Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

2026-06-30T08:12:02Z

ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

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{{Infobox person
| title = Sa'd ibn Mu'adh
| image = سعد ابن معاذ.jpg
| name = Sa'd ibn Mu'adh ibn Nu'man ibn Imru' al-Qays ibn Zayd ibn Abd al-Ashhal
| other_names = Abu Amr
| birth_year = Year 32 before [[Hijrah]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Medina]]
| death_year = 5 AH
| death_date =
| death_place =
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect =
| works =
| activities = {{Flatlist|[[Battle of Badr|Badr Expeditions]] |[[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]] |[[Battle of the Trench|Trench]] |[[Battle of Badr|Standard-bearer of the Aws tribe]] |[[Banu Qurayza|Judge of the Banu Qurayza Jews after defeat by [[Muslims]]]] }}
| website =
}}
'''Sa'd ibn Mu'adh''' was born approximately 32 years before the [[Hijrah]] in the Banu Abd al-Ashhal clan of the [[Aws]] tribe in the city of [[Medina]] into a prominent family. His father passed away before [[Islam]], but his mother lived until the time of the [[Prophethood]] of [[Muhammad|the Prophet of Islam]] and became a [[Muslim]].
Sa'd was a prudent and brave man and an influential figure among his tribe. Thus, at a young age, he was chosen as the chief of the Aws tribe. Sa'd ibn Mu'adh married Hind, daughter of Sammak, and had two sons named Amr and Abdullah. After the [[First Pledge of Aqabah]] and the mission of Mus'ab ibn Umayr to [[Medina]], the chief of the Banu Abd al-Ashhal clan became a [[Muslim]] through Mus'ab.
Sa'd's conversion to Islam had a profound impact on the spread of the Prophet's religion in Medina; such that through his management, all people of Banu al-Ashhal became Muslim in one day. From that moment until his martyrdom, he did not rest for a moment in spreading and promoting Islam, entertained no doubt, and was present in all scenes.
After the [[Battle of Badr]], he participated in the [[Battle of Uhud]], [[Expedition of Banu Qaynuqa]], the expedition of the killing of Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf, [[Expedition of Banu Nadir]]. His last battlefield was the [[Battle of the Trench]] during the [[Battle of the Trench|Day of the Confederates]] where his arm was injured and he attained the status of a veteran.

== Name and Lineage of Sa'd ==
His name and lineage is Sa'd ibn Mu'adh ibn Nu'man ibn Imru' al-Qays. He was one of the elders of the [[Companions]] of [[Muhammad|the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny)]] and the chief of the Aws tribe. His mother was Kabshah daughter of Rafi', the first woman from the [[Ansar]] and people of Medina who embraced [[Faith]] to the Prophet of Islam (peace be upon him and his progeny) between the [[Pledge]] of Aqabah First and Second<ref> Abbasi, Habib, article "Sa'd ibn Mu'adh", ''Encyclopedia of the Companions of the Great Prophet'', Vol. 5, p. 300</ref>.

== Sa'd's Conversion to Islam ==
Sa'd became a [[Muslim]] at the hands of Mus'ab ibn Umayr in [[Medina]] (between the two [[Pledges of Aqabah]]) and with his conversion to [[Islam]], all individuals of the Abd al-Ashhal family became [[Muslim]]s<ref>Ibn Athir, ''Usd al-Ghabah'', Vol. 2, p. 313; Ibn Sa'd, ''Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'', Vol. 3, p. 420; Mizzi, ''Tahdhib al-Kamal'', Vol. 10, p. 300; Ibn Abd al-Barr, ''Al-Isti'ab'', Vol. 2, p. 168; Tabari, ''Tarikh al-Tabari'', Vol. 3, p. 897-898</ref>. This family is the first family whose men and women all embraced [[Islam]]<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'', Vol. 3, p. 421</ref>. After converting to Islam, Sa'd along with [[Usayd ibn Hudayr]] broke the idols of Banu Abd al-Ashhal<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'', Vol. 3, p. 420-421</ref>. After the Hijrah of [[Muhammad|the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny)]] and Muslims to Medina, [[Muhammad|the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny)]] established a bond of brotherhood between Sa'd and [[Abu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah]] from the Emigrants<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'', Vol. 3, p. 421.</ref>. He was among the elders of the [[Ansar]] and chief of the Aws tribe, a brave man, decisive in speech and decision-making, resistant in fighting and [[Jihad]]<ref>Ibn Hajar, ''Tahdhib al-Tahdhib'', Vol. 3, p. 418</ref>.

== Sa'd and the Revelation of the Verse ==
[[Ibn Ishaq]] narrates from [[Ibn Abbas]] via his chain that [[Mu'adh ibn Jabal]], Sa'd ibn Mu'adh and [[Kharijah ibn Zayd]] asked some of the rabbis of the [[Jews]] about some things mentioned in the [[Torah]]. They concealed and refrained from answering their question, and the following verses were revealed regarding this<ref>Tafsir Jami' al-Bayan, Ibn Jarir Tabari, Vol. 2, p. 72. To this effect: Tafsir al-Tibyan, Shaykh Tusi, Vol. 2, p. 46</ref>:

{{Quran|إِنَّ الَّذِینَ یَکْتُمُون َ مَا أَنزَلْنَا مِنَ الْبَیِّنَاتِ وَالْهُدَىٰ مِن بَعْدِ مَا بَیَّنَّاهُ لِلنَّاسِ فِی الْکِتَابِ أُولَٰئِکَ یَلْعَنُهُمُ اللَّهُ وَیَلْعَنُهُمُ اللَّاعِنُونَ * إِلَّا الَّذِینَ تَابُوا وَأَصْلَحُوا وَبَیَّنُوا فَأُولَٰئِکَ أَتُوبُ عَلَیْهِمْ وَأَنَا التَّوَّابُ الرَّحِیمُ |surah = Al-Baqarah |verse = 159-160 }}. God and the cursers curse those who conceal the proofs and guidance that We sent down, after We made it clear to the people in the Book ([[Torah]]) * Except those who repented and reformed (their work) and clarified (the hidden), those I will forgive and I am the Accepter of Repentance, the Merciful<ref>Abbasi, Habib, article "Sa'd ibn Mu'adh", ''Encyclopedia of the Companions of the Great Prophet'', Vol. 5, p. 307.</ref>.

== The End of Sa'd ==
Although Sa'd's arm wound had healed, but after returning from the fortress of [[Banu Qurayza]], while he was sleeping, a kid goat kicked the place of the arrow instead of the arrow, the wound reopened and blood flowed heavily and whatever treatment was done had no effect. For this reason, he attained [[Martyrdom]] in the year 5 Hijri and at the age of 37<ref>Tarikh al-Islam, Dhahabi, Vol. 2, p. 327</ref>.

When the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) became aware of the story of Sa'd's wound, he came to visit him and embraced him, and while Sa'd's blood was splashing on the head and face of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny), he placed his head on his lap and covered him with a white cloth such that whenever he covered his face, his feet were bare, and if he covered his feet, his face remained bare. Then he prayed for him thus:

O God! Sa'd fought in Your way and affirmed Your prophet, accept his [[Soul]] well". Sa'd upon hearing the words of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) regained consciousness and opened his eyes and said: " Peace be upon you, O Messenger of God "! Bear witness that I am upon your [[Prophethood]]". Sa'd's family, seeing this affection and warmth from the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny), wept bitterly. Then the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) said: "I ask [[God]] that from the number of you, [[Angels]] descend and be present at Sa'd's [[Death]]".

Sa'd's mother recited this elegy for her son:
{{Poem}}{{Verse|ویل ام سعد سعد حزامة وجدة |بعد ایاد یاله و مجداً مقدماً سد به مسداً }}{{End poem}}

The Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) said: "All those who wail over the dead tell [[Lie]]s, except Sa'd's mother<ref>Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, Ibn Sa'd, Vol. 3, p. 428; Siyar A'lam al-Nubala, Dhahabi, Vol. 1, p. 286; Tarikh al-Islam, Dhahabi, Vol. 2, p. 323</ref>".

== The Prophet and the Honoring of Sa'd's Funeral ==
After the incident of Sa'd's wound reopening, one morning when the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) woke up from sleep, [[Gabriel]] descended and said: "O Messenger of God! A righteous servant from your Ummah has passed away, for whom the gates of heaven have opened and the Divine Throne has shaken." The Holy One said: "Sa'd ibn Mu'adh was ill." The Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) went to the [[mosque]] and asked those present: "What happened to Sa'd?" They said: "He passed away"<ref>''Majma' al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Quran'', Tabarsi, Vol. 8, p. 553</ref>.

Therefore, his relatives took him to his house. The Holy One performed the [[Morning Prayer]] and left the [[mosque]], and the crowd also set out behind him; the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) walked so fast that the people faced difficulty; shoes came off feet and cloaks fell off shoulders.

A man said: "O Messenger of God! You have put the people to hardship!" The Holy One said: "I fear that the [[angels]] might precede us and perform his [[ritual washing]]. Just as they preceded us in the funeral of [[Hanẓalah]] and performed his [[ritual washing]]<ref>''Sir A'lam al-Nubala'', Dhahabi, Vol. 1, p. 287; ''Tarikh al-Islam'', Dhahabi, Vol. 2, p. 326</ref>."

When the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) entered Sa'd's house, he saw his relatives busy washing him. The Prophet sat aside, but contrary to expectation, they saw that he drew up his knees. They asked the reason, the Holy One said: "An angel descended and there was no space for him, so I made space for him."

Sa'd was [[ritually washed]] three times and shrouded in three pieces of [[shroud]]. Then they placed him in a coffin, and the Holy One held the front of the coffin until it was placed on the ground outside the house. Afterwards, he sometimes went in front of the corpse, sometimes to the right, sometimes to the left, and held the front and back of the coffin. This was because Sa'd ibn Mu'adh was a bulky and heavy man. When they were escorting him, the hypocrites wanted to find fault with him, so they said: "We have not seen a corpse this light until today, and this lightness is due to the judgment he made regarding the Banu Qurayza." The Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) became aware of their speech, so he said: "[[Swear]] by Him in Whose Hand is my soul, his coffin is being carried by angels; seventy thousand [[angels]] have come for his funeral who have not come to earth until now<ref>''Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'', Ibn Sa'd, Vol. 3, p. 428; ''Tarikh al-Islam'', Dhahabi, Vol. 2, p. 324</ref>."

== The Manner of Sa'd's Burial ==
The Muslims escorted Sa'd's corpse to the beginning of [[Al-Baqi']] and dug a grave for him at the foot of the wall of [[Aqil ibn Abi Talib]]'s house (which was built later). The one who was digging his grave said: "Every time we struck the ground with the pickaxe and some soil was dug out, we felt the scent of musk"<ref>''Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'', Ibn Sa'd, Vol. 3, p. 432; ''Sir A'lam al-Nubala'', Dhahabi, Vol. 1, p. 289</ref>.

When the grave was ready, they placed the corpse before the grave and the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) performed [[prayer]] over him. Four men, one of whom was Sa'd's nephew, placed him inside the grave. Then the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) himself entered the grave and arranged Sa'd's [[niche]], and after the niche was arranged, he said: "Give me soft clay," and he closed all the gaps between the bricks. Then he said: "Although I know it will soon be destroyed, God likes that His servant does whatever he does firmly and well."

The grave niches were made and the grave was leveled with pouring soil. Sa'd ibn Mu'adh's mother, who was sitting aside, said: "Hani'an laka al-Jannah; [[Paradise]] be pleasant for you." The Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) said: "O Sa'd's mother! Be quiet! What do you expect from [[God]]? The grave pressed Sa'd severely." And in some narrations, the Holy One said three times: "`Subhan Allah`", and the people also said tasbih three times following him. They asked the reason? He said: "Just now the grave pressed Sa'd so hard that if anyone were to be saved from this pressure, Sa'd would have been one of them."
The people asked: "O Messenger of God, you behaved regarding Sa'd in a way you did not do for anyone else; you escorted his corpse barefoot and without a cloak?"

The Holy One said: "Because the [[angels]] had come without cloaks and shoes, I also followed them."
The people said: Why did you hold the four corners of the coffin? He said: "Because my hand was in the hand of [[Gabriel]], and wherever he held, I also held." They said: With all this respect and honor, you said that Sa'd experienced [[grave pressure]]? The Holy One said: "Yes, this was because Sa'd was ill-tempered with his family<ref>''Al-Amali'', Shaykh Saduq, Vol. 1, p. 360; ''Al-Amali'', Shaykh Tusi, p. 427, H. 955</ref>."<ref>Abbasi, Habib, Article "Sa'd ibn Mu'adh", Encyclopedia of the Companions of the Great Prophet, Vol. 5, p. 309-310</ref>.

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Companions]]
[[Category:Personalities]]

Draft:Sa'd ibn Mu'adh - Revision history

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی