Ala al-Din Sayyid Husayn ibn Rafi al-Din, known as Sultan al-Ulama, was born in 1001 AH in the city of [[Isfahan]]. Most of his ancestors and forefathers were religious and political grandees in various eras, and in the later period, they were famous as Khalifat Sayyids. His lineage from his father's side reached [[Ali ibn Husayn (Zayn al-Abidin)|Imam Sajjad (peace be upon him)]] with 29 intermediaries, and from his mother's side, he was from the Sayyids of Shahrestan. The ancestors of Sayyid Husayn were among the scholars and rulers of Mazandaran, including his great-grandfather Sayyid Mir Buzurg Marashi who governed for a period of his noble life in Mazandaran, and from his family, the first person who settled in [[Isfahan]] was Mir Nizam al-Din Ali ibn Mir Qavam al-Din Muhammad. His grandfather, Sayyid Shuja al-Din Mahmud ibn Sayyid Ali, was proficient in rational and transmitted sciences and endowed many properties for charitable affairs. His father Rafi al-Din "al-Haqq", and his brother Mirza Qavam al-Din ibn Mirza Rafi al-Din Muhammad were among the religious and political grandees, who were appointed to the sadrat (chancellorship) during the time of Shah Abbas I, and were known for virtue, perfection, soundness of soul, and benevolence<ref>Sayyid Muhsin Amin, ''A'yan al-Shia'', Vol. 10, p. 108; Vol. 5, p. 10; Vol. 8, p. 481.</ref>.

==Education and Teaching==
Seyyed Hossein was born and raised in a family of knowledge and virtue. His first and best teacher and mentor was his honorable father, Rafi al-Din. During his education, he was a study partner with Mulla Khalil, and besides being study partners, there was a deep friendship between the two, such that Mulla Khalil published the book ''Al-Shafi fi Sharh al-Kafi'' under the name Sultan al-Ulama. In addition to being students of Rafi al-Din, the father of Sultan al-Ulama, both attended the lectures of [[Sheikh Bahai]], Mulla Muhammad Zamani, and Mulla Hossein Yazdi Ndoushani, and benefited from their presence<ref>Aqa Buzurg Tehrani, ''Al-Dhari'a ila Tasanif al-Shi'a'', Vol. 3, p. 6.</ref>.

===Teachers===
# Mulla Mahmud Zamani;
# Mulla Hossein Yazdi Ndoushani;
# Seyyed Muhammad bin Ali bin Muhammad Hasani;
# Sheikh Bahai Baha al-Din Muhammad bin Hossein bin Abd al-Samad;
# His honorable father, Seyyed Rafi al-Din Muhammad bin Shuja al-Din Mahmud Hosseini.

===Teaching===
He was among the most famous teachers and professors of his time, and more than two thousand people attended his lectures and sermon pulpits<ref>Seyyed Mohsen Amin, ''A'yan al-Shi'a'', Vol. 6, p. 165.</ref>. He held lectures in subjects such as logic, ethics, exegesis, jurisprudence, and principles, and he trained students and authored various works in this field.

===Students===
# Mirza Inayat Allah bin Aqa Muhammad Mu'min bin Muhammad Baqir Isfahani, uncle of Sahib al-Riyad;
# Muhammad Dawud Tuyserkani;
# Seyyed Hassan, Seyyed Ali, Seyyed Muhammad, and Seyyed Ebrahim, sons of Sultan al-Ulama;
# Aqa Hossein Khwansari, author of ''Mashariq al-Shumus'';
# [[Allamah Majlisi]] author of ''Bihar al-Anwar'';
# Mirza Isa, father of Seyyed Ali Sahib al-Riyad;
# Mirza Abd al-Razzaq Kashani;
# Mulla Abu al-Khayr Muhammad Taqi Farsi, author of ''Risalat Ma'rifat al-Taqwim'';
# Mulla Muhammad Salim Razi.

===Works===
{{فهرست ستونی|۲}}
# ''Tawdih al-Akhlaq'', summary of the book ''Akhlaq-e Nasiri'' authored by Khwaja Nasir al-Din Tusi;
#''Commentary on Tahdhib wa Istibsar'';
#''Diwan Sultan al-Ulama'';
#''Adab al-Hajj'';
#''Anmudhaj al-Ulum'';
#''Commentary on Baydawi Exegesis'';
#''Commentary on Khafari's Commentary on Sharh Tajrid Qushchi'';
#''Commentary on Sharh al-Lum'ah'';
#''Commentary on the Explanation of Forty Hadiths by Sheikh Bahai'';
#''Commentary on the Explanation of Mukhtasar al-Usul by Adud'';
#''Commentary on Sharh Shamsiyyah'';
#''Commentary on Ma'alim'';
# ''Commentary on Sharh Matali'';
# ''Commentary on Mukhtalif al-Allamah'';
# ''Commentary on Kashshaf'';
# ''Commentary on Zubdat al-Usul by Sheikh Bahai'';
# ''Commentary on Shara'i al-Islam'';
# ''Commentary on Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih, (on some of its chapters)'';
# ''Commentary on the Old Jalaliyah Hashiyah'';
#''Treatise on His Debates with Sheikh Abu al-Suud in Constantinople''. This book is the result of the efforts of his son Seyyed Ali.
{{پایان}}

===Scientific Debates===
Seyyed Hossein traveled to various regions, including Constantinople, [[Egypt]], and [[Yemen]], and in Egypt, he engaged in debates and exchange of views with the scholars of [[Cairo]]. He also met with the Imam of the [[Zaidiyyah]] in Yemen, and during his trip to Constantinople, he had debates with Abi Masud, the Mufti and famous exegete, which his son Seyyed Ali later compiled into a book.

==Ministry Position==
With Seyyed Hossein's scientific growth, he gained the attention and favor of [[Shah Abbas Safavi|Shah Abbas I]], and after the death of Salman Khan, the Shah's then minister, in 1033 AH, he was appointed to the ministry by [[Shah Abbas Safavi|Shah Abbas]]. At the same time, his father Rafi al-Din also held the position of Sadarat, and these two dignitaries each responded to people's referrals in their own capacity. Sultan al-Ulama, during the time of Shah Abbas, in addition to holding the ministry of Shah Abbas for about four to five years, also married his daughter in 1033 AH and became the Shah's son-in-law, the result of this union was the birth of four sons named Seyyed Ebrahim, Seyyed Hossein, Seyyed Rafi al-Din Muhammad, and Seyyed Ali, all of whom were among the scholars and dignitaries of their time and held the status of ijtihad and inference. After the death of Shah Abbas, he held the ministry of Shah Safi for two years, and due to a conflict with the Shah in one of the wars between him and Shah Safi, in 1041 AH, he was dismissed from the ministry position by the Shah, and the Shah ordered that all his children be blinded, and he himself was exiled to [[Qom]]. After being exiled to Qom, Seyyed Hossein was engaged in study, teaching, and authoring for between ten to fifteen years, during which time he also wrote the book ''Commentary on Ma'alim al-Din''. After some time, Shah Safi summoned him to Isfahan and appointed him to the ministry again. He had gone for the [[Hajj]] pilgrimage to [[Mecca |Mecca Mukarramah]] when Shah Safi passed away and Shah Abbas II ascended to the throne, and after the murder of Mir Taqi Khan in 1052 AH, he appointed him to the ministry, which he held for eight years and six months until the end of his noble life in 1060 AH, serving as the minister of Shah Abbas II.

==Moral Characteristics==
Sultan al-Ulama, in addition to prominent characteristics such as virtue, perfection of soundness of soul, humility, and benevolence, possessed great magnanimity and very high spiritual ability. Such that after his conflict with Shah Safi, dismissal from the ministry position, the blinding of his children, and exile to [[Qom]] by the Shah, he engaged in authoring and research in Qom with patience and resistance, and by enduring these calamities, he left behind valuable works.

==Activities==
# Guardianship over many Alavids, the poor, and scholars, and distributing food for them on dark nights;
# Leading [[Friday Prayer]] in [[Isfahan]] and establishing offices for endowments;
# Establishing seminaries;
# Establishing medical centers.

==Death==
Sultan al-Ulama died in Behshahr, Mazandaran, after returning from the conquest of Kandahar in 1064 AH. His body was transferred to [[Najaf]] and buried in a place called Kashwaniyah, in the southeast of the Holy Shrine.

==See also==
* [[Shaykh Baha'i]]
* [[Friday Prayer]]
* [[Isfahan]]
* [[Najaf]]
* [[Qom]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*[https://fa.al-shia.org/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%89-%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1/ Sayyid Hussein Hosseini Marashi (Sultan al-Ulama), Al-Shia Scientific, Cultural, Belief Foundation], insertion date: n.d., access date: 6 Mordad 1403 SH.
*Karimi, Ali-Reza, ''Khalifeh Sultan (Sultan al-Ulama) Jurist and Prime Minister of the Era'', Islamic Government Quarterly, No. 6, Winter 1376 SH.

[[Category:Iran]]
[[Category:People]]

Draft:Sultan al-Ulama - Revision history

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی