Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

2026-07-04T08:26:32Z

ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

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{{Infobox person
| title = Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi
| image = Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi-1.jpg
| name = Abu al-Qasim Mahmud ibn Nadim
| other_names = {{Horizontal list|Saif al-Dawla|Fahim al-Dawla|Sultan Mazi|Parviz al-Milla|Ghazi}}
| birth_year = 360 AH
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Ghazni
| death_year = 421 AH
| death_date =
| death_place = Ghazni
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| works =
| occupation = Ruler
| website =
}}

'''Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi''' was born in the year 360 AH in Ghazni, one of the cities of [[Afghanistan]] located in the foothills of the Sulaiman Mountains. He lived for sixty-one years and died in the year 421 [[Islamic calendar|AH]] in the same region. One of his famous titles is Ghazi, by which he was named due to his birthplace. Mahmud's father was Abu Mansur Naser al-Dawla "Sebuktigin", who was the son-in-law of "Alptigin" and like him was of Turkic slave origin. Alptigin, who is the true founder of the Ghaznavid state, purchased Sebuktigin from slave merchants in [[Nishapur]] and then took him as his son-in-law. In the year 366 AH, Sebuktigin succeeded Alptigin. Sebuktigin reigned for nineteen years. Sultan Mahmud, who was the first independent ruler and the greatest figure of the [[Ghaznavid dynasty]], is famous for his warfare, fearlessness, numerous conquests, and the splendor of his court in [[Islamic history]], especially his expeditions in [[India]] and the spoils he brought from there. He was the first ruler in the realm of the Islamic Caliphate to give himself the title of Sultan to show his independence from the Caliphate institution, although the [[Caliph]] had only accepted the title of Amir for him.

== Biography ==
He was born in the year 360 AH and died on Thursday, 23 [[Rabi' al-Thani|Rabi' al-Thani]] of the year 421 AH in the city of Ghazni from tuberculosis (consumption). After his death, he was called Amir-i Mazi. Mahmud ascended to the emirate in the year 387 AH after the death of [[Abu Mansur Naser al-Dawla Sebuktigin]] after defeating his brother Isma'il.

== Wars ==
Sultan Mahmud prevailed over [[Abu Ibrahim Isma'il ibn Nuh]] titled [[Muntasir]] the Samanid. After that, he eliminated Khalaf ibn Ahmad, the remainder of the [[Saffarids]]. Then he engaged in [[war]] with the Khanates of Turkestan and after pacifying those regions, he intended to conquer Khwarazm and Gurganj, and in the year 392 AH, he attacked [[India]] as a jihad and until the year 416 AH, within 24 years, he fought several wars, of which 12 of his expeditions are more important. Among Mahmud's other conquests, one can mention the conquest of [[Ray]] and [[Isfahan]] and the defeat of Majd al-Dawla the Daylamite, which occurred in the year 420 AH.

The greatest war of Sultan Mahmud is the war of Somnath, which took place in (416 AH), because Sultan Mahmud had heard that the largest temples were in the city of Somnath, so Sultan Mahmud and 300,000 fighting men attacked Somnath via Multan and Ajmer after crossing the waterless deserts of Rajputana. Although the Rajas of [[India]] had gathered to protect this [[temple]], but as a result of the bloody [[war|war]], a large number of them were killed and they saw no choice but to surrender. Sultan Mahmud destroyed the [[idolaters|temple]]. There were precious jewels in this temple; Sultan Mahmud took them all as spoils and brought them to Ghazni.

== Status of Science and Literature during Mahmud's Reign ==
The gathering of scholars and poets in the court of Mahmud Ghaznavi and the poems and books arranged in his name have made his name known around the world. The most famous poets of his court were: Unsuri Balkhi, [[Farrukhi Sistani]], Asjadi Marvazi, Zaynati, Manshuri Samarkandi, Kasa'i Marvazi, and Ghada'iri Rayzi.

Although [[Ferdowsi Tusi]] lived during his time and presented the ''Shahnameh'' to him, he was not affiliated with Mahmud's court. Among the scholars of the Mahmudic court, none is more famous than [[Abu Rayhan Biruni]]. The famous viziers of Sultan Mahmud's court were these persons: Fadl ibn Ahmad Isfarayini, Abu al-Qasim Ahmad ibn Hasan Maymandi, and Abu Ali Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Mikal known as Hasanak Vizier. The special secretary of Sultan Mahmud's court was Abu Nasr Mushkan.

== Religion and Government; Foundation of Shadow of God Sultanate ==
Sultan Mahmud was [[Hanafi|Hanafi]] and was very strict in the implementation of [[Sharia]]. He was strongly opposed to [[Shia Islam|Shias]] and [[Batinis]] and massacred many Shias to show loyalty to the [[Abbasids|Abbasid Caliph]]. He once said himself that "I have pointed fingers in the world for the [[Caliph]] and seek Qarmatians (he called Shias by this word) and if their [[religion|sect]] becomes Muslim, I will eliminate them".

With his rise to power, the rise of Shia currents in [[Iran]] declined for a while. Sultan Mahmud himself is among the first powerful figures to call himself Sultan. His governmental theory is a type of sultanate conditional on the approval of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. Although in practice he did not listen to anyone, he derived the legitimacy of his sultanate from the approval of the [[Abbasids|Abbasid Caliph]] in [[Baghdad]]. The Caliph always considered him his successor and confirmed his power. In fact, after Sultan Mahmud, the sultans who rise to power in this manner increase.

== The Only Lady Whom Sultan Mahmud Could Not Defeat ==
Sultan Mahmud, at the height of his power, set his sights on [[ری]], [[اصفهان]], and [[عراق]] Ajam (Central). At that time, a woman named Sayyida Malik Khatun was the ruler of [[ری]]. It is narrated that Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi wrote in a letter to her: "You must recite the khutbah in my name, mint coins in my name, and accept tribute, otherwise I will come and take Ray from you and eliminate you...".

Malik Khatun, who was a clever woman, mentioned something in response to Mahmud's letter that tied Mahmud's hands. She wrote:

"As long as I was alive, I was concerned that you might take this path and intend to take Ray. Since he passed away and the role fell to me, this concern left my heart. I said: Mahmud is a wise king; he knows that one should not go to war with a woman who is a ruler. Now if you come, God knows that I will not flee and will stand for battle. The outcome will not be beyond two things: one of the two armies will be defeated. If I defeat you, I will write to the whole world that I defeated Sultan Mahmud, who had defeated a hundred kings; this would be a letter of victory and prose and also a poem of victory for me [and if you defeat me, what can you write? Would you say: I defeated a woman? You will receive neither a letter of victory nor a poem of victory], for defeating a woman is no great pride; they will say that Sultan Mahmud defeated a woman".

The decisive answer that Sayyida Malik Khatun gave to Sultan Mahmud compelled him to refrain from conflict with Malik Khatun.

== Death of the Sultan ==
Eventually, Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi died of tuberculosis in the city of Ghazni on [[جمعه]] 17 [[ماه ربیع الثانی|ربیع‌الثانی]] 421 AH (30 April 1030 AD). After Mahmud's death, the sultanate passed to Sultan Mas'ud after a brief conflict between Mas'ud and Mohammad (Mahmud's sons). With Mas'ud Ghaznavi's rise to power, the decline of this government also began. The Ghaznavid territory quickly fell into the hands of rivals, particularly the [[سلجوقیان]], and Mas'ud himself was deposed from the sultanate.

Many consider the premature decline of the Ghaznavids to be due to the severely weak administrative system of this government. Unlike the Samanids, the Ghaznavids had not built their power on a solid bureaucracy. The main power was in the hands of the Shah and then the military commanders. The Shah had absolute will, and whoever was closer to him gained more power. This incident led to increased competition, jealousy, and conflict among courtiers and ultimately the rapid decline of the Ghaznavids.

== See Also ==
* [[ری]]
* [[خلیفه]]
* [[ابوریحان بیرونی]]

== References ==
* [https://mandegar.tarikhema.org/mahmod-ghaznavi Derived from the website Biography of Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi | Celebrities of Our History], Date of insertion: Undated, Date of viewing: 19 Dey 1400 SH.
* [https://www.khabarfoori.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B2-%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C-39/1845702-%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8% Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi; From the Massacre of Shiites to the Attack on India/ Mahmud and Ayaz's Love in Literary History / How Did Sultan Mahmud Break the Heart of the Great Ferdowsi?], Date of insertion: 11 Ordibehesht 1399 SH, Date of viewing: 19 Dey 1400 SH.

[[رده:شخصیت‌ها]]
[[رده:سران کشور‌ها]]
[[رده:سران کشور‌های اسلامی]]
[[رده:افغانستان]]

Draft:Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi - Revision history

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی