Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

2026-07-18T04:56:41Z

ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

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{{جعبه اطلاعات شخصیت
| عنوان = Sayyed Mojtaba Mirlohi Tehrani
| تصویر = سید مجتبی نواب صفوی.jpg
| نام =
| نام‌های دیگر = Sayyed Mojtaba Navvab Safavi
| سال تولد = 1303 SH
| تاریخ تولد =
| محل تولد = [[Tehran]]
| سال درگذشت = 1334 SH
| تاریخ درگذشت =
| محل درگذشت = [[Tehran]]
| استادان = {{فهرست جعبه عمودی | [[Abdolhossein Amini|Ayatollah Abdolhossein Amini]]| [[Sayyed Hossein Tabatabaei Qomi|Ayatollah Sayyed Hossein Tabatabaei Qomi]]| Ayatollah Sheikh Mohammad Tehrani}}
| شاگردان =
| دین = [[Islam]]
| مذهب = [[Shia Islam|Shia]]
| آثار = {{فهرست جعبه افقی | ''Islamic Society and Government''|}}
| فعالیت‌ها =
| وبگاه =
}}
'''Sayyed Mojtaba Mirlohi Tehrani''' (1303 - 1334 SH), known as '''Navvab Safavi''', was a [[Shia Islam|Shia]] cleric, founder and leader of the [[Fada'iyan-e Islam|Fada'iyan-e Islam Society]]. Navvab Safavi studied seminary courses such as jurisprudence and principles, Quranic exegesis, and political and theological principles in [[Tehran]] and then in [[Najaf]]. [[Abdolhossein Amini|Allamah Amini]] and [[Sayyed Hossein Tabatabaei Qomi]] are mentioned as his teachers in the [[Hawza Ilmiyya Najaf|Najaf Seminary]].
Navvab was among the pioneers of armed struggle against the [[Pahlavi dynasty|Pahlavi government]]. With the emergence of Ahmad Kasravi, Navvab Safavi came from Najaf to [[Iran]] to combat his ideas. The assassinations of Kasravi, Abdolhossein Hajir, Ali Razmara, and Hossein Ala' are among the political and religiously motivated activities of Navvab Safavi and Fada'iyan-e Islam. Some contemporary history writers have considered the efforts of Navvab Safavi and his companions effective in the victory of the Iranian oil nationalization movement.
Opposition to the actions of Dr. Mosaddegh's government due to non-implementation of Islamic rulings was another of his activities, which resulted in imprisonment for Sayyed Mojtaba. The book ''Islamic Society and Government'' is among the works of Navvab Safavi. During his political activity, he traveled to [[Jordan]] and [[Egypt]], during which he spoke at [[Al-Azhar University]] and met with [[King Hussein]] the King of Jordan.
The leader of Fada'iyan-e Islam and some of his companions were executed by the Pahlavi regime on 27 Dey 1334 SH.

== Family and Childhood ==

=== Navvab Safavi in Childhood ===
Sayyed Mojtaba Mirlohi, known as Navvab Safavi, son of Sayyed Javad and an Alavid mother, was born in 1303 SH in Khaniabad, a southern neighborhood in [[Tehran]]<ref>Manzorolajdad, Fada'iyan-e Islam, p. 188</ref>.
His father was a cleric, but during the reign of [[Reza Shah Pahlavi]], due to laws and some government coercions, he abandoned the clerical attire and engaged in lawyering at the Ministry of Justice. It is said that in this capacity, he once clashed with Ali Akbar Davar, the then Minister of Justice, and was subsequently sentenced to three years in prison. After three years, Sayyed Javad passed away, and his body was delivered from prison to his family<ref>Zarei, Takbir-e Sorkh, p. 94</ref>. The guardianship of Sayyed Mojtaba, who was nine years old at this time, was entrusted to his uncle Sayyed Mahmoud Navvab Safavi, who also worked at the Ministry of Justice<ref>Manzorolajdad, Fada'iyan-e Islam, p. 188</ref>.
Navvab Safavi studied elementary education at Hakim Nezami School and secondary education and new sciences at the German Industrial School,<ref>Paknia, Navvab Safavi, Azarakhshi dar Zulmat, p. 28</ref> and alongside new courses, he pursued seminary sciences at Marvi School and Qandi Mosque of Khaniabad <ref>Zarei, Takbir-e Sorkh, p. 94</ref>.

=== Surname Change ===
Some have narrated regarding the change of Navvab Safavi's surname from Mirlohi to his mother's surname that this action was likely taken to keep Sayyed Mojtaba safe from the consequences of being the son of a convict; meanwhile, Ervand Abrahamian in the book ''Iran Between Two Revolutions'' considered this change by Navvab a symbolic move to "declare unity with the founders of the first Shia state in Iran"; although this opinion seems far-fetched, since neither was the Safavid dynasty the first Shia state in Iran, nor did this change occur at the time of announcing the formation of the Fada'iyan-e Islam group<ref>Manzorolajdad, Fada'iyan-e Islam, p. 188</ref>.

== Migration to Najaf ==
After creating political unrest against the government at the German Industrial School<ref>Razzaghpour, Fada'iyan-e Islam / Introduction of Key Elements, p. 89</ref>, Navvab Safavi went to Abadan and was employed at the Oil Company. In Abadan, he also sparked a revolt by protesting an Englishman's insult to an Iranian worker, and subsequently secretly left the Oil Company and headed to the [[Hawza Ilmiyya Najaf|Najaf Ashraf Seminary]]<ref>Zarei, Takbir-e Sorkh, p. 94</ref>.
The date of this migration must have been between the years 1319-1321 SH; his studies in this city lasted three and a half years, and while studying, he worked to support his livelihood<ref>Jafarian, Movements and Religious and Political Organizations of Iran, p. 217</ref> and it is narrated that during this period he did not use religious funds<ref>Manzorolajdad, Fada'iyan-e Islam, p. 190</ref>.
At this time, Ayatollah [[Sayyed Abolhassan Isfahani]] was the central figure of the Najaf Seminary. Navvab took a room in the great school of [[Akhund Khorasani]] and according to some sources, studied jurisprudence, principles, Quranic exegesis, and theological issues with famous teachers such as Allamah Amini (author of ''Al-Ghadir''), Ayatollah Sayyed Hossein Tabatabaei Qomi, and Ayatollah Sheikh Mohammad Tehrani<ref>Zarei, Takbir-e Sorkh, p. 94</ref>.
One of Sayyed Mojtaba's companions during this period was [[Sayyed Asadullah Madani]], and it is said that he gained the most scientific benefit in Najaf from Allamah Amini <ref>Ibid</ref>.

== The Kasravi Movement ==
Concurrent with Navvab Safavi's residence in Najaf, Ahmad Kasravi had reached the peak of fame in Tehran by publishing works in various fields; his engagement with religion, and specifically the publication of two books about [[Islam]] and Shiism, caused considerable distress among the religious people and clerics of Iran<ref>Jafarian, ''Religious and Political Movements and Organizations in Iran'', pp. 217-218</ref>. Sharp criticism of religion and Shiism was the content of most of Kasravi's works in this period, some of which, such as the book ''Shi'igari'', were also translated into Arabic<ref>Ibid., p. 1031</ref>.

One of these works, which is likely the book ''Shi'igari'', reached Navvab Safavi in Najaf; upon studying it and becoming aware of its insulting content regarding Shiism, he suspended his lessons and discussions to stir excitement among the scholars and students residing in Najaf<ref>Mansur al-Ajdad, ''Fada'iyan-e Islam'', p. 191</ref>.

Eventually, according to the decision of some of the scholars of Najaf, Navvab Safavi came to Iran as a representative of the Seminary to rectify the deviated thoughts of the youth and dismantle Kasravi's setup<ref>Khosrowshahi, ''Fada'iyan-e Islam: History, Performance, Thought'', p. 23</ref>.

Some writers consider Navvab's idea of fighting Kasravi to be influenced by Allamah Amini and Sheikh Mohammad Aqa Tehrani<ref>Jafarian, ''Religious and Political Movements and Organizations in Iran'', p. 218</ref><ref>Mansur al-Ajdad, ''Fada'iyan-e Islam'', p. 191</ref><ref>Zarei, ''Takbir-e Surkh'', p. 95</ref>.

Upon arriving in Iran, Navvab held numerous public speeches against Kasravi in Abadan and Tehran<ref>Khosrowshahi, ''Fada'iyan-e Islam: History, Performance, Thought'', pp. 24-26</ref>; and subsequently, by being present in Tehran, he engaged in debate and negotiation with Kasravi during multiple sessions<ref>Jafarian, ''Religious and Political Movements and Organizations in Iran'', p. 219</ref>. In line with these actions, he also went to Kasravi's home several times, participated in his public sessions, and criticized him in public view, which behavior faced a threat from Kasravi. The account of one of these negotiations and debates was published in the newspaper ''Donya-ye Islam'' under the title "Kasravi Responds to Logical Discussions with Threats"<ref>Khosrowshahi, ''Fada'iyan-e Islam: History, Performance, Thought'', p. 26</ref>.
Following this series of confrontations and furthermore due to the ineffectiveness of numerous other scientific measures by the scholars of the time<ref>Khosrowshahi, ''Fada'iyan-e Islam: History, Performance, Thought'', p. 26; also: Jafarian, ''Religious and Political Movements and Organizations in Iran'', p. 219</ref>, Navvab, believing in Kasravi's [[Apostasy]], designed his physical elimination and following an unsuccessful attempt with a weapon purchased with money donated by Sheikh Mohammad Hassan Taleqani, one of the clerics of Tehran at the time, he personally attempted to kill him and even grappled with Kasravi in this encounter. Eventually, with Navvab's instigation and re-planning, the killing of Kasravi was accomplished by other members of Fada'iyan-e Islam<ref>Jafarian, ''Religious and Political Movements and Organizations in Iran'', p. 219</ref>.

== Formation of the Fada'iyan-e Islam Group ==
Navvab Safavi was imprisoned after his unsuccessful attempt to kill Kasravi, but following public support, he was released after one week on bail set at twelve tomans, which was provided by an individual named Eskoui, one of the merchants of that period<ref>Mansur al-Ajdad, ''Fada'iyan-e Islam'', p. 192</ref>.
This was the first action of Fada'iyan-e Islam while they did not yet have a defined organization, and of course, it faced the support of many religious forces including the people and scholars. Following this event, the first communiqué of the Fada'iyan was published by Navvab with severely revolutionary literature<ref>Khosrowshahi, ''Fada'iyan-e Islam: History, Performance, Thought'', pp. 32-33</ref>, through which they officially announced their existence<ref>Jafarian, ''Religious and Political Movements and Organizations in Iran'', pp. 219-220</ref>.

== The Apostasy Ruling; Ijtihad or Taqlid ==
Among the debatable matters regarding Navvab Safavi is the origin of his belief in Kasravi's apostasy. In the interrogations conducted on him, he was also asked whether this belief was based on personal ijtihad or taqlid from other sources<ref>Golsorkhi, ''Shared Memories'', p. 35</ref>. Mehdi Iraqi, one of the Iranian revolutionaries, considers this belief the result of Navvab's inquiry from Haj Aqa Hossein Qomi and his answer stating that someone like Kasravi is an apostate and must be killed<ref>''Untold Stories'', Mehdi Iraqi, p. 22</ref>. According to a narration that somewhat confirms this theory, Ayatollah Qomi, in response to a group of representatives from the Pahlavi court who had gone to Najaf to visit him, said regarding the attempt to kill Kasravi: "Their action (Fada'iyan-e Islam) was like prayer among the necessities and did not require a fatwa, since anyone who insults and abuses the Prophet and the Infallible Imams, his killing is obligatory and his blood is wasted"<ref>Khosrowshahi, ''Fada'iyan-e Islam: History, Performance, Thought'', p. 41</ref>.

Considering the aforementioned cases, researchers have no doubt that the killing of Kasravi was with the permission of some of the contemporary sources of emulation, and they consider this permission proven from scholars such as Allamah Amini<ref>Mansur al-Ajdad, ''Fada'iyan-e Islam'', p. 191</ref>, Sayyid Abul Hasan Isfahani, Haj Aqa Hossein Qomi, Sheikh Mohammad Tehrani, [[Sayyid Abul-Qasim Kashani]], and even [[Sayyid Mohammad Behbahani]]<ref>Jafarian, ''Religious and Political Movements and Organizations in Iran'', p. 221</ref>.
According to existing historical documents, Navvab Safavi himself, in his interrogations and in answer to the question "On what basis, and with the permission of which mujtahid have you done these things?" said: "Permission from a mujtahid is not needed, since we are not conducting jihad. These are aggressors, and if anyone aggresses against Islam and the honor of Muslims, it is obligatory for every Muslim to defend. And since we have the power and can, we defend."<ref>Golsorkhi, ''Shared Memories'', p. 35</ref>.

== Navvab and Mosaddegh: From Pact to Prison ==
=== Navvab's Speech at Ayatollah Kashani's Residence ===
In the turbulent years of the 1330s SH, joint religious struggles led by Seyyed Abol-Qasem Kashani and nationalists led by Mosaddegh against the Pahlavi government had reached their peak, with the nationalization of the oil industry being one of the goals of these struggles, and Razmara, the then Prime Minister, considered the biggest obstacle to its realization.<ref>See Jafarian, ''Religious and Political Movements and Organizations in Iran'', pp. 223-228</ref>.

According to the account of some close associates of the Fada'iyan-e Islam group, in those days Navvab Safavi arranged a meeting with some leaders of the National Front, including Dr. Fatemi, Hossein Makki, and Ha'eri Zadeh, and several others, and obtained a pledge from them regarding the implementation of Islamic rulings should the National Front come to power. With the acceptance of this pact by the representatives of the nationalists, Navvab also promised them the physical elimination of Razmara as the main obstacle to the nationalization of the oil industry and the administration of the government based on Islamic standards<ref>Karbaschian, ''The Story of a Broken Promise'', p. 19; also with slight differences in Khosrowshahi, ''Fada'iyan-e Islam: History, Performance, Thought'', p. 93</ref>.

With the beginning of Mosaddegh's premiership, his differences with Navvab began. Multiple arrests of Fada'iyan-e Islam members by the national government, Navvab's protests against these arrests<ref>Khosrowshahi, ''Fada'iyan-e Islam: History, Performance, Thought'', pp. 111-118; Jafarian, ''Religious and Political Movements and Organizations in Iran'', p. 228</ref>, as well as the issuance of statements by Navvab calling for the country to be run by the Leader of the Muslims, fueled these differences<ref>Vasei, ''Dr. Mosaddegh from Behind the Dark Clouds'', p. 11</ref>, consequently Navvab was arrested on 13 Khordad 1330 SH and transferred to Qasr Prison<ref>Khosrowshahi, ''Fada'iyan-e Islam: History, Performance, Thought'', pp. 111-118</ref>.

Navvab Safavi was in prison for twenty months out of Mosaddegh's twenty-eight months in government and is the only political prisoner of this period<ref>Jafarian, ''Religious and Political Movements and Organizations in Iran'', p. 230</ref>.

The reason for this conviction in court was announced as Navvab's attack on a liquor store in Sari related to two years before his arrest. Following this incident, fifty-one members of the Fada'iyan, after entering the prison to meet Navvab, did not leave and staged a sit-in there for the release of their leader; this sit-in was ended by the military of the time. These conflicts also led to differences between the Fada'iyan and Seyyed Abol-Qasem Kashani<ref>Ibid.</ref>.

== Challenges with Ayatollah Borujerdi ==
Until the consolidation of the position of [[سید حسین بروجردی|Ayatollah Borujerdi]], Fada'iyan-e Islam were supported by some marjas in [[Qom]], including Ayatollah Mohammad Taqi Khansari. However, according to existing oral accounts, from 1329 SH onwards, Navvab and his supporters encountered problems with Ayatollah Borujerdi's office<ref>Ibid., p. 237</ref>.

The root of these differences is considered to be the type of view and approach of the Fada'iyan, which was heavily political, compared to Ayatollah Borujerdi, who did not have such a view towards politics and intervention in it (to the extent that he did not intervene in the nationalization of the oil industry at all)<ref>Ibid., p. 238</ref>. These differences intensified with the entry and influence of the Fada'iyan in the [[Qom Seminary]] and escalated to physical confrontations between some affiliates of Ayatollah Borujerdi's household, including an individual named Sheikh Ali Lor, and a number of Fada'iyan members<ref>Mobaraqei, ''Eye and Light of Religious Authority'', p. 94</ref>.

According to some narrations, Ayatollah Borujerdi said in one of his lesson sessions and in one of the direct encounters with Fada'iyan-e Islam: "Invitation to Islam and struggle for Islam is not like this. One cannot struggle with threats and usurpation of people's property." These remarks were following letters received by him complaining about the Fada'iyan<ref>Soltani Tabatabai, ''Eye and Light of Religious Authority'', pp. 54-55</ref>.

Some individuals consider the emergence of these differences and positions to be the result of actions by certain suspicious individuals who were present both among the Fada'iyan supporters in Qom and among the supporters of Ayatollah Borujerdi<ref>Bodla, ''Eye and Light of Religious Authority'', p. 120</ref>.

Alongside these events, there are various accounts regarding Ayatollah Borujerdi's financial assistance to the Fada'iyan and specifically Navvab Safavi<ref>Ibid., pp. 119-120</ref>.

Ayatollah Borujerdi initially supported the Fada'iyan and even provided financial aid to them through Seyyed Hossein Bodla, who was part of his Istifta council and a cousin of Abdolhossein Vahedi<ref>Jafarian, ''Religious and Political Movements and Organizations in Iran'', 1389 SH, p. 240</ref>. However, from Spring 1329 SH, differences with the Fada'iyan escalated and ultimately led to the migration of a number of seminary students supporting the Fada'iyan from Qom to Tehran<ref>Ibid., pp. 237 to 240</ref>.

In one of the interrogations, acknowledging Ayatollah Borujerdi's supreme knowledge, Navvab said regarding his lack of political action: "I am a soldier of Islam and Mr. Borujerdi is an officer. As long as there is a soldier, the officer does not go to the field. His position is higher, and on the other hand, we are here. If we were not here, he would take action. With our presence, it is not necessary for him to take action."<ref>Golsorkhi, ''Shared Memories'', p. 37</ref>. Ayatollah Borujerdi did not intervene in the execution of Navvab Safavi and Fada'iyan-e Islam, which is attributed to his confidence that they would not be executed by the regime<ref>Soltani Tabatabai, ''Eye and Light of Religious Authority'', pp. 55-56</ref>.

== Martyrdom and Burial Place ==
Navvab Safavi and some of his companions were executed by firing squad by the Imperial regime on 27 Dey 1334 SH. His body was buried in Wadi-us-Salaam Cemetery in Qom.

== Footnotes ==
{{پانویس}}

{{علمای اسلام}}
[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Scholars]]
[[Category:Shia Scholars]]

Draft:Sayyed Mojtaba Mirlohi Tehrani - Revision history

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی