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ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

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{{Infobox person
| name = Shaykh Mufid
| image = محمد بن نعمان.jpg
| birth_name = {{flatlist|Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Nu'man|Ibn al-Mu'allim}}
| other_names = Shaykh Mufid
| birth_date = 336 or 338 AH (948 or 950 CE)
| birth_place = {{flatlist|Suwayqah village|Ukbara|[[Baghdad]]|[[Iraq]]}}
| death_date = 413 AH (1022 CE)
| death_place = Baghdad
| teachers = {{plainlist|[[Shaykh Saduq]]|Ibn Junayd al-Iskafi|[[Ibn Qulawayh]]}}
| students = {{plainlist|[[Sayyid Murtaza]]|[[Sayyid Radi]]|[[Shaykh Tusi]]}}
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Shia Islam|Shia]]
| notable_works = {{flatlist|''Al-Irshad''|''Al-Amali''|''Al-Uyun wa al-Mahasen''}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|[[Muhaddith|Hadith scholar]]|[[Faquih|Jurist]]|Theologian}}
}}

'''Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Nu'man''' (336–413 AH / 948–1022 CE), known as [[Shaykh Mufid]], was one of the prominent scholars of [[Shia Islam|Shia]]. He was a pioneer in codifying [[Shia Islam|Shia]] theology and [[Principles of Islamic jurisprudence|Usul al-Fiqh]] of the [[Twelver Shia Islam|Imamiyyah]]. One of the matters indicating his high status among Shia scholars is that he was honored to receive three letters (tawqiʿat) from [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Imam al-Mahdi (may Allah hasten his reappearance)]] over a period of three years. Shaykh Mufid trained great students, among whom were [[Sayyid Murtaza|Sayyid Murtaza]], [[Sharif al-Radi|Sayyid Radi]], and [[Shaykh Tusi]].

== Historical Context of Shaykh Mufid's Era ==
The 4th century AH (10th century CE) in Islamic history is the century of science and knowledge, coinciding with the establishment of the [[Buyid dynasty|Buyid state]] which began in [[Baghdad]]. During this era, various sciences flourished and numerous books were written in most scientific fields.

Many governments, such as the Buyids in [[Iran]] and [[Iraq]], the Samanids in [[Khorasan]], [[Turkestan]], and [[Transoxiana]], the Ziyarids in [[Tabaristan]], and other Islamic states played a significant role in the growth and flourishing of science. During this period, [[Baghdad]] was titled the scientific center of the [[Islamic world]], and within the domain of Islamic states, prominent scholars and thinkers emerged in various scientific fields.

Adud al-Dawla al-Daylami played an important role in this flourishing. As the scholar-sultan of the [[Buyid dynasty]], he is considered the founder of the valuable Adud al-Dawla library in Shiraz and the libraries of Sahib Ibn Abbad and Ibn al-Amid in Ray. A minister of the Buyids named Shapur ibn Ardashir built a large library called Dar al-Ilm in 381 AH (991 CE), which after his [[death]] came under the management of Shaykh Mufid. The historical importance of this period is that due to the rise of independent [[Shia Islam|Shia]] governments such as the Buyids in Iran, [[Shia Islam|Shia]] were able to express their beliefs quite freely<ref>Sayyid Muhammad Jawad Shubayri, "Untold Stories of Shaykh Mufid's Life Welcoming the Mufid Millennium", (Journal): ''Nur-i Ilm'', 1989, No. 33, pp. 133-134.</ref>.

== Lineage, Kunya, and Birth ==
Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Nu'man<ref>Al-Najashi, ''Rijal'', 1407 AH, p. 399, No. 1067.</ref> was born on 11 [[Dhu al-Qi'dah]] 336 AH or 338 AH<ref>Ibn al-Nadim, ''Al-Fihrist'', 1971 CE, p. 197; Al-Tusi, ''Al-Fihrist'', 1417 AH, p. 239.</ref> in Ukbara near Baghdad.

His father had the profession of teaching, and for this reason, Shaykh Mufid was known as "Ibn al-Mu'allim". Ukbari and Baghdadi are two other kunyas of his. Regarding his kunya "Mufid", it is said: In a debate he had with Ali ibn Isa al-Rummani, a Mu'tazili scholar, he was able to refute the opponent's arguments; thereafter, al-Rummani called him "Mufid"<ref>Shubayri, ''A Glimpse into the Life of Shaykh Mufid'', 1413 AH, pp. 8-9.</ref>.

Historical sources mention two children for Mufid; one was Abu al-Qasim Ali and the other a daughter whose name is not mentioned in sources and was the wife of Abu Ya'la al-Ja'fari<ref>Shubayri, ''A Glimpse into the Life of Shaykh Mufid'', 1413 AH, p. 37; Shubayri, ''Untold Stories of Shaykh Mufid's Life'', 1413 AH, p. 118.</ref>.

== Biography ==
Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Nu'man was born on the eleventh of Dhu al-Qi'dah in the year 336 or 338 AH in the village of Suwayqah ibn Basri, a dependency of Ukbara, ten farsangs north of [[Baghdad]] near the city of Dijil, into a noble family deeply rooted in the Shia faith<ref>Nassaji Zavareh, Ismail, "Shaykh Mufid, the Document of Pride for the Shia School", ''Maktab-i Islam'', No. 10, 2002.</ref>.

Since his father was a pious and religious person engaged in teaching and education, he was given the kunya ''Ibn al-Mu'allim''. Shaykh Mufid began his studies from childhood and before the age of twelve, he narrated from some Muhaddithun, and before the age of twenty, he heard hadith from his teacher, [[Shaykh Saduq]].

Shaykh Mufid benefited scientifically from the presence of more than seventy elders. He learned theology and beliefs from the presence of Muzaffar ibn Muhammad, Abu Yasir, and [[Ibn Junayd al-Iskafi]], and benefited from the lessons of Husayn ibn Ali al-Basri and Ali ibn Isa al-Rummani. He learned [[Faquih|Jurisprudence]] from [[Ibn Qulawayh|Ja'far ibn Muhammad ibn Qulawayh]] and learned the science of narration from the adept literateur and historian Muhammad ibn Imran al-Marzubani, and Ibn Hamza al-Tabari, Ibn Dawud al-Qummi, Safwan, and Shaykh Saduq were among his other teachers. His diligence in study caused him to become the head of scholars of his time in theology, jurisprudence, and principles after a while<ref>Anniversary of the Death of the Great Shia Scholar Shaykh Mufid (may Allah have mercy on him), Hawza Website (Publication Date: 28 November 2007).</ref>.

Shaykh Mufid lived in the Karkh neighborhood of Baghdad, which was the center of Shia, and the famous Baratha [[Mosque]] in that neighborhood, which still remains and is a pilgrimage site for Shia, was his place of teaching<ref>Shaykh Mufid (may Allah have mercy on him), Ali Davani, ''Collection of Articles from the Shaykh Mufid Congress'', 1992 CE.</ref>.

== Education ==
Mufid learned the Quran and preliminary sciences from his father. Then, to continue his studies, he went to Baghdad with him and was able to benefit from prominent Muhaddithun, theologians, and jurists of [[Shia Islam|Shia]] and [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]].

Shaykh Saduq (d. 381 AH), Ibn Junayd al-Iskafi (d. 381 AH), Ibn Qulawayh (d. 369 AH), [[Abu Ghalib al-Zarari]] (d. 368 AH), and Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Umar al-Ja'abi (d. 355 AH) were among his most famous Shia teachers<ref>Gorji, ''History of Fiqh and Fuqaha'', 2006 CE, p. 143.</ref>.

Shaykh Mufid learned theology from Husayn ibn Ali al-Basri, known as Ju'al, one of the great teachers of the [[Mu'tazila]], and Abu Yasir, the student of the famous theologian Abu al-Jaysh Muzaffar ibn Muhammad al-Khorasani al-Balkhi. He also, at the suggestion of Abu Yasir, participated in the lecture session of [[Ali ibn Isa al-Rummani]], the famous Mu'tazili scholar.
He undertook the leadership of the Shia in jurisprudence, theology, and hadith from around the age of 40 and debated with scholars of other sects in defense of Shia beliefs<ref>Shubayri, ''A Glimpse into the Life of Shaykh Mufid'', 1413 AH, pp. 23-24.</ref>.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

[[fa:شیخ مفید]]

== Scientific Status of Sheikh Mufid ==
Sheikh Mufid held the leadership and [[Marja'|religious authority]] of the Shia in his era. He established a new jurisprudential approach based on [[Ijtihad]] founded on systematic rules and principles, which was later continued by his students, Sayyid Murtada and Sheikh Tusi. This method of Ijtihad was a middle path between the hadith-based method of Sheikh Saduq and the analogical method of Ibn Junayd in [[Fiqh]]. Initially, to deduce rulings, he compiled principles in the book ''al-Tadhkirah bi-Usul al-Fiqh'', and Sayyid Murtada in the book ''al-Dhari'ah'' and Sheikh Tusi in the book ''al-Uddah'' followed this innovation of their teacher<ref>Gorji, ''History of Fiqh and Jurists'', p. 145.</ref>.

He also holds a distinguished position in the history of Shia theology, to the extent that [[Ibn al-Nadim]] considers him the pioneer of theologians and the head of theologians in his time<ref>Ibn al-Nadim, ''al-Fihrist'', 1988 CE, p. 226.</ref>. He was highly skilled in the art of debate and defended Shia beliefs against opponents effectively. His book ''[[al-Fusul al-Mukhtarah]]'' is evidence of this claim.

== Sheikh Mufid's Innovations in Shia Jurisprudence ==
The influences and innovations of Abu Nu'man can be shown in Fiqh in three areas: foundations, jurisprudential opinions, and its education. In terms of foundations, one of his important influences was attention to the source of consensus. Jurisprudential opinions before him were full of approaches contrary to consensus, fame, and remedial narrations. Sheikh Mufid, with a broader approach, was able to adopt a different view and approach in this regard.

Among these cases, one can mention the invalidation of [[Wudu]] while sleeping in a sitting position, considering [[Ghusl]] for [[Ihram]] as [[Mustahabb]], and so on. Such that before him, fame and [[Ijma]] were not attended to, but after him, much attention was paid to fame and consensus. Many incorrect fatwas in the opinions of Shia jurists before him, such as [[Ibn Aqil]], al-Nasir, and Sheikh Saduq, were raised due to opposition to consensus; opinions such as the permissibility of Wudu and Ghusl with rose water, the impermissibility of paying [[Zakat]] to one's wife, etc. [[Fadil Astrabadi]] believes that reliance on fame and consensus is among the innovative opinions of Sheikh Mufid, such that in Sheikh Mufid's fatwas, no opinion contrary to fame and consensus is seen. The use of rational proofs is another of his influences. Such that after him, reason is mentioned as one of the sources of religious rulings in Shia Fiqh.

Among his other influences, one can refer to the discussion of preferences of conflicting narrations or preferencers of conflicting narrations, where based on criteria such as the authenticity of the hadith chain, alignment with the famous and consensus, and incompatibility with the [[Sunni]], one narration was preferred and given superiority over other narrations.
In the field of Fiqh education, one can point out that before him, the method of teaching Fiqh was not proposed in a classic and organized manner and was mainly based on holding classes for the transmission of hadith texts. Organization contributed significantly to the fame of Sheikh Mufid and the jurists after him and the conflict of opinions among them<ref>''Sheikh Mufid and the Renovation of Shia Fiqh (Part 1)''. http://ebookshia.com/books/pdf/945/شیخ+مفید+و+نوسازی+فقه+شیعه+(بخش+1).</ref>. According to Ahmad Pakatchi in the Great Islamic Encyclopedia, the issue of cooperation with the Sultan, which was a common issue in Imami circles at that time, indicates in some of Sheikh Mufid's notes in the book ''al-Muqni'ah'' a new look at the political life of the Imamiyyah, such that it can be said a type of [[Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist]] is embodied in this perspective<ref>Great Islamic Encyclopedia, Ahmad Pakatchi. https://www.cgie.org.ir/fa/publication/entryview/4697</ref>.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

[[fa:شیخ مفید]]

== Sheikh Mufid from the Perspective of Others ==
Sheikh Mufid holds a lofty status in the view of [[Shia Islam|Shia]] and [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] scholars, as we refer to some words from the greats:

=== Najashi ===
His famous and trusted student ([[Al-Najashi|Najashi]]) says about him: "Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Nu'man ibn Abd al-Salam ibn Jabir ibn Nu'man ibn Sa'id ibn Jubayr is our Sheikh and teacher - (may God be pleased with him) - his virtue in jurisprudence and hadith and his reliability are more famous than can be described. He has numerous writings".

=== Sheikh Tusi ===
His distinguished student from his school writes about the teacher in ''Al-Fihrist'': "Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Nu'man, known as Ibn al-Mu'allim, is among the Imami theologians. In his era, leadership and [[Marja|authority]] of the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] devolved to him. He was superior to everyone else in jurisprudence and theology. He had a good memory and a precise mind and was quick to answer questions. He has more than 200 volumes of small and large books<ref>Aqiqi Bakhshayishi, ''Famous Shia Jurists'', p. 53.</ref>".

=== Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani ===
About Sheikh Mufid he says: "He was very devout and ascetic, full of humility and night prayers, and persisted in knowledge and science. Many groups benefited from his presence. He has a right over all Shia. His father lived in 'Wasit' and worked as a teacher and was killed in 'Ukbara'. It is said that Adud al-Dawla hastened to meet him and visited him during his illness<ref>Aqiqi Bakhshayishi, ''Famous Shia Jurists'', quoting from ''Lisan al-Mizan'', vol. 5, p. 368.</ref>".

=== Imad Hanbali ===
One of the other [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] scholars says about him: "He is one of the greats of the Imamiyyah and the head of jurisprudence, theology, and debate. He engaged in debate and disputation with followers of every creed. He had a notable position in the structure of the Buyid government. He gave abundant charity. He was very much given to humility and night prayers and given to [[Prayer|prayer]] and [[Fasting|fasting]] and wore nice clothes<ref>Aqiqi Bakhshayishi, ''Famous Shia Jurists'', quoting from ''Shadharat al-Dhahab'', vol. 3, p. 199.</ref>."

=== Khatib Baghdadi ===
[[Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi|Khatib Baghdadi]], who lived shortly after him, mentioned him in ''Tarikh Baghdad'' with regard to his specific bias and said inappropriate words which are not unexpected from a person like Khatib.<ref>Khatib Baghdadi, Ahmad ibn Ali, ''Tarikh Baghdad'', vol. 3, p. 449.</ref>

The words of Khatib clearly show how much opposing zealots feared the personality of Sheikh Mufid and his writings and school in the spread of the religion of the Ahl al-Bayt of Infallibility and Purity. As is also clear from the words of later [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] scholars.

=== Ibn Abi Tayy ===
[[Ibn Abi Tayy]] says: "He supported the needy greatly, his humility and devotion were high, his prayer and fasting were abundant, and his clothes were coarse." Another said: Sometimes Adud al-Dawla would visit Sheikh Mufid. Mufid was a Sheikh of medium height, thin-bodied, and wheat-colored [complexion]. He lived for seventy-six years. He composed more than two hundred books. The story of his funeral is famous, as eighty thousand [[Rafida|Rafidis]] and Shia participated in his funeral. May God relieve the Sunnis from his evil! His death occurred in the [[Ramadan|month of Ramadan]]<ref>Yafi'i, Abdullah ibn As'ad, ''Mir'at al-Jinan'', vol. 3, p. 22.</ref>.

== Works of Shaykh Mufid ==
According to Najashi's list, Shaykh Mufid's writings consist of 175 books and treatises<ref>Najashi, ''Rijal al-Najashi'', 1407 AH (1987 CE), pp. 399-402.</ref>. It is said that half of these works are regarding the Imamate<ref>Farmayan and Sadiqi Kashani, ''A Look at the History of Imami Thought'', 1394 SH (2015 CE), p. 54.</ref>. The most famous work of Shaykh Mufid in jurisprudence is ''al-Muqni'ah'', in theology ''Awa'il al-Maqalat'', and in the biography of the Imams, ''al-Irshad''<ref>Gurji, ''History of Jurisprudence and Jurists'', 1385 SH (2006 CE), pp. 143-144.</ref>.

The collection of Shaykh Mufid's written works has been published in a fourteen-volume set titled ''Musannafat Shaykh Mufid''. This collection was published in 1371 SH (1992 CE) for the holding of the World Congress of Shaykh Mufid.

Shaykh Tusi, in the book ''al-Fihrist'', names twenty of his books. He writes: Among his books are the book ''al-Muqni'ah'' in jurisprudence, the book ''al-Arkan'' also in jurisprudence, a treatise in jurisprudence which he wrote for his son and is incomplete, the book ''al-Irshad'', the book ''al-Iidah'' regarding the Imamate, the book ''al-Ifsah fi al-Imamah'', the book refuting Ibn Abbad regarding the Imamate, the book refuting Ali ibn Isa (al-Rummani) regarding the Imamate, the book refuting Ibn Qutaybah regarding narration and reported speech, the book ''Ahkam Ahl al-Jamal'', the book ''Munir'' regarding the Imamate, ''Masail al-Saghaniyah'', ''Masail al-Jurjaniyah'', ''Masail al-Dinawariyah'', ''Masail al-Mazandaraniyah'', ''Masail Manthurah'' (scattered), approximately one hundred issues, the book ''Fusul min al-Uyun wa al-Mahasin'', the book ''Ahkam al-Mut'ah'', and others which are registered in the list of his books. Also the book ''Masalat al-Kafiyah'' in the invalidation of repentance for error, the book ''al-Jamal wa al-Nusrah li-Sayyid al-Itrah fi Harb al-Basrah''. We have heard all these books from him. Some through recitation to him, and some which were recited to him multiple times and he listened, we have heard.

Shaykh Mufid has compositions in all Islamic arts and sciences, and has spoken about almost all scientific and religious topics, engaging in analysis, refutation, affirmation, criticism, and approval of them. As is evident from the multitude of his valuable compositions, most of them were responses to various scientific questions asked of him from Islamic cities and countries, and were refutations of the beliefs and opinions of famous scholars of the era from non-Shi'a sects. Muhaddith Hajj Mirza Husayn Nuri writes: Rarely is it found in the books of Shi'a scholars who came after him that there is no matter related to the Imamate and proofs of its establishment from the Book and Sunnah, whether in terms of derivation or narration, even with a reference to them in the books of Shaykh Mufid, and that is the grace of Allah which He gives to whom He wills<ref>Muhaddith Nuri, Husayn, ''Mustadrak al-Wasa'il'', Vol. 3, p. 517.</ref>.

[[Al-Dhahabi]] – who himself is among the elders and scholars of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] – mentions the books of this Shi'a scholar with the phrase "innovative and numerous compositions"<ref>Al-Dhahabi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad, ''Mizan al-I'tidal'', Vol. 4, p. 30.</ref>.

[[Ibn Shahrashub]] in his book counts 52 books and in addition to what Shaykh Tusi and Najashi have mentioned, names 15 other books; on this basis, the count of Shaykh's books is stated as 190 titles<ref>Al-Khoei, Sayyid Abu al-Qasim, ''Mu'jam Rijal al-Hadith'', Vol. 18, p. 217.</ref>.

=== Jurisprudence ===
# ''al-Muqni'ah''<ref>Shaykh Mufid, Muhammad ibn Nu'man, ''al-Muqni'ah''.</ref>;
# ''al-Fara'id al-Shar'iyyah'';
# ''Ahkam al-Nisa''<ref>Shaykh Mufid, Muhammad ibn Nu'man, ''Ahkam al-Nisa''.</ref>.

=== Principles of Jurisprudence ===
# ''Mukhtasar al-Tadhkirah bi-Usul al-Fiqh''<ref>Shaykh Mufid, Muhammad ibn Nu'man, ''Mukhtasar al-Tadhkirah bi-Usul al-Fiqh''.</ref>.

=== Quranic Sciences ===
# ''al-Kalam fi Dala'il al-Quran'';
# ''Wujuh I'jaz al-Quran'';
# ''al-Nusrah fi Fadl al-Quran'';
# ''al-Bayan fi Ta'lif al-Quran''.

=== History ===
# ''Masar al-Shi'ah fi Mukhtasar Tawarikh al-Shari'ah''<ref>Shaykh Mufid, Muhammad ibn Nu'man, ''Masar al-Shi'ah fi Mukhtasar Tawarikh al-Shari'ah''.</ref>;
# ''al-Irshad''<ref>Shaykh Mufid, Muhammad ibn Nu'man, ''al-Irshad''.</ref>;
# ''al-Jamal''<ref>Shaykh Mufid, Muhammad ibn Nu'man, ''al-Jamal''.</ref>.

=== Theology and Beliefs ===
# ''Awa'il al-Maqalat''<ref>Shaykh Mufid, Muhammad ibn Nu'man, ''Awa'il al-Maqalat''.</ref>;
# ''Naqd Fadilat al-Mu'tazilah'';
# ''al-Ifsah fi al-Imamah''<ref>Shaykh Mufid, Muhammad ibn Nu'man, ''al-Ifsah''.</ref>;
# ''al-Iidah'';
# ''al-Arkan''.

== Death of Shaykh Mufid ==
Shaykh Mufid died in 413 AH (1022 CE) in [[Baghdad]], after 75 years of life, and was subject to great honor by the people and appreciation by scholars and elites. According to the expression of his student Shaykh Tusi, who was present at the scene, the day of his death was unparalleled due to the multitude of friends and enemies attending to perform [[Prayer]] and weep over him. Eighty thousand of the [[Shia Muslims|Shi'a]] participated in his funeral procession, and [[Sayyid Murtada|Sayyid Murtada]] led the prayer over him. He was buried in the shrine of [[Imam al-Jawad]] (peace be upon him), at the feet of His Holiness and near the grave of his teacher Ibn Qulawayh<ref>Tusi, Muhammad ibn Hasan, ''al-Fihrist'', p. 158.</ref>.

Najashi, the student of Shaykh, says this about the time of his teacher's departure: "Mufid (may God have mercy on him) passed away three nights before the end of the [[Ramadan|month of Ramadan]] in the year 413 AH. His birth was on the eleventh day of [[Dhu al-Qi'dah]] in the year 336 AH (948 CE). [[Sayyid Murtada|Sharif Murtada Abu al-Qasim Ali ibn Husayn]] ([[Sayyid Murtada|Sayyid Murtada]]) led prayer over his body in Maydan Ashnan. Despite the great width that the field had, it became crowded due to the multitude of attendance. After the prayer, his pure body was buried in his house. Several years later, he was transferred to the Quraysh cemeteries next to the shrine of [[Imam Musa al-Kadhim]] (peace be upon him)<ref>Najashi, Ahmad ibn Ali, ''Rijal al-Najashi'', p. 402.</ref>.

== See also ==
* [[Transoxiana]]
* [[Dhu al-Qi'dah]]
* [[Mosque]]
* [[Ibn al-Nadim]]
* [[Abu Ghalib al-Zurari]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

{{Islamic scholars}}

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Scholars]]
[[Category:Shia scholars]]

[[fa:شیخ مفید]]

Draft:Shaykh Mufid - Revision history

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی