Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

2026-07-11T05:04:12Z

ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

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{{Infobox royalty
| title = Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik
| image = Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik.jpg
| name = Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
| other_names =
| birth_year = 54 AH
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_year = 99 AH
| death_date = 10th [[Safar|Safar]], 99 AH
| death_place = [[Syria]], Aleppo, Qinnasrin
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| works =
| occupation = Seventh Umayyad Caliph
| website =
}}
'''Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik''' was the seventh [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad Caliph]]. He was the brother and successor of [[Al-Walid I|Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik]]. Sulayman ascended to the caliphate in 96 AH.
Al-Walid, towards the end of his [[Caliphate|caliphate]], intended to appoint his son Abd al-Aziz as his successor, but he died before taking this action, and Sulayman assumed the [[Caliph|caliphate]] and dismissed the appointees of Al-Hajjaj, and appointed Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, who was an enemy of Al-Hajjaj, as governor of [[Iraq]] and then governor of [[Khorasan]]. Sulayman established the city of Ramla in [[Palestine]] as the seat of the caliphate. The [[Caliph]] was wise, clever, eloquent, and ambitious. During his reign, war with Eastern Rome (Byzantium) continued; Maslama (the Caliph's brother) captured Pergamon and Sardis, and then the [[Muslims]] besieged [[Constantinople]]. Towards the end of his life, upon the recommendation of Raja ibn Haywa, Sulayman chose Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz as his successor. Sulayman died in Dabiq in 99 AH.

== Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik ==
"Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan"; the seventh Umayyad Caliph, he came to power after his brother "Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik". His mother's name was "Wallada". <ref>Al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya; ''Ansab al-Ashraf'', Beirut, Dar al-Fikr, 1417, 1st, Vol. 8, p. 99</ref> He held the authority of the caliphate of the Islamic community from 96 to 99 AH. <ref>Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir; ''Tarikh al-Tabari'', translated by Abul-Qasim Payandeh, Tehran, Asatir, 1375, 5th edition, Vol. 9, pp. 3943 and 3892</ref>

For a time during the reign of his brother Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik, he was his advisor and minister. At the time of his brother's death, he was stationed in "Ramla", a city he had built himself during his governorship in [[Palestine]]. <ref>Al-Walid had entrusted him with the governorship of Palestine; he resided in "Ludd" (one of the cities of Palestine), then founded the city of Ramla. Al-Masudi, Ali ibn Husayn; ''Al-Tanbih wa al-Ishraf'', translated by Abul-Qasim Payandeh, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural, 1365, 2nd edition, p. 342</ref> His cousin; [[Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz]] pledged allegiance to him in [[Damascus]] <ref>Ya'qubi, Ibn Wadih; ''Tarikh Ya'qubi'', translated by Muhammad Ibrahim Ayati, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural Publications, 1371, 6th, Vol. 2, p. 250</ref> He was arrogant, gluttonous, pot-bellied, and handsome. <ref>Al-Dinawari, Abu Hanifa; ''Akhbar al-Tiwal'', translated by Mahmoud Mahdavi Damghani, Tehran, Ney, 4th edition, p. 371</ref>

== Domestic Policy ==
After coming to power, Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik took measures to gain the favor of the [[Muslims]]. Among these measures, the following can be mentioned.

'''Dismissal of Certain Governors'''

Sulayman dismissed "Qutayba ibn Muslim al-Bahili", one of the greatest Islamic conquerors who had achieved very significant victories in the [[Transoxiana|Transoxiana]] region, and then had him killed. <ref>Al-Tabari, Ibid., Vol. 9, p. 3893 and Ya'qubi, Ibid., Vol. 2, p. 354</ref> Muhammad ibn Qasim was also killed by Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman, the tax agent of [[Iraq]]. <ref>Touqoush, Muhammad Suhail; ''The Umayyad State'', translated by Hojjatollah Joudaki, Qom, Research Institute of Hawza and University, 1386, 3rd edition, p. 169</ref> Some historians have cited Qutayba's support for Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik (when he wanted to make his son Abd al-Aziz the crown prince instead of Sulayman) as the reason for this. <ref>Al-Tabari, Ibid., Vol. 9, pp. 3893- 3894</ref>

Some researchers have also considered gaining public trust and people's inclination towards the government as the reason for this act, because Muhammad ibn Qasim and Qutayba were agents of [[Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi|Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi]] (the tyrant). <ref>Touqoush, Ibid., pp. 168- 169</ref> Musa ibn Nusayr, who had struggled in the conquest of [[Spain]], was also dismissed. Sulayman summoned him to the center of the caliphate and confiscated all his property. <ref>Ya'qubi, Ibid., Vol. 2, p. 252</ref> Then he threw him into prison. "When Sulayman imprisoned Musa ibn Nusayr, he also dismissed his son Abdullah from Ifriqiya and sent Muhammad ibn Yazid from the clients of [[Quraysh]] to that region in his place. Muhammad ibn Yazid remained there until the end of Sulayman's life." <ref>Ibn Khaldun, ''Tarikh Ibn Khaldun'', translated by Abdolmohammad Ayati, Tehran, Institute for Cultural Studies and Research, 1363, 1st edition, Vol. 3, p. 265</ref>

'''Release of Certain Muslims Opposed to the Government and Increase of Monthly Allowances'''.

Sulayman freed the Mawali from prison and enlisted them in the Islamic army. And he raised the monthly share of each individual to 25 dirhams. <ref>Touqoush, Ibid., p. 168</ref>

== Foreign Policy ==
On the Eastern Front, after the killing of Muhammad ibn Qasim and Qutayba ibn Muslim, no new Islamic conquests occurred. In fact, the political situation of the Umayyad Caliphate from 98 AH until the end of the Umayyad period did not allow for such a matter. They focused on suppressing movements such as the [[Kharijites]] and Yazid ibn al-Muhallab. <ref>Ibid., p. 169</ref> On the Roman Front, the important event that occurred was the siege of Constantinople by the Caliph's brother; "Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik". The Muslims first captured "Amorium", then some other cities in the region that were under Roman control; such as Saqaliba and Hisn Mirat in the Malitene region fell into their possession.<ref>Ya'qubi, Ibid., Vol. 2, p. 260</ref> By order of the [[Caliph]] and under the command of Maslama, the city of "Constantinople" was besieged by land and sea. <ref>Al-Tabari, Ibid., Vol. 9, p. 3924</ref>

The Caliph's troops besieged this city for a long time; but they failed to conquer it. Several factors; including: Roman defensive equipment, storms and the breaking of some Muslim ships, cutting off Muslim communication routes by the Romans, severe cold, <ref>Ibid., p. 3925</ref> Bulgar attacks and shortage of supplies, <ref>Al-Masudi, Al-Tanbih wa al-Ishraf, Ibid., p. 149</ref> prolongation of the siege, and finally the death of Sulayman and Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's order to return, <ref>Ibid.</ref> caused the Muslims' failure in the siege of this city. <ref>Touqoush, Ibid., p. 140</ref> After staying in that region for 30 months, Maslama was finally forced to return after suffering heavy casualties. <ref>Al-Maqdisi, Mutahhar ibn Tahir; ''Al-Bad' wa al-Tarikh'', translated by Mohammad Reza Shafiei Kadkani, Tehran, Agah, 1374, 1st edition, Vol. 2, p. 927</ref>

== Death of Sulayman ==
Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik died on the 10th of [[Safar al-Muzaffar|Safar]], 99 AH, after two years and eight months of caliphate <ref>Tabari, op. cit., vol. 9, p. 3943 and Dinawari, Abu Hanifa; op. cit., p. 371</ref> in "Dabiq", from the regions of "Qinnasrin". <ref>Tabari, op. cit., vol. 9, p. 3943</ref> At this time, he had camped in this region to assist his brother. It is narrated: "Before his death, he wore green clothes and put a green turban on his head, looked in the mirror, boasted and said: I am a chivalrous king. After that, not even one [[Friday]] passed before he died. He had a beautiful concubine; she saw him in that attire and pride and stared. He asked: What are you looking at and what do you see? The concubine said: [انت نعم المتاع لو کنت تبقی / غیر ان لا بقاء للانسان - لیس فیما علمته فیک عیب / کان فی الناس غیر انک فان]. Meaning: You are a good commodity (being); if you were to remain eternal (I wish you would live); but man is not created for eternity. There is no flaw or defect in you like the flaws of people, except that you will perish. <ref>Masudi, (''Al-Tanbih wa al-Ishraf'') op. cit., p. 298</ref>

Before his death, considering the virtues he had seen in "Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz", he chose him as his successor. Sources state: "When his illness became severe, he wrote a letter, sealed and closed it. No one knew what was written in that letter. He said to Raja ibn Haywa: Gather my brothers, cousins, all members of my family, and the chiefs of the armies of [[Syria]] before yourself and compel them to pledge allegiance [[bay'ah]] to the one whose name I have written in this letter, and whoever refuses to pledge allegiance, strike his neck. <ref>Dinawari, Abu Hanifa; op. cit., pp. 272-273 and Yaqubi, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 259</ref>

He acted on this order. When they gathered in the [[mosque]], he conveyed Sulayman's command to them. They said: Tell us who that person is? So that we may pledge allegiance to him with knowledge and insight. He said: By God [[oath]], I do not know who it is, and he has ordered me to kill whoever refuses. Raja ibn Haywa says: I went to Sulayman and insisted, saying: O Commander of the Faithful, in whose name have you written this command and ordered us to pledge allegiance to whom? He said: My two brothers, Yazid and Hisham, have not yet reached the rank to be appointed over the affairs of the people; I have designated the caliphate for the righteous man; "Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz", and when he dies, governance will reach them. Raja ibn Haywa came out and informed Yazid and Hisham of this matter. They were satisfied and submitted, and pledged allegiance, and after them, everyone pledged allegiance. <ref>Dinawari, Abu Hanifa; op. cit., pp. 272-273</ref>

== Footnotes ==
{{پانویس}}

== Sources ==
[https://hawzah.net/fa/Note/View/46656/%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9 Taken from the website Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik https://hawzah.net]

[[رده:Personalities]]
[[رده:History]]
[[رده:Umayyad Caliphs]]

Draft:Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik - Revision history

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی