Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

2026-08-09T06:22:14Z

ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

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{{Infobox person
| name = Shimr bin Dhil-Jawshan
| image = شمر بن ذی الجوشن.jpg
| full_name = Shimr bin Shurahbil (Dhil-Jawshan) bin A'war bin Amr
| other_names = Abu Sabigha, Shimr
| death_date = 66 AH (c. 685 CE)
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| known_for = {{flatlist|
* Commander of the left wing of the army of [[Umar ibn Sa'd|Umar ibn Sa'd]]
* One of the carriers of the heads of the martyrs of [[Karbala]] to [[Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad|Ibn Ziyad]] and [[Yazid]]
* One of the companions of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Imam Ali (peace be upon him)]] in the [[Battle of Siffin]]
* Testified against [[Hujr ibn Adi]]
* Dispersing people from around [[Muslim ibn Aqil]]
* Interrupting the speech of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) on the day of [[Ashura]]
* Shooting an arrow towards [[Zuhayr ibn Qayn]]
* Martyrdom of Nafi' ibn Hilal
* Role in the martyrdom of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him)
* Decision to martyr [[Ali ibn Husayn (Zayn al-Abidin)|Imam Sajjad (peace be upon him)]] and burning the tents
* Order to martyr the wife of Abdullah ibn Umayr Kalbi
}}
}}

'''Shimr bin Dhil-Jawshan''', was among the Tabi'un and commanders of the army of [[Umar ibn Sa'd|Umar ibn Sa'd]] in the [[Battle of Karbala|Event of Karbala]], who is among the detested figures among [[Shia Islam|Shiites]] due to the severity of his violence in this event. Shimr was in the army of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Imam Ali (peace be upon him)]] during the [[Battle of Siffin]]; but later joined the enemies of the Imam and his family. He was defeated against [[Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]] and was beheaded.

== Name and Lineage ==
Biographers have described the name and lineage of Shimr bin Dhil-Jawshan with differences: Shurahbil bin Aws, Shurahbil bin A'war, Uthman bin Nafi', Aws bin A'war<ref>''Al-Jarh wa al-Ta'dil'', vol. 4, p. 337; ''Tarikh Dimashq'', vol. 23, p. 186; ''Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'', vol. 5, p. 212.</ref>, al-Dababi<ref>Al-Dababi with fatha and two unpointed letters to al-Dabb, a branch of Banu Harith and from Quraysh. ''Lubab al-Albab'', no. 2543.</ref>, al-Amiri, al-Hanzali<ref>''Al-Isti'ab'', vol. 2, p. 701.</ref>, al-Saluni<ref>''Manaqib Al Abi Talib'', vol. 4, p. 107.</ref>, al-Sakuni<ref>''Kashf al-Ghummah'', vol. 2, p. 226.</ref> and al-Kalabi.
However, historians have recorded his fame as such: Abu al-Sabigha, Shurahbil Amiri Kalabi, nicknamed Shimr bin Dhil-Jawshan<ref>''Tarikh al-Sahabah'', p. 132; ''Al-Tarikh al-Kabir'', vol. 4, p. 250; ''Al-Iqd al-Farid'', vol. 3, p. 306; ''Akhbar al-Tiwal'', p. 239; ''Al-Wafi bi al-Wafayat'', vol. 16, p. 180.</ref>. The fame of his nickname is such that few historians have mentioned his name and have used only his nickname to introduce him<ref>''Ishtiqaq'', p. 296.</ref>.

His father, who was nicknamed "Dhil-Jawshan" due to his swollen and armor-like chest<ref>''Al-Isti'ab'', vol. 2, p. 467; ''Al-Wafi bi al-Wafayat'', vol. 16, p. 180.</ref>, was from the Levantines<ref>''Al-Jarh wa al-Ta'dil'', vol. 4, p. 337.</ref> residing in [[Kufa]]<ref>''Al-Wafi bi al-Wafayat'', vol. 16, p. 180.</ref>. He had witnessed the presence of [[Muhammad|the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny)]] and was counted among his [[Companions of the Prophet|Companions]]. [[Ibn Kathir]] in ''Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah'' writes about him: "Dhil-Jawshan was among the noble and great [[Companions of the Prophet|Companions]] of [[Muhammad|the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny)]]<ref>''Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah'', vol. 8, p. 204.</ref>."

Although the fluent nature and good poetry<ref>''Al-Wafi bi al-Wafayat'', vol. 16, p. 180.</ref> of Dhil-Jawshan caused his name to be placed among the speakers of his time, but no more knowledge of him has been recorded in history.

== Era of the Caliphs ==
Shimr did not have much role during the government of [[Abu Bakr|Abu Bakr]]; because even if we consider him among the [[Companions of the Prophet|Companions]] of the Prophet of God (peace be upon him and his progeny), he did not have much age during this period to be able to take on an important and decisive role. During the time of [[Umar ibn al-Khattab|Umar]] and [[Uthman]] also no name of Shimr has been recorded in history. With the killing of Uthman in the year 35 AH, [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him)]] was chosen for the [[Caliphate|caliphate]]. His Holiness chose Kufa as the capital of his government and resided there. With the arrival of the [[Caliph]] to Kufa, Shimr, who was counted among the chiefs and elders of Kufa, went to His Holiness and was in the retinue of the Commander of the Faithful, Ali (peace be upon him) in wars and conflicts.

== Presence in the Battle of Siffin ==
Shimr was present in the [[Battle of Siffin]] and showed many braveries among the soldiers of the Imam (peace be upon him). In this war, due to the conflict with Adham bin Mahrez Bahili, he was severely injured, such that Adham split his forehead bone with a sword. Shimr also stabbed him with a spear in revenge and threw him off the horse. However, Adham escaped death with the help of the Levantines. After the Battle of Siffin, Adham spoke with his friends in a place called "Udhraj" about the braveries and courage he had performed in the [[Battle of Siffin|Siffin]]. He asked his friends: Do you know Shimr bin Dhil-Jawshan? They answered: Yes, we know him. Adham said: Have you recently met him and seen the effect of the sword strike on his face? "Abdullah bin Kibar Nahdi" and "Sa'id bin Hazim Saluni" answered: Yes, we have seen the wound that is on his forehead. Adham said proudly: By God [[Oath|I swear]]! I inflicted that fatal blow on him in the Battle of Siffin and marked the wound on his face<ref>''Safinah al-Bihar'', entry Shimr; ''Tarikh al-Tabari'', vol. 5, p. 28; ''Al-Kamil'', vol. 2, p. 377; ''Sharh Nahj al-Balaghah by Ibn Abi al-Hadid'', vol. 5, p. 213.</ref>.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

[[fa:شمر بن ذی الجوشن]]

== Deviation and Affiliation with the Kharijites ==

The end of the Battle of Siffin marked the beginning of the deviation of a group ostensibly [[Muslim]] known as the [[Kharijites]]. The initial cores of this deviant group, known as the [[Kharijites|Kharijites of Nahrawan]] and [[Mariqin]], were dismantled during the time of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny), but during the time of the Commander of the Faithful, Ali (peace be upon him), they reached the stage of emergence with the slogan "'''La hukma illa lillah'''". The names of some leaders and individuals who were members of this movement have been recorded in historical sources, but in none of these sources is the name of Shimr ibn Dhil-Jawshan seen among these individuals. Only [[Sheikh Ahmed Yasin|Sheikh Yasin]] in the valuable book ''Sulh al-Hasan (peace be upon him)'' has written thus: The leaders of the Kharijites in Kufa were: Abdullah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi, Shayth ibn Rub'i, Abdullah ibn al-Kawwa', al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, and Shimr ibn Dhil-Jawshan<ref>''Sulh al-Hasan'', pp. 60 and 70.</ref>.

The author of ''Hidayat al-Kubra'' narrates from [[Hasan ibn Ali (al-Mujtaba)|Imam Hasan al-Mujtaba (peace be upon him)]] such that: [[Hasan ibn Ali (al-Mujtaba)|Hasan ibn Ali (peace be upon him)]] said to his brother Imam Husayn (peace be upon him) at the time of his death: "Indeed, my father Ali (peace be upon him), after the Battle of Siffin, informed the people of my [[Martyrdom]] and yours in a sermon. Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, the father of Ja'dah—the killer of Imam Hasan (peace be upon him)—who was present in the assembly, stood up and said: You are reporting news that even the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) did not claim. Where have you obtained this knowledge? My father replied: O inciter of the battlefield! Indeed, your son, Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath, is also among the killers of Husayn (peace be upon him). By God! Shimr ibn Dhil-Jawshan, Shibth ibn Rub'i, Zubaydi, and Amr ibn Hurayth are also among them<ref>''Hidayat al-Kubra'', p. 184.</ref>."

In this sermon, he named a number of Kharijites and included Shimr among them. Perhaps his intention was to say: You Kharijites who claim piety are the ones who will kill the daughter of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny).

After that, Shimr became among the associates of Muawiyah. [[Shaykh Mufid]] in the noble book ''al-Ikhtisas'' has stated: Muawiyah sent a letter to the Commander of the Faithful, Ali (peace be upon him). His Holiness also wrote the response to that letter and sent it to [[Damascus]] via 'Tarmah ibn Adi al-Ta'i'. After he arrived in [[Syria (region)|Syria]], he asked: Where are the commanders of Muawiyah? He was answered: Which one of them do you want? He said: I want Abu al-A'war al-Sulami, [[Amr ibn al-As|Amr ibn al-As]], Shimr ibn Dhil-Jawshan, and Hudi ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Kindi<ref>''al-Ikhtisas'', p. 139; ''Bihar al-Anwar'', Vol. 33, p. 286.</ref>.

In this report, Shimr is explicitly placed among the officials of Muawiyah's army, and this itself is clear evidence of his opportunistic spirit. After this period, Shimr, by turning to the [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyads]], openly placed himself in the row of opponents of the family of [[Infallibility]] and Purity (peace be upon them).

== The Caliphate Period of Imam Hasan (peace be upon him) and Muawiyah ==

With the martyrdom of the Commander of the Faithful, Ali (peace be upon him), we see Shimr in the retinue of Imam al-Mujtaba (peace be upon him) and against Muawiyah. This matter can be interpreted in two ways. It is possible that due to his opportunistic spirit, he saw the situation such that he pledged allegiance to Imam Hasan (peace be upon him) and entered his army. Also, it is possible that he was among the infiltrated forces of Muawiyah's fifth column in the Imam's (peace be upon him) army who were of no benefit to His Holiness except for sabotage. [[Muhammad Jawad Mughniyyah|Sheikh Muhammad Jawad Mughniyyah]], one of the scholars and exegetes of [[Shia Islam|Shia]] from [[Lebanon]] in the 14th century AH, writes: "Many of the individuals who participated in the killing of Imam Husayn (peace be upon him) were in his retinue during the time of Imam Hasan (peace be upon him) and before the peace treaty, became the cause of the disintegration of his army. Among them is Shimr ibn Dhil-Jawshan<ref>''al-Shia wa al-Hakimun'', p. 62.</ref>."

Another one of Shimr's political efforts during this period was participation in the plot to kill [[Hujr ibn Adi|Hujr ibn Adi]]. Shimr was among those who gave false testimony against him and paved the groundwork for the killing of this great Companion of the Commander of the Faithful, Ali (peace be upon him).

== The Event of Karbala ==

When [[Muslim ibn Aqil|Muslim ibn Aqil]] went to Kufa on behalf of Imam Husayn (peace be upon him) in the year 60 AH, Shimr was among the individuals who were commissioned by [[Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad|Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad]], the governor of Kufa, to disperse the people from around Muslim. In his speeches, he called Muslim a sedition-monger and frightened the Kufans from the army of Syria<ref>''Waqui'at al-Taff'', Abu Mikhnaf, pp. 123–124.</ref>.

In the afternoon of the 9th of [[Muharram|Muharram]] in the year 61 AH, Shimr arrived in Karbala with four thousand soldiers and a threatening letter from [[Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad|Ibn Ziyad]] for [[Umar ibn Sa'd|Umar ibn Sa'd]]. Upon seeing the letter, Ibn Sa'd said to Shimr: You have ruined a matter in which there was hope for rectitude.

Nevertheless, [[Umar ibn Sa'd|Umar Sa'd]] accepted Ibn Ziyad's order regarding taking [[Bay'ah|allegiance]] from Imam Husayn (peace be upon him) or fighting him<ref>''Ansab al-Ashraf'' al-Baladhuri, Vol. 2, p. 483; ''History of al-Tabari'', Vol. 5, pp. 414–415.</ref> and Shimr became the commander of his army.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

[[fa:شمر بن ذی‌الجوشن]]

== Day of Ashura ==
On the morning of [[Day of Ashura|Ashura]], Shimr took command of the left wing of Ibn Sa'd's army<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-Ashraf'', Vol. 2, p. 487.</ref>. When Abdullah ibn Umayr al-Kalbi was martyred, Shimr ordered his slave (Rustam) to martyr Abdullah's wife with a spear while she was sitting by his bedside<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-Ashraf'', Vol. 2, p. 493.</ref>. Also, Shimr captured [[Nafi' ibn Hilal al-Jamali]], a brave companion of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him), after a fierce battle, while Nafi's arms were broken, and martyred him<ref>Al-Tabari, ''History'', Vol. 5, pp. 441–442.</ref>.

In the afternoon of Ashura and before the martyrdom of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him), Shimr intended to attack the Imam's (peace be upon him) tent camp and plunder it, but the Imam (peace be upon him) warned him against this act, and Shimr returned<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-Ashraf'', Vol. 2, p. 499; Al-Tabari, ''History'', Vol. 5, p. 450; Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, ''Maqatil al-Talibiyyin'', p. 118.</ref>.

== Attack on the Tents ==
After the martyrdom of the Imam (peace be upon him), by the order of Shimr bin Dhil-Jawshan, the Kufan army attacked the tents and began looting the tents of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him)<ref>Al-Mahalli, Hamid ibn Ahmad; ''Al-Hada'iq al-Wardiyyah fi Mana'qib al-A'imma al-Zaydiyyah'', Sana'a, Maktabat Badr, 1st ed., 1423 AH, Vol. 1, pp. 213–214.</ref>. He went into the tent where [[Ali ibn Hussein (Zayn al-Abidin)|Imam Sajjad (peace be upon him)]] was lying ill, and upon seeing His Holiness (peace be upon him), intended to martyr him, but some prevented this act<ref>Ibn Sa'd, Ibid., Vol. 5, Part 1, p. 480; and Al-Tabari, Ibid., Vol. 5, p. 454.</ref>. Then Shimr ordered that fire be set to the tents of the [[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahl al-Bayt]] of the [[Muhammad|Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny)]] and burn them<ref>Al-Mahalli, Ibid., p. 214.</ref>.

After [[Ashura]], Shimr and several Kufan soldiers were ordered to take the heads of the martyrs to Kufah, to Ibn Ziyad<ref>Al-Tabari, Ibid., Vol. 5, p. 456; Shaykh Mufid, Ibid., p. 113; and Ibn Athir, Ibid., Vol. 4, p. 84.</ref>. Also, he and his companions were commissioned by Ibn Ziyad to take the captives of the [[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them)]]<ref>Shaykh Mufid, Ibid., p. 119.</ref> and, according to one narration, the heads of the martyrs of Karbala to Syria<ref>Al-Tabari, Ibid., Vol. 5, p. 460; and Al-Mahalli, Ibid., p. 217.</ref>. Upon entering [[Yazid I|Yazid]]'s court, Shimr reported to Yazid regarding the manner of the martyrdom of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) and his companions as follows:

"O Commander of the Faithful! Hussein ibn Ali came towards us with eighteen members of his family and sixty of his Shi'a. We went to war with them and asked them to either surrender and submit to the rule of Amir Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, or prepare for battle. They preferred battle over surrender; so at sunrise we charged at them and surrounded them from all sides. When they saw our swords above their heads, they became helpless fugitives and fled from us to the hills and hollows, like doves seeking refuge in God from the fear of a hunting hawk [they too fled aimlessly this way and that]!!!. O Commander of the Faithful, it took no longer than the time it takes to slaughter a camel or rest for half a day before we struck them all down. Now their bodies are naked, their clothes bloodied, and their faces dust-covered. Their bodies are exposed to the sunlight and the wind blows upon them; their visitors are eagles and their caretakers are hawks in the dry desert land<ref>Al-Dinawari, Ibid., pp. 260–261.</ref>."

Shimr bin Dhil-Jawshan, like many Kufan nobles, after Yazid's death joined [[Abdullah ibn Zubayr]] and pledged allegiance to Abdullah ibn Muti - the Zubayrid governor of Kufah. During the [[Revolt of Mukhtar]], he rushed to assist Ibn Muti and went with his forces to the Salim neighborhood of Kufah to prevent the formation of Mukhtar's revolt; but he, like his counterparts, could not succeed and was defeated by the revolutionary forces of Kufah<ref>Al-Baladhuri, Ibid., Vol. 6, p. 389; Al-Tabari, Ibid., Vol. 6, pp. 18–29; and Ibn Athir, Ibid., Vol. 4, pp. 217–234.</ref>.
In the [[Event of Yawm al-Sabi']] also, Shimr rose in collaboration with the Kufan nobles and entered the field to crush Mukhtar's revolt; but again he could not accomplish anything and was defeated<ref>Al-Baladhuri, Ibid., Vol. 6, p. 398; Al-Tabari, Ibid., Vol. 6, pp. 44–50; Miskawayh, Ibid., Vol. 2, p. 158; and Ibn Athir, Ibid., Vol. 4, p. 224.</ref>.

== Martyrdom of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) ==
Shimr ordered the archers to target the body of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him)<ref>Shaykh Mufid, ''Al-Irshad'', Vol. 2, pp. 111–112.</ref>. Then by his command, everyone attacked the Imam (peace be upon him), and individuals including Sinan ibn Anas and Zar'ah ibn Shurayk inflicted the final blows on the Imam (peace be upon him)<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-Ashraf'', Vol. 2, p. 500; Al-Tabari, ''History'', Vol. 5, p. 453; Mufid, Vol. 2, p. 112.</ref>. Regarding the person who severed the head of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) from his body, there are various narrations; in some narrations it is said that Shimr sat on the Imam's (peace be upon him) chest and severed his head from the nape<ref>Al-Khwarizmi, ''Maqtal al-Husayn'', Vol. 2, pp. 41–42; Mufid, ''Al-Irshad'', Vol. 2, p. 112; Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-Ashraf'', Vol. 2, pp. 500–501; Al-Tabari, ''History'', Vol. 5, p. 453.</ref>.

== After Ashura ==
After the return of the [[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them)]] to [[Medina]], Shimr also returned to Kufah upon completion of his mission. It is said that he performed [[Prayer]] and sought forgiveness from [[God]], and in justification of his participation in the martyrdom of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him), he said that he had obeyed his commanders<ref>Ibn Asakir, ''History of Medina Damascus'', Vol. 23, p. 189; Al-Dhahabi, ''Mizan al-I'tidal'', Vol. 2, p. 280.</ref>.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-Ashraf''.
* Al-Tabari, ''History''.
* Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, ''Maqatil al-Talibiyyin''.
* Al-Mahalli, ''Al-Hada'iq al-Wardiyyah''.
* Ibn Sa'd, ''Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra''.
* Shaykh Mufid, ''Al-Irshad''.
* Al-Dinawari, ''Al-Akhbar al-Tiwal''.
* Ibn Athir, ''Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh''.
* Miskawayh, ''Tajarib al-Umam''.
* Al-Khwarizmi, ''Maqtal al-Husayn''.
* Ibn Asakir, ''History of Medina Damascus''.
* Al-Dhahabi, ''Mizan al-I'tidal''.

[[Category:Battle of Karbala]]
[[Category:Perpetrators of the Battle of Karbala]]
[[fa:شمر بن ذی‌الجوشن]]

== Death ==
Following the uprising of [[Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]] in 66 AH, Shimr participated in the war against him, but Mukhtar defeated him and other Umayyad commanders in the Battle of Jabbana al-Sabu' (one of the quarters of Kufa)<ref>Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-Ashraf'', vol. 6, pp. 58–59; Tabari, vol. 6, pp. 18, 29.</ref> and Shimr fled from Kufa. Mukhtar sent a group along with his slave ([[Zarbi]]) after him. Shimr killed Mukhtar's slave<ref>Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-Ashraf'', vol. 6, p. 65; Tabari, ''Tarikh'', vol. 6, p. 52.</ref> and fled to a village named Satidama, and from there went to a village named Kaltaniya (between Shush and the village of Saymara)<ref>Tabari, ''Tarikh'', vol. 6, p. 52.</ref> and sent a letter to [[Mus'ab ibn Zubayr|Mus'ab ibn Zubayr]], who was preparing for war with Mukhtar. However, some of Mukhtar's soldiers besieged Shimr, and while his companions had fled, they killed him, sent his head to Mukhtar, and threw his body to the dogs<ref>Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-Ashraf'', vol. 6, pp. 65–66.</ref>, and Mukhtar also sent Shimr's head to Muhammad ibn Hanafiyya<ref>Dinawari, ''al-Akhbar al-Tiwal'', p. 305.</ref>.

== See also ==
* [[Caliph]]
* [[Hujr ibn Adi]]
* [[Muslim ibn Aqil]]
* [[Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* [https://www.karbobala.com/articles/info/1767 Personality Profile of Shimr ibn Dhi al-Jawshan], Published n.d. Retrieved 31 August 2025 CE.
* [http://pajoohe.ir/Product.aspx?ProductID=44551 The Killers of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) (7) (Shimr ibn Dhi al-Jawshan)], Published 14 November 2020 CE. Retrieved 31 August 2025 CE.

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Historical figures]]

[[fa:شمر بن ذی الجوشن]]

Draft:Shimr bin Dhil-Jawshan - Revision history

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی